Pseudomonas spp. are versatile Gram-negative bacteria widely recognized for their role in biological control and plant health management. These bacteria produce antimicrobial compounds, enzymes, and secondary metabolites that effectively suppress plant pathogens, including fungi and bacteria, reducing disease incidence in crops. In agriculture, Pseudomonas spp. serve as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides, supporting sustainable farming practices. They also enhance plant stress tolerance by improving nutrient availability, promoting root growth, and inducing systemic resistance in plants. Their multifaceted benefits make Pseudomonas spp. essential for integrated pest management and environmentally responsible agriculture. < Microbial Species Pseudomonas spp. Pseudomonas spp. are versatile Gram-negative bacteria widely recognized for their role in biological control and plant health management. These bacteria produce antimicrobial compounds, enzymes, and… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nutrient Solubilization Solubilizes nutrients such as phosphorus, making them more available to plants. Environmental Adaptability Thrives in diverse environmental conditions, contributing to soil and plant health. Biocontrol Agent Acts as a biocontrol agent against various plant pathogens, reducing disease severity. Phytostimulation Produces plant growth-promoting substances (phytohormones) that enhance crop growth and yield. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Target pests: Leaf blight, Leaf spots, Stem rot, Root rot diseases Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 10 g Pseudomonas spp + 10 g crude sugar Foliar application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 1 g Pseudomonas spp + 10 g crude sugar Foliar Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing Method: Mix Pseudomonas spp with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry. Coat seeds and dry in shade. Sow / broadcast / dibble in the field. Do not store treated / coated seeds for more than 24 hours. Soil Application Method: Mix at recommended doses with compost and apply at early life stages of crop along with other biofertilizers. First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting. Second application: Three weeks after first application. Mix Pseudomonas spp at recommended doses in sufficient water and drench soil at early leaf stage / 2-4 leaf stage / early crop life cycle. Drip Irrigation: If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to drip tank. For long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops: Dissolve Pseudomonas spp at recommended doses in sufficient water and apply as a drenching spray near root zone twice a year. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Foliar Application Method: Mix Pseudomonas spp at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on soil during the off-season. Apply twice a year for long duration crops. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Note: Do not store Pseudomonas spp solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Ampelomyces quisqualis Bacillus subtilis Bacillus tequilensis Chaetomium cupreum Fusarium proliferatum Lactobacillus plantarum Pediococcus pentosaceus Trichoderma harzianum More Products Resources Read all

Bradyrhizobium elkanii a bacterium that forms symbiotic relationships with legume roots, significantly improving nitrogen availability in the soil, which is essential for leguminous crop production. < Microbial Species Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium elkanii a bacterium that forms symbiotic relationships with legume roots, significantly improving nitrogen availability in the soil, which is essential for leguminous crop production. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nitrogen Fixation Bradyrhizobium elkanii forms symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, fixing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which enhances soil fertility and plant growth. Enhanced Nutrient Availability It enhances the availability of essential nutrients such as phosphorus and iron to the host plant, contributing to improved plant health and yield. Stress Tolerance Bradyrhizobium elkanii produces stress-protective compounds like exopolysaccharides, aiding plants in coping with environmental stresses such as drought and salinity. Biocontrol Agent It competes with pathogenic microorganisms in the rhizosphere, helping to suppress plant diseases and promote healthier plant growth. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Scientific References and Molecular Mechanisms of Symbiosis (2025 Update) Overview of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Symbiotic Signaling The establishment of B. elkanii-legume symbiosis is a sophisticated molecular dialogue involving plant-derived signals (flavonoids), bacterial Nod factors (NFs), Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors, and host-encoded resistance proteins. This intricate regulatory network determines host specificity, nodule organogenesis, and nitrogen fixation efficiency. 1. Molecular Signaling Initiation Flavonoid-Mediated Activation Host-to-Bacterium Signal:Legume roots experiencing nitrogen starvation exude flavonoid compounds (e.g., genistein, daidzein, luteolin) into the rhizosphere. These flavonoids penetrate the B. elkanii cell membrane and bind to the NodD regulatory protein, a member of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. Key Research Findings: Flavonoid concentrations as low as 10⁻⁸ M activate nod gene expression in B. elkanii Different legume species exude distinct flavonoid profiles, contributing to host specificity Transcription of the nodYABCSUIJnolMNOnodZ operon is directly dependent upon NodD-flavonoid complexes TtsI (transcriptional activator of T3SS) is also responsive to flavonoids and coordinates both Nod factor and T3SS expression Regulatory Architecture The B. elkanii regulatory circuit involves: NodD: LysR-type regulator controlling nod gene expression NodW: Regulatory protein modulating flavonoid recognition TtsI: Transcriptional regulator of T3SS genes, activated by plant flavonoids Coordination of these regulators ensures spatiotemporal expression of symbiotic genes 2. Nod Factor Biosynthesis and Host Recognition Structure and Function Nod Factors (NFs):Nod factors are lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) comprising a backbone of 3–5 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units with a long-chain fatty acyl group (C16–C18) attached to the non-reducing terminus. Nod Gene Clusters in B. elkanii: nodA: Encodes N-acetyl transferase; transfers the acyl chain to the GlcNAc backbone nodB: N-acetyl lyase; removes N-acetyl group from the non-reducing terminus nodC: Chitin synthase; synthesizes the GlcNAc backbone nodS, nodU, nodI, nodJ: Involved in modification and transport of Nod factors nodZ: Encodes a glucosidase involved in Nod factor modification for B. elkanii-specific legume recognition Nod Factor Modification B. elkanii produces modified Nod factors unique to this species: Acetyl substitution patterns differ between strains Host-specific decorations on the oligosaccharide backbone determine compatibility with legume receptors (NFRs: Nod Factor Receptors) Molecular recognition is highly specific; B. elkanii NF structure triggers nodulation in soybean (Glycine max), but not in hosts compatible with other rhizobia Structural Variations and Host Specificity B. elkanii genomes harbor extensive nodulation gene repertoires: Multiple nod gene variants on symbiotic islands allow synthesis of a spectrum of Nod factor structures Comparative genomic analysis reveals gene duplications and deletions affecting Nod factor decoration These variations contribute to the competitive nodulation phenotype of B. elkanii and its ability to nodulate multiple