Manganese solubilizing bacteria employ several mechanisms to convert insoluble manganese into soluble forms:

• Production of Organic Acids: MSB produce organic acids such as citric acid, gluconic acid, and oxalic acid. These acids lower the pH in the immediate vicinity of the bacteria, facilitating the dissolution of insoluble manganese compounds and releasing soluble manganese ions (Mn^2+) into the soil solution.

• Reduction Processes: Some MSB can mediate reduction processes that convert insoluble manganese oxides (e.g., MnO2) into soluble forms through enzymatic activities.

• Chelation: MSB can produce chelating agents that bind to manganese ions, making them more soluble and available for plant uptake.

By increasing manganese availability in the soil, manganese solubilizing bacteria contribute to improved plant nutrition, health, and productivity, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.