Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria employ several mechanisms to convert insoluble phosphorus into soluble forms:

• Organic Acid Production: PSB secrete organic acids such as citric acid, gluconic acid, and oxalic acid. These acids lower the pH around the bacteria, dissolving insoluble phosphate compounds and releasing soluble phosphorus ions that plants can absorb.

• Enzymatic Activity: Some PSB produce enzymes like phosphatases that break down organic phosphorus compounds into inorganic forms, making phosphorus available to plants.

• Ion Exchange Reactions: PSB can exchange ions in the soil, such as hydrogen ions (H+), with phosphate ions (PO4^3-), effectively mobilizing phosphorus from soil particles into the soil solution.

By employing these mechanisms, phosphorus solubilizing bacteria play a vital role in enhancing phosphorus availability in the soil, supporting plant nutrition, and contributing to sustainable agricultural practices.