legume hosts at variable efficiency 3. Type III Secretion System (T3SS) and Effector Proteins T3SS Architecture The T3SS is a molecular syringe-like apparatus embedded in the bacterial cell envelope that delivers effector proteins (Nops: nodulation outer proteins) directly into host plant cells. T3SS Components in B. elkanii: RhcJ: Outer membrane channel protein RhcV: Inner membrane channel protein RhcQ: ATPase providing energy for protein secretion RhcC, RhcD, RhcE, RhcF: Basal body proteins FlhA, FliK, FliP: Apparatus assembly proteins Transcriptional Control: T3SS gene expression is controlled by TtsI (transcriptional activator) TtsI is activated by plant flavonoids, creating a coordinated response with Nod factor synthesis The T3SS is activated only in the presence of compatible plant roots, preventing wasteful energy expenditure in the soil T3SS Effector Proteins and Functions NopL: Key Determinant for Nodule Organogenesis Function: NopL is among the most critical T3SS effectors, particularly for B. elkanii USDA61 symbiosis with certain legume species (e.g., Vigna mungo). NopL-deleted mutants form infection threads on Vigna mungo roots but fail to establish nodules, indicating its essential role in nodule primordia formation NopL is exclusively conserved among Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium genera, suggesting ancient evolutionary origin Phylogenetic analysis indicates NopL diverged from the canonical T3SS lineage, suggesting specialized symbiotic function Mechanism: NopL enters host cell nuclei and likely interacts with plant transcription factors Suppresses host immune responses that would otherwise block infection Triggers expression of early nodulation genes required for meristem initiation Bel2-5: NF-Independent Nodulation Effector Dual Functions: In some legumes (e.g., soybean nfr1 mutants), Bel2-5 can trigger nodulation independently of Nod factors In soybean carrying the Rj4 allele (dominant resistance gene), Bel2-5 acts as a virulence factor, triggering immune responses that prevent infection Structural Features: Contains ubiquitin-like protease (ULP) domain Two EAR (ethylene-responsive element-binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression) motifs for transcriptional regulation Nuclear localization signal (NLS) enabling entry into plant cell nuclei Internal repeat sequences with unknown function Shares structural similarity with XopD from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Domain-Function Correlation: The C-terminal ULP domain and upstream regions are critical for Bel2-5-dependent nodulation phenotypes Mutations in EAR motifs abolish nodulation ability Deletion of NLS impairs nuclear targeting and symbiotic function InnB: Strain-Specific Symbiotic Modulator Host-Specific Effects: InnB promotes nodulation on Vigna mungo cultivars InnB restricts nodulation on Vigna radiata cv. KPS1 This differential phenotype reflects distinct recognition mechanisms in different legume species Expression and Localization: innB expression is flavonoid-dependent and TtsI-regulated InnB protein is secreted via T3SS and translocated into host cells Adenylate cyclase assays confirm T3SS-dependent translocation into nodule cells NopM: Ubiquitin Ligase Triggering Senescence Function: NopM triggers early senescence-like responses in incompatible hosts (e.g., Lotus species). Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase domain and leucine-rich-repeat domain Acts similarly to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in pathogenic bacteria Mediates ubiquitination of host target proteins, leading to degradation and immune responses Results in browning of nodules and disrupted symbiosis Phylogenetic Conservation: NopM homologs are found in both pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria, highlighting the evolutionary relatedness of virulence and symbiotic mechanisms NopF: Infection Thread Inhibitor Role in Host Specificity: NopF triggers inhibition of infection thread formation in Lotus japonicus Gifu Represents a post-recognition checkpoint for host-pathogen compatibility Allows alternative legume accessions (L. burttii, L. japonicum MG-20) to proceed with symbiosis, despite presence of NopF NopP2: Fine-Tuning Symbiotic Efficiency Function: NopP2 fine-tunes symbiotic effectiveness with Vigna radiata. Located within the symbiotic island near the nif cluster Differential effects depending on host genotype and strain background Contributes to variable nodulation phenotypes among B. elkanii strains 4. Host Specificity and Rj Gene-Mediated Resistance The Rj Gene System in Soybean Soybean (Glycine max) possesses a dominant host resistance system controlled by Rj (Rejection) genes that restrict nodulation by specific Bradyrhizobium strains. Rj4 Gene: Encodes a thaumatin-like protein (TLP), a member of the pathogenesis-related (PR-5) protein family Structurally similar to plant anti-fungal proteins Restricts nodulation by many B. elkanii strains, particularly Type B strains (e.g., USDA61) Soybean cultivars carrying Rj4 are incompatible with B. elkanii but compatible with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 Rj2 Gene: Encodes a TIR-NBS-LRR protein (Toll-interleukin receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat) Represents a receptor-like immune protein structurally similar to plant R proteins for pathogen resistance Critical amino acid I490 (isoleucine) in Rj2 determines incompatibility with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA122 Restricts specific rhizobial strains but allows infection by compatible strains Rj3 Gene: Restricts B. elkanii Type B strains (e.g., BLY3-8, BLY6-1, USDA33) despite allowing nodulation by B. japonicum USDA110 T3SS and its effectors are critical for Rj3-mediated incompatibility Mutations in T3SS components (TtsI, RhcJ) overcome Rj3 restriction, confirming T3SS involvement Gene-for-Gene Model of Symbiotic Specificity The B. elkanii-soybean system exemplifies a gene-for-gene interaction: Bacterial avirulence gene (avr): T3SS effector genes (e.g., nopL, bel2-5, nopM) function as avirulence determinants Plant resistance gene (R): Soybean Rj genes encode receptors recognizing effector-triggered immune responses Incompatibility occurs when bacterial effector matches soybean R gene recognition specificity Compatibility requires bacterial effectors that evade or suppress Rj-mediated immunity 5. Infection and Nodule Development Infection Thread Formation Stages: Pre-infection: Nod factors bind to NFR1/NFR5 receptors on legume root epidermis, activating early symbiotic signaling Infection initiation: B. elkanii invades through root hair curling (Nod factor-dependent) or via crack entry (T3SS-dependent in certain genotypes) Intercellular infection: Bacteria travel through infection threads (wall-bound tubular structures) into the cortex Release and bacteroid formation: Bacteria are released into cortical cells and enclosed within plant-derived peribacteroid membranes Role of T3SS in Infection Nod factor-independent nodulation: B. elkanii T3SS effectors (particularly Bel2-5) can trigger nodulation of soybean nfr1 mutants lacking functional Nod factor receptors Infection thread progression: T3SS suppresses plant defense responses (ROS production, ethylene synthesis) that normally block infection thread elongation Bacterial release: T3SS effectors facilitate bacterial transition from infection threads into cortical cells for bacteroid development Nodule Organogenesis and Development Transcriptional Reprogramming: B. elkanii T3SS effectors and Nod factors activate soybean early nodulation genes: ENOD40, ENOD93, NIN (Nodule Inception), NSP1, NSP2 These plant genes activate meristem-like programs in cortical cells, initiating nodule primordia Coordinated T3E activity (NopL, Bel2-5, NopP2) is essential for primordia formation Nodule Maturation: Infected cells