Upon colonization, AMF develop an intricate hyphal network that extends beyond the root depletion zone, effectively increasing the plant’s absorptive surface area. This network accesses immobile nutrients and translocates them to root cells via arbuscules, where nutrient exchange occurs. In return, the plant supplies AMF with carbohydrates derived from photosynthesis. AMF also modulate plant hormonal pathways, influencing root architecture, stress response mechanisms, and defense signaling through interactions with phytohormones such as auxins, jasmonates, and abscisic acid. Their role in systemic resistance further enhances plant defense against soilborne pathogens, contributing to sustainable agriculture and ecosystem stability.