undergo endoreduplication (multiple rounds of DNA replication without cell division) Cortical cells expand to accommodate dividing bacterial cells Peribacteroid membranes establish nutrient exchange compartments Gibberellin Role: B. elkanii synthesizes gibberellin precursor (GA₉) via cytochrome P450 monooxygenase Host soybean expresses GA 3-oxidases (GA3ox) within nodules, converting GA₉ to bioactive GA₄ GA₄ regulates nodule size, influences meristem bifurcation, and modulates senescence Higher GA levels correlate with increased nodule size and bacterial progeny, providing selective advantage to GA-producing strains 6. Nitrogen Fixation Biochemistry Nitrogenase Enzyme Complex Components: Component I (MoFe protein): Contains molybdenum and iron clusters Component II (Fe protein): Contains iron-sulfur cluster; transfers electrons to Component I Electron donors: Bacteroid respiration provides reducing power; organic acids (malate, α-ketoglutarate) drive electron transport Catalytic Reaction:[ \text{N}_2 + 8 e^- + 16 \text{ATP} \to 2 \text{NH}_3 + \text{H}_2 + 16 \text{ADP} + 16 P_i ] Key Features: Requires strictly anaerobic conditions (oxygen sensitivity) Demands substantial ATP input (~16 molecules ATP per N₂ molecule fixed) B. elkanii bacteroids express oxygen-scavenging mechanisms including leghemoglobin synthesis Oxygen Management in Nodules Oxygen Gradient: Outer nodule layers maintain aerobic respiration for ATP generation Interior nodule zones remain anaerobic for nitrogenase activity B. elkanii respiration consumes oxygen in bacterial layers, maintaining hypoxia in nitrogenase-active compartments Oxygen-Protective Mechanisms: Leghemoglobin (plant-encoded, bacteroid-synthesized iron-containing protein) buffers oxygen at nanomolar levels, preventing nitrogenase inactivation Bacteroid differentiation produces enlarged, polyploid cells with reduced permeability to oxygen Expressed late nodulation proteins (Nols) contribute to oxygen protection Metabolic Integration Carbon-Nitrogen Balance: Host plants provide carbohydrates (photosynthetically-derived organic acids) to bacteroids B. elkanii oxidizes organic acids via citric acid cycle and electron transport chains, generating ATP and reducing equivalents for nitrogenase Efficient strains (e.g., B. elkanii USDA76) show higher enzyme levels for Nod factor synthesis and metabolic integration Ammonia Utilization: Ammonia fixed by nitrogenase is rapidly assimilated via glutamine synthetase (GS) in bacteroids However, much ammonia is excreted to host cells, where plants incorporate it into amino acids (glutamine, aspartate) Plant cells return nitrogen to bacteroids as amino acids and organic compounds, establishing exchange equilibrium 7. Regulatory Networks and Gene Expression NifA-RpoN Regulatory Circuit NifA: Sigma-54-dependent transcriptional activator controlling expression of nitrogen fixation (nif) and related genes Activates nifHDK genes encoding nitrogenase structural proteins Responsive to oxygen levels; activated under microoxic conditions characteristic of nodule interiors Coordinates temporal expression of nif genes with nodule development progression RpoN: Sigma-54 RNA polymerase recognizing NifA-bound promoters Directs transcription from nif promoters bearing NifA-binding sites Links nitrogen fixation gene expression to nodule maturation stage GlnR Regulatory Protein Function: Controls nitrogen assimilation genes and cross-talks with symbiotic signaling Represses genes for nitrogen scavenging (e.g., ABC transporters) when ammonia is abundant Releases repression when ammonia becomes limiting, activating alternative nitrogen acquisition pathways Prevents metabolic conflict during high nitrogen fixation rates AdeR (Adenine Deaminase Regulator) Role: Modulates purine metabolism and symbiotic efficiency Controls genes involved in nucleotide synthesis Adjusted expression enables rapid bacterial replication in nodules while supporting biosynthesis of symbiotic proteins 8. Comparative Genomics: Symbiotic Island Architecture Symbiotic Island Composition B. elkanii genomes contain low GC-content regions (symbiotic islands) harboring symbiosis-essential genes: Island A (Main symbiotic island): ~690 kb Contains nod cluster: nodABC, nodD, nodZ, regulatory sequences Contains nif cluster: nifHDK, nifENX, fixABCX Contains fix genes (flavoproteins, cytochromes) for electron transport Island B (Small region): ~4–44 kb Variable across strains; minimal genes Island C: ~200–518 kb Contains additional metabolic and regulatory genes Variable gene content among B. elkanii strains Lateral Gene Transfer and Evolutionary Plasticity Pangenome Analysis: Bradyrhizobium pangenome: 84,078 gene families across species Core genome: 824 genes (essential cell processes) Accessory genome: 42,409 genes (including symbiotic, metabolic, stress response functions) B. elkanii genomes are moderately stable compared to highly plastic genomes of some Sinorhizobium species Genetic Variations: SNPs and indels in symbiotic islands correlate with symbiotic phenotype differences Polymorphisms in nif, fix, and nodulation regulatory genes drive intraspecific variation Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) facilitate horizontal transfer of symbiotic genes between Bradyrhizobium strains 9. Stress Response and Environmental Adaptation Osmotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms: Production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and trehalose Upregulation of osmolyte synthesis under salt stress Maintenance of cell membrane integrity under water deficit Acid-Soil Adaptation pH Tolerance: Many B. elkanii strains tolerate pH 4.5–6.5, though optimal nodulation occurs at pH 6.0–7.5 Expression of acid-tolerance proteins enables survival in acidic soils Selection pressure in Brazilian Cerrado soils (naturally acidic) has generated acid-adapted B. elkanii strains Mode of Action Step-by-Step Nodulation Process Phase 1: Recognition and Signaling (Hours 0–12) Host root exudation of flavonoids B. elkanii perception and chemotaxis toward root Activation of nod gene transcription via NodD-flavonoid interaction Synthesis and secretion of Nod factors Nod factor recognition by plant NFR1/NFR5 receptors Initiation of early nodulation gene expression in plant Phase 2: Infection (Days 1–3) Root hair curling and bacterial microcolony formation Infection thread invasion through root epidermis T3SS-mediated suppression of plant defense responses Intercellular infection thread progression toward cortex Bacterial translocation into cortical cells Phase 3: Nodule Organogenesis (Days 3–7) Induction of cortical cell mitosis (meristem activation) Differentiation of nodule tissues (vascular bundle, infection zone) Bacterial release from infection threads Formation of peribacteroid membranes Nodule structure maturation Phase 4: Bacteroid Differentiation and Nitrogen Fixation (Days 7–21) B. elkanii endoreduplication and morphological differentiation Expression of nitrogenase (nif) and iron-sulfur cluster synthesis genes Establishment of microaerobic environment Initiation of nitrogen fixation Nitrogen transfer to host plant Phase 5: Sustained Symbiosis (Weeks 3–Harvest) Peak nitrogen fixation rates Continuous nitrogen supply to plant Bacterial maintenance and reproduction within nodules Age-dependent nodule senescence in late pod-fill stages Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Crop Recommendations and Compatibility Compatible Legumes for B. elkanii Primary Hosts: Soybean (Glycine max) – highest efficiency and most extensively studied Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) – excellent nodulation; SEMIA 6144 strain widely used Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) – strain-dependent compatibility (USDA61 is incompatible with some cultivars) Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata) – variable efficiency depending on strain Secondary Hosts (with strain-specific compatibility): Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Yard-long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) Black Gram (Vigna mungo) – USDA61 strain shows exceptional specificity Broad Host Range (Associated Legumes): Various Vigna species Certain Vicia species Select native legume species Non-Host Associations (Growth Promotion Without Nodulation) B. elkanii can colonize grass roots and promote growth through: Production of plant growth hormones (IAA, gibberellins) Enhanced root development and mineral uptake Demonstrated effects on: white oats, black oats, ryegrass Associated References: Similar to Paenibacillus azotofixans, which also promotes non-legume growth through PGPR mechanisms, B. elkanii exhibits plant growth-promoting properties beyond nodulation. Compatibility with Agricultural Inputs Input Type Compatibility Notes Bio-Pesticides Compatible Use with caution; avoid simultaneous application with broad-spectrum fungicides Bio-Fertilizers Compatible Synergistic effects with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) observed Plant Growth Hormones Compatible Enhanced effects when combined with IAA or gibberellin-producing organisms Chemical Fertilizers Incompatible Avoid high rates of urea; inhibit nodule formation and nitrogen fixation Fungicides (Broad-Spectrum) Incompatible Fungicides reduce bacterial viability; use selective agents or pre-inoculation strategies Herbicides Compatible (Selective) Most herbicides compatible; avoid herbicides with antimicrobial activity Insecticides Compatible (Most) Compatibility varies by class; pyrethroids and neonicotinoids generally safe Shelf Life and Storage Shelf Life: Stable for up to 1 year from manufacturing date under proper conditions Storage Temperature: Cool, dry conditions; maintain 4–15°C for extended viability Light Protection: Store away from direct sunlight (UV light reduces viability) Humidity: Keep in sealed containers to prevent moisture loss Monitoring: Check for discoloration, odor, or contamination before use; discard if compromised Dosage and Application Methods Seed Coating/Seed Treatment Protocol: Prepare slurry: Mix 10 g of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with 10 g crude sugar in sufficient water Coat 1 kg of seeds evenly with slurry mixture Dry coated seeds in shade before sowing (allow 2–3 hours) Sow treated seeds immediately or store in cool, dry conditions for up to 60–90 days (viability maintained with proper storage) Advantages: Simple, cost-effective, ensures bacterium-seed contact, minimal equipment Seedling Treatment (Nursery Application) Protocol: Mix 100 g of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with sufficient water Dip seedling roots into inoculant slurry for 5–10 minutes Transplant seedlings into field immediately Applications: Nursery-raised legumes (peanut, some vegetables); labor-intensive but ensures high infection rates Soil Application (Broadcasting) Protocol: Mix 3–5 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with organic manure or vermicompost Distribute mixture uniformly across field during land preparation Incorporate into soil by plowing or harrowing 2–3 weeks before sowing Alternatively, apply close to seeding for rapid root colonization Advantages: Builds soil population; benefits residual inoculum for crop rotations Rate: 3–5 kg/acre optimal for establishment of ~10⁷–10⁸ CFU/g soil Irrigation/Fertigation Application Protocol: Mix 3 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium elkanii in water (1:10 ratio) Pass through 100-mesh filter to remove particles Apply via drip lines or sprinkler irrigation system Best applied in evening to reduce UV exposure Advantages: Reaches established root systems; applicable post-emergence; supports nodule maintenance Timing: Early vegetative stages (V2–V4) for maximum nodule formation FAQ General Biology and Function What makes Bradyrhizobium elkanii different from free-living nitrogen fixers like Paenibacillus azotofixans? Bradyrhizobium elkanii is a symbiotic nitrogen fixer that forms intimate associations with legume roots and establishes specialized nitrogen-fixing nodules. In contrast, Paenibacillus azotofixans is a free-living nitrogen fixer that operates independently in soil without forming nodules. B. elkanii achieves higher nitrogen fixation rates (100–300 kg N/ha/season) through symbiotic cooperation with host plants, whereas P. azotofixans supplies more modest benefits (20–50 kg N/ha depending on conditions). B. elkanii cannot infect non-legume hosts, while P. azotofixans benefits a broad range of crop species through general PGPR mechanisms. For legume cultivation, B. elkanii is the preferred choice due to superior nitrogen fixation efficiency. How does Bradyrhizobium elkanii survive in different soil conditions? B. elkanii survives through multiple strategies. As a non-spore-forming bacterium, it depends on competitive fitness and metabolic flexibility rather than dormancy. B. elkanii tolerates: Acidic soils (pH 4.5–6.5): Acid-adapted strains (e.g., from Brazilian Cerrado) have evolved acid-tolerance proteins Drought: Produces exopolysaccharides (EPS) and osmolytes for osmotic balance Salinity: Synthesizes antioxidant molecules and ionic homeostasis proteins Temperature fluctuations: Expresses heat-shock proteins and cold-adaptation proteins Nutrient starvation: Metabolic versatility supports survival on minimal carbon and nitrogen sources Survival in soils is enhanced by host plant association, which supplies carbohydrates and maintains favorable microenvironments within root nodules. Can Bradyrhizobium species work synergistically with other soil bacteria? Yes, synergistic effects are well-documented: Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB): Co-inoculation with PSB (e.g., Bacillus megaterium) enhances phosphorus availability, improving B. elkanii nodule formation and nitrogen fixation Azospirillum species: Co-inoculation of B. elkanii with Azospirillum brasilense produces superior soybean growth through complementary IAA production; IAA stimulates root growth, improving rhizobial infection Bacillus subtilis: Co-inoculation in saline-alkali soils increased soybean yield by 18% compared to B. elkanii alone Biofilm formation: In consortia, rhizobia establish biofilms on root surfaces, enhancing competition with native rhizobia and pathogenic microbes What is the optimal soybean genotype for B. elkanii nodulation? Optimal genotypes depend on strain compatibility with soybean Rj genes: Best compatibility: Non-Rj genotypes and Rj4-gene carriers (with compatible B. elkanii strains, but not USDA61) Poor compatibility: Rj3-genotype cultivars generally incompatible with B. elkanii Type B strains Strain-specific: B. elkanii strains vary in effectiveness with different cultivars USDA76, SEMIA 587, SEMIA 5019: Good nodulation on most soybean genotypes USDA61: Excellent on soybean but incompatible with Rj4 genotypes Elite strains (e.g., ESA 123): Superior performance in drylands Recommendation: For maximum nitrogen fixation, select cultivars without restrictive Rj genes and pair with adapted strain Agricultural Applications and Management Which crops benefit most from Bradyrhizobium elkanii application? All legume crops benefit, but effectiveness varies: Highest benefit: Soybean, peanut, mung bean (90–300 kg N/ha fixation) Good benefit: Black-eyed pea, groundnut, yard-long bean (100–200 kg N/ha) Situational benefit: Native legumes, forage legumes (highly variable) No benefit: Non-legume crops (though limited growth promotion observed with some grasses) Factors maximizing benefit: Presence of native rhizobial population <10⁴ CFU/g soil Absence of antagonistic soil microbes Compatible soybean genotype (for soybean) Adequate soil pH (5.5–7.5) Highest ROI crops: Soybean in virgin soils; peanut in semi-arid regions with drought-adapted strains How quickly can farmers expect to see results from Bradyrhizobium elkanii inoculation? Timeline: 1–2 weeks post-inoculation: Infection thread formation; root colonization progresses 2–4 weeks: Visible nodule appearance; initiation of nitrogen fixation 4–8 weeks: Peak nodulation and nitrogen fixation rates established 8–16 weeks (R1–R5 stages in soybean): Cumulative nitrogen benefit becomes apparent in plant biomass Harvest: Final yield difference becomes quantifiable Field observations: Early-inoculated plants show accelerated growth compared to uninoculated controls Root development superior within 3–4 weeks Leaf color and vigor improvements evident by 6–8 weeks Yield increase: 5–60% depending on initial soil population and environmental conditions Maximum benefit: Observed at crop maturity; early-season nodulation establishes sustained nitrogen supply for pod fill and grain development Is Bradyrhizobium elkanii compatible with other agricultural inputs? Compatibility Summary: ✓ Bio-pesticides: Compatible (exclude broad-spectrum fungicides) ✓ Bio-fertilizers & PSB: Highly compatible; synergistic effects ✓ Plant hormones (IAA, GA): Compatible; enhanced effects ✓ Herbicides: Most compatible; avoid antimicrobial formulations ✗ Chemical fertilizers: High nitrogen rates inhibit nodulation ✗ Broad-spectrum fungicides: Lethal to B. elkanii; use selective or post-inoculation application ✗ Chemical nematicides: Many reduce viability Recommendation: Apply B. elkanii as early as possible (seed or pre-plant soil); avoid fungicides during first 4–6 weeks post-inoculation. Nitrogen fertilizers should be minimal (<50 kg N/ha) to avoid suppression of nitrogen fixation. Environmental Impact and Sustainability Does Bradyrhizobium elkanii have any environmental risks? Safety Profile: Naturally occurring soil bacterium; non-pathogenic to plants and animals No environmental accumulation; subject to normal soil microbial turnover Approved for organic farming systems (non-GMO) Reduces synthetic fertilizer use, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions Environmental Benefits: Replaces ~100–300 kg N/ha of synthetic fertilizer per crop season Synthetic fertilizer production accounts for ~2% of global energy use; B. elkanii reduces this footprint Decreases soil contamination risk from excess nitrate leaching Improves soil carbon sequestration through enhanced root exudation and organic matter Potential concerns (minimal): If non-competitive strains displace native rhizobia (rare; native populations typically recover) Nodule senescence releases carbon; however, net soil carbon often increases due to residual legume biomass Overall: B. elkanii inoculation is environmentally sound and beneficial to soil ecosystems How does Bradyrhizobium elkanii contribute to sustainable farming? Sustainability Contributions: Nitrogen cycle restoration: Reduces dependence on Haber-Bosch synthetic nitrogen Soil health: Improves biological activity, organic matter, and aggregate stability Crop rotation benefits: Legume crops (with B. elkanii) replenish nitrogen for subsequent cereal crops; reduces fertilizer for following season by 30–50% Carbon footprint reduction: Avoids emissions from fertilizer production (~0.5 kg CO₂ per kg N eliminated) Resilience to climate variability: Nitrogen fixation continues under drought (strain-dependent) better than relying on soil nitrogen pools Economic sustainability: Inoculant cost (~$2–5 per hectare) << synthetic nitrogen fertilizer cost (~$15–40 per hectare) Broader implications: Integration of B. elkanii inoculation into farming systems supports UN Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and Goal 13 (Climate Action) Can Bradyrhizobium elkanii help with climate change mitigation? Direct contributions: Reduced N₂O emissions: Elite strains carrying N₂O reductase (nos genes) reduce soil N₂O emissions by ~70% compared to standard strains Fertilizer reduction: Each kilogram of synthetic nitrogen avoided saves ~5 kg CO₂ equivalent from production and transport Soil carbon sequestration: Enhanced root exudation and legume residue decomposition increases soil carbon stocks Example calculation: Soybean field (50 ha) with B. elkanii inoculation Replaces 100 kg N/ha with biological fixation Avoids: 5,000 kg CO₂ equivalent (from fertilizer production), 100 kg N₂O equivalent (20 kg CO₂ equivalent), 250 kg CO₂ (from transport/application) Total mitigation: ~5,370 kg CO₂ equivalent per season Product Selection and Application Strategies How should Bradyrhizobium elkanii products be stored? Storage Conditions: Temperature: 4–15°C (cool, dry storage) Light: Darkness (UV light reduces viability by ~50% per week) Humidity: Sealed containers; humidity <70% Duration: Up to 1 year from manufacturing date Storage best practices: Keep in original sealed containers Store in dedicated cool storage (not with agrochemicals or fertilizers) Avoid direct sunlight, heat exposure Do not refrigerate below 4°C (cold stress reduces viability) Check for discoloration, foul odor, or contamination before use Discard products exceeding shelf life or showing signs of degradation Pre-application checks: Verify CFU concentration (should be ≥10⁸ CFU/g) Confirm expiration date Check for clumping or separation (sign of degradation) What is the optimal application timing for Bradyrhizobium elkanii? Timing Strategy: Best: Seed treatment 3–14 days before sowing (allows infection thread formation before water stress from germination) Good: At-planting seed treatment (simultaneous with sowing) Acceptable: Soil application 2–3 weeks before sowing (establishes soil population) Last resort: Early V2–V4 application (later than ideal but still effective) Seasonal considerations: Spring planting: Warmer soils favor infection; apply when soil temperature ≥15°C Monsoon crops: Ensure good soil drainage; waterlogged soils reduce nodulation Dry seasons: Apply post-irrigation or pre-monsoon for optimal soil moisture Sequential plantings: If crop residue is retained (no-till), residual soil population often supports second-year crops; re-inoculation beneficial only if populations fall below 10⁴ CFU/g soil Can organic farmers use Bradyrhizobium elkanii? Organic Certification Status: Yes, fully approved for certified organic production Bradyrhizobium elkanii is a naturally occurring, non-GMO soil bacterium Meets IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) standards Complies with organic certification requirements (USDA National Organic Program, EU Organic Regulation, others) Organic system benefits: Eliminates synthetic nitrogen fertilizer requirement Supports crop rotation strategies Improves soil biological diversity Aligns with organic philosophy of biological nutrient cycling Recommendations for organic farmers: Use seed treatments rather than synthetic fungicide combinations Apply biological inoculants early (seed or pre-plant) Avoid synthetic fungicides during critical nodulation period (first 4–6 weeks) Incorporate into comprehensive organic management (crop rotation, adequate organic matter, proper pH) Connecting B. elkanii and P. azotofixans While Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Paenibacillus azotofixans represent distinct nitrogen-fixing strategies, both contribute to agricultural sustainability: Characteristic B. elkanii P. azotofixans Nitrogen fixation strategy Symbiotic (nodulation) Free-living soil Host range Legumes (highly specific) Broad host range (all crops) Nitrogen contribution 100–300 kg N/ha/season 20–50 kg N/ha/season Nodule formation Yes; essential No PGPR functions Limited (nodulation-focused) Multiple (IAA, GA, biocontrol) Best use Legume crops Non-legumes and supplementary legume inoculation Interaction Can compete for nodule occupancy Complementary; enhances B. elkanii effectiveness via IAA production Integrated Approach: In diversified farming systems, B. elkanii inoculant for legume crops followed by P. azotofixans for non-legume crops creates a comprehensive biological nitrogen management strategy. Conclusion Bradyrhizobium elkanii represents a cornerstone microorganism for sustainable legume production. Its sophisticated molecular mechanisms for host recognition, infection, and nitrogen fixation, combined with practical agricultural benefits, make it indispensable for modern sustainable agriculture. With proper strain selection, timing, and integration with complementary practices, B. elkanii inoculation can significantly improve crop yields, reduce fertilizer dependency, and enhance soil health across diverse agroecosystems. Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium japonicum Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus More Products Resources Read all

Beauveria bassiana is a beneficial entomopathogenic fungus used as a biological insecticide to effectively control termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, beetles, and other pests. Its spores attach to the insect’s exoskeleton, penetrate the body, and proliferate, ultimately leading to pest mortality while preventing resistance development. This eco-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides provides long-lasting, broad-spectrum pest control and integrates seamlessly into integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Safe for beneficial insects and pollinators, Beauveria bassiana is applied via foliar sprays, soil drenches, and termite baiting, offering sustainable protection in agriculture, greenhouses, and urban pest management < Microbial Species Beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana is a beneficial entomopathogenic fungus used as a biological insecticide to effectively control termites, thrips, whiteflies, aphids, beetles, and other pests. Its spores… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Environmentally friendly Beauveria bassiana is safe for the environment, biodegradable, and leaves no harmful residues. Effective mode of action Infects insects through their cuticles, colonizing and killing them from within. Long-term efficacy Provides sustainable pest control without inducing pest resistance over time. High specificity Targets a wide range of pests like termites, thrips, and aphids while sparing beneficial insects. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Beauveria bassiana has been extensively studied with over 500 published research papers demonstrating its efficacy against diverse insect pests, with notable studies in Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, Biocontrol Science and Technology, and Applied Entomology documenting mortality rates of 80-100% against target species. EPA safety evaluations confirm minimal toxicity to mammals with complete clearance from test animals within 7 days, supporting its registration as a safe biological pesticide. Recent genomic and proteomic research has identified key virulence genes and toxin production mechanisms, advancing strain optimization and formulation improvements for enhanced field efficacy. informaticsjournals+4 Mode of Action Spore Attachment and Penetration : Fungal conidia attach to insect cuticle and produce specialized enzymes (chitinases, proteases, lipases) that degrade the exoskeleton, with appressoria structures providing mechanical pressure for cuticle penetration. www.indogulfbioag.com Biological Pest Control Using Beauveria bassiana: A Natural Solution for Crop Protection in Agriculture Beauveria bassiana is a natural biocontrol agent reducing chemical pesticide use, offering sustainable pest management in agriculture. Internal Colonization : Once inside the hemolymph, fungus produces specialized blastospores that exploit nutrient-rich environment while releasing secondary metabolites including beauvericin, bassianolide, tenellin, and oosporein that disrupt insect physiological processes. www.indogulfbioag.com Biological Pest Control Using Beauveria bassiana: A Natural Solution for Crop Protection in Agriculture Beauveria bassiana is a natural biocontrol agent reducing chemical pesticide use, offering sustainable pest management in agriculture. Host Death and Sporulation : Insect mortality occurs through nutrient depletion and toxin accumulation within 3-14 days, followed by hyphal emergence from cadaver and sporulation for environmental spore dispersal, enabling horizontal transfer to other pest individuals. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov The Toxins of Beauveria bassiana and the Strategies to Improve Their Virulence to Insects The long-term and excessive usage of pesticides is an enormous burden on the environment, which also increases pest resistance. To overcome this problem, research and application of entomopathogenic fungi, which are both environmentally friendly and ... Additional Info IndoGulf BioAg: Leading Manufacturer and Exporter of Beauveria bassiana IndoGulf BioAg is a premier manufacturer and exporter of Beauveria bassiana , an entomopathogenic fungus widely recognized for its effectiveness as a biological insecticide. Our specially formulated Beauveria bassiana products provide an eco-friendly and sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides, ensuring effective pest control across various agricultural systems. Target Pests Our Beauveria bassiana formulations effectively combat a wide range of insect pests, including: Termites Thrips Whiteflies Aphids Rice Leaf Folder Helicoverpa armigera Spodoptera litura Loopers Bunch Caterpillars Leaf-Eating Caterpillars Mealy Bugs Coffee Berry Borers Fruit Borers (Brinjal, Tomato, Chili, and Vegetables) Cotton Bollworm Root Grubs Surface-Living Larvae and Nymphs These pests can cause severe damage to a variety of crops, and our Beauveria bassiana solutions offer an effective method of controlling their populations while promoting environmental sustainability. Recommended Crops Our Beauveria bassiana products are suitable for use on a diverse range of crops, including: Cereals and Millets Pulses Oilseeds Fiber Crops Sugar Crops Forage Crops Plantation Crops Vegetables Fruits Spices Flowers Medicinal and Aromatic Crops Orchards Ornamentals This broad-spectrum applicability supports integrated pest management strategies across various farming practices. Compatibility Our Beauveria bassiana formulations are compatible with several agricultural inputs, including: Bio-Pesticides Bio-Fertilizers Plant Growth Hormones However, they are not compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides , as these can adversely impact the viability and effectiveness of the fungal spores. Enhanced Stability Solutions We offer advanced stabilization techniques to improve product shelf life and performance: Multilayered Encapsulation Techniques – Enhances stability but may result in increased pricing. Incorporation of Antioxidants & Oxygen Removers – Further extends shelf life and potency. Extended Shelf Life – Under optimal conditions (5°C to 25°C), all our Beauveria bassiana species remain stable for up to 18 months post-manufacturing. Packaging Options We provide customizable packaging solutions to cater to specific customer needs, ensuring convenience and suitability for various application requirements. Why Choose IndoGulf BioAg? Eco-Friendly Alternative – Reduces reliance on chemical pesticides. Sustainable Agriculture – Promotes biodiversity and minimizes chemical residues. Broad Pest Control Spectrum – Targets a wide variety of insect pests. Versatile Applications – Suitable for multiple crops and farming systems. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application : 1 Acre dose: 2 kg 1 Ha dose: 5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) : 1 Acre dose: 2-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 5-12.5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials : 1 Acre dose: 2-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 5-12.5 kg Apply 2 times a year: before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Foliar Application for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials : 1 Acre dose: 2 kg 1 Ha dose: 5 kg Apply 2 times a year: before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Foliar Application : 1 Acre dose: 200 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) : 1 Acre dose: 200-500 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g - 1.25 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials : 1 Acre dose: 200-500 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g - 1.25 kg Apply 2 times a year: before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Foliar Application for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials : 1 Acre dose: 200 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g Apply 2 times a year: before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Application Methods Soil Application Method : Mix Beauveria Bassiana at recommended doses with compost and apply at early life stages of crop along with other biofertilizers. Mix Beauveria Bassiana at recommended doses in sufficient water and drench soil at early insect emergence stage. Drip Irrigation : If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to drip tank. Long Duration Crops / Perennial / Orchard Crops : Dissolve Beauveria Bassiana at recommended doses in sufficient water and apply as a drenching spray near the root zone during the off-season, twice a year. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon/rainfall/spring season and the second application after the main monsoon/rainfall/autumn/fall season. Foliar Application Method : Mix Beauveria Bassiana at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on soil during the off-season. Apply twice a year for long-duration crops. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon/rainfall/spring season and the second application after the main monsoon/rainfall/autumn/fall season. Note : Do not store Beauveria Bassiana solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. FAQ What is Beauveria bassiana used for? Beauveria bassiana is used as a biological insecticide for controlling over 200 insect pest species including aphids, whiteflies, thrips, caterpillars, beetles, termites, and soil grubs across cereals, vegetables, fruits, and ornamental crops, providing eco-friendly pest management in integrated pest management systems. What disease is caused by Beauveria bassiana? Beauveria bassiana does not cause disease in plants. Instead, it causes mycosis (fungal infection) in target insect pests. The fungus penetrates the insect cuticle and proliferates within the hemolymph, producing secondary metabolites (beauvericin, bassianolide, tenellin, and oosporein) that disrupt insect physiological processes, leading to insect death within 3-14 days. This pathogenic effect is species-specific to insects and poses no threat to plant health. What does Beauveria bassiana kill? Beauveria bassiana effectively targets a broad spectrum of insect pests, including: Aphids, Rice Leaf Folder, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Loopers, Bunch Caterpillars, Leaf-Eating Caterpillars, Mealy Bugs, Coffee Berry Borers, Fruit Borers (Brinjal, Tomato, Chili, and Vegetables), Cotton Bollworm, Root Grubs, Surface-Living Larvae and Nymphs, Termites, Thrips, Whiteflies, and Beetles. Research demonstrates mortality rates of 80-100% against target species under field conditions. When to apply Beauveria bassiana? Timing depends on crop type: Annual Crops : Apply at early insect emergence stage or during peak pest activity Long Duration Crops / Perennials / Orchards : Apply twice yearly - before the onset of monsoon/rainfall/spring season and after the main monsoon/rainfall/autumn/fall season Preventive Applications : Mix with compost and apply at early life stages of the crop Optimal Conditions : Apply in cool, humid conditions (early morning or late evening) for best spore viability and adhesion to target pests How to use Beauveria bassiana for plants? Beauveria bassiana can be applied using multiple methods: Foliar Application (Spray on leaves): Wettable Powder (1×10⁸ CFU/g): Mix 2 kg per acre (5 kg/ha) in sufficient water Soluble Powder (1×10⁹ CFU/g): Mix 200 g per acre (500 g/ha) in sufficient water Spray thoroughly to ensure coverage of affected foliage Do not store solution for more than 24 hours after mixing Soil Application (Drench): Wettable Powder: 2-5 kg per acre (5-12.5 kg/ha) Soluble Powder: 200-500 g per acre (500 g-1.25 kg/ha) Mix with sufficient water and drench soil at early insect emergence stage For long-duration crops, apply near the root zone during off-season Drip Irrigation: Filter the solution if there are insoluble particles Add to drip tank at recommended doses Ensures uniform distribution and soil colonization Compatibility Tip: Beauveria bassiana is compatible with bio-pesticides, bio-fertilizers, and plant growth hormones but NOT compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Can Beauveria bassiana infect humans? Beauveria bassiana poses minimal risk to humans with EPA toxicity studies showing no pathogenicity in mammals, though rare opportunistic infections in severely immunocompromised patients have been reported; manufacturing personnel surveillance since 2008 shows no infectivity or sensitization effects, making it safe for agricultural workers when proper protective equipment is used. Is Beauveria bassiana safe for bees? Research indicates Beauveria bassiana has minimal impact on honey bees with mortality rates considered negligible in field studies, though some sublethal effects including altered cuticular profiles and moderate brood mortality have been observed at high exposure levels; it can be applied to non-bee attractive plants without significant colony risks. Is Beauveria bassiana effective against bed bugs? Beauveria bassiana demonstrates high efficacy against bed bugs with commercial formulations like Aprehend achieving 80-100% mortality within 7-14 days, effectively penetrating pyrethroid-resistant populations through contact exposure, with horizontal transfer capabilities spreading infection throughout bed bug aggregations for enhanced population control. Related Products Hirsutella thompsonii Isaria fumosorosea Lecanicillium lecanii Metarhizium anisopliae Nomuraea rileyi More Products Resources Read all

IndoGulf BioAg is a manufacturer & exporter of direct-fed microbials for equine health. Boost digestion, immunity and overall performance in horses with our probiotic feed solutions. Animal Health Direct-fed Microbials for Equine Farming Targeted microbial supplements support digestive efficiency and nutrient absorption in horses, helping maintain healthy gut flora, reduce colic risk, and promote overall vitality and performance. Contact us Our Products Eqsolbi EQSOLBI is a multi-strain probiotic blend designed for horses, promoting the restoration and balance of beneficial gut bacteria. It conditions the gut environment, creating a more favorable habitat for friendly bacteria. This specialized formula supports healthy gut flora, enhances immunity to help horses resist infections, alleviates stress, and improves overall nutrient absorption and feed efficiency. View Product Bio Stallion Bio Stallion is the newest biological product for the overall improvement of your horses health, using a balanced nutritional approach for a long and healthy life. Bio Stallion is a concentrated source of viable strains of probiotic microorganisms and nutraceutical compounds and digestive enzymes to aid health, growth and recovery in Horses and Donkeys. View Product Equalga EQUALGA works naturally to support gut and hindgut health, and improves immune defenses against all digestive upsets including gastric ulcers. EQUALGA contains scientifically chosen, all natural components. View Product 1 1 ... 1 ... 1 Support gut balance, immunity, and overall performance in your horses. Contact IndoGulf BioAg to integrate direct‑fed microbials and advanced bio‑based care into your equine program. Contact us 1 2 3 ... 100 1 ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 ... 100

Enhance soil health with Aminos soil conditioner by Indogulf BioAg. 100% organic, boosts plant growth and soil vitality. Trusted globally by farmers. < Soil Conditioners Aminos A bio-stimulant made from amino acids derived enzymatically from plant proteins, boosting crop yield by providing essential protein building blocks. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhanced Yield Potential Aminos increase grain and fruit yields by improving protein assimilation, leading to higher crop productivity and improved quality of vegetables and fruits. Improved Nutrient Utilization By providing vital proteins and amino acids, Aminos optimize nutrient uptake efficiency, ensuring plants receive essential nutrients for healthier growth. Promotion of Enzymatic Activity Aminos contain natural stimulants that promote enzymatic activities in the soil, enhancing nutrient breakdown and availability for plants. Stimulation of Protein Synthesis Aminos stimulate protein assimilation in plants through essential amino acids, supporting robust growth and development throughout the crop cycle. Components Aminos is extracted from vegetative sources by the enzyme hydrolysis method in ambient process temperature and as such Bioactive substances do not get denatured. Aminos is not derived from animal origin. The application of Amino acids derived from animal origin sourcesto plants is against the principle of nature. It is derived from soy origin using an enzymatic process. Acid / alkali hydrolysis and high temperature / thermal pressure is not used for Aminos extraction and therefore Aminos is natural and safe source of protein supplement to plants. Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Spray Dried Powder Formulation: Suitable for foliar and soil application, compatible with BioFertilizers/BioPesticides and chemical fertilizers/pesticides. Not recommended for use with products that have an alkaline reaction. Dosage: Mix 0.75 g per liter of water during the post-flowering and early fruiting/grain formation stages. Typical dose per acre: 150-300 g Typical dose per hectare: 375-750 g Additional Info Shelf Life & Packaging: Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Related Products Fulvic Acid Humistar Seaweed More Products Resources Read all

Nitrobacter sp. are chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that play a critical role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing nitrite (NO₂⁻) into nitrate (NO₃⁻), a form readily available to plants as a nutrient. This process is vital for maintaining soil fertility and supporting agricultural productivity. In wastewater treatment, Nitrobacter species are integral to nitrification processes, preventing the accumulation of toxic nitrite and reducing nitrogen pollution. Their adaptability to diverse environmental conditions, including soil, freshwater, and wastewater systems, makes them indispensable in sustainable nitrogen management and ecological balance. These bacteria are widely utilized in bioreactors and bioaugmentation efforts for efficient nitrogen cycling. < Microbial Species Nitrobacter sp. Nitrobacter sp. are chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that play a critical role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing nitrite (NO₂⁻) into nitrate (NO₃⁻), a form readily available… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Ecosystem Balance Helps maintain ecological balance by regulating nitrogen levels in soil and aquatic systems. Nitrate Formation Converts nitrites into nitrates, which are essential for plant nutrition and soil health. Wastewater Treatment Effective in biological nitrogen removal processes, contributing to the treatment of contaminated water. Nitrogen Cycle Participation Plays a critical role in the nitrogen cycle, enhancing soil fertility and agricultural productivity. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

Bloom Up is a new-generation, reflective form of anti-transpirant cum anti-stress product. suppliers & manufacturer company in usa. PRODUCT OVERVIEW BLOOM UP is a new-generation, reflective form of anti-transpirant cum anti-stress product. It is based on long chain fatty alcohol derived from non-edible vegetable oil. It Imparts drought tolerance to crops by preventing excessive water loss from plants. Does not interfere in the normal automatic activities and photosynthetic. Overall, it Improves the crop health and postharvest keeps quality of the soil intact. Enhances photosynthetic activity and partitioning of assimilates to the Non-toxic, bio-degradable and environmentally. Features It imparts drought tolerance to crops by preventing excessive water loss from plants through transpiration BLOOM UP does not interfere in the normal automatic activities and photosynthetic processes It improves the crop health and post-harvest keeping quality of the produce It enhances photosynthetic activity and partitioning of assimilates to the sink BLOOM UP is non-toxic, bio-degradable and environmentally friendly Benefits Effectively reduces water loss from the plant surface through reflecting greater amount of incident light than normal Helps plants to recover from thermic and / or cold stress and improves resistance to drought Helps to maintain the relative water content and turgor of the plant Maintains the cell turgidity even after harvest; hence improves post-harvest keeping quality of the crop Improves the post harvest keeping quality and vase life Mode of Action BLOOM UP functions primarily on the principle of reflecting the sun’s rays. Applied as a foliar spray, it forms a thin glassy film-coat, which reflects incident light more than it would occur under normal conditions. This prevents the thermic effect of light on plant tissues. Dosage and method of Application Dosage: Mix 3-5ml of Bloom Up in 1 Liter of water. Drip system: Prepare the spray fluid by mixing it with water at the recommended rate (3-5ml / Liter). The requirement of the spray fluid volume varies with the crop canopy and the customary local practice in the region. The foliar should be sprayed to the level of drip. Application Frequency (varies with crops) : Shelf life & Packaging Storage: Store in a cool dry place at Room Temperature. Shelf life: 24 Months from date of manufacture. Packaging : 1 Litre / 5 Litre. Investments, such as adding organic amendments, practicing no- or reduced tillage, leaving crop residue, planting cover crops, and diverse crop rotations, will help the soil efficiently cycle both water and nutrients, sustain plant and animal productivity, and maintain or improve water quality. [Read more ] Downloads Product Information Label Information Click here for Product Enquiry Related Articles The five principles of water-friendly land stewardship Out of all the water in the world, only 3.5% is freshwater, and around 70% of it is currently trapped in the form of permanent ice. This... How beneficial bacteria help legumes fix nitrogen into the soil Ever wondered why every organic gardener tells you that you should plant leguminous plants in association with others? Or that you should... How conservation agriculture can contribute to the survival of small farms worldwide According to a recent study, we live a world that is seeing an ever-growing concentration of farmland into fewer hands: around 70% of the...

Manufacturer & exporter of Case Worm Rice Protect Kit - effective pest control solution for rice crops. Ensure healthy yields with our trusted product. < Crop Kits Insect Pest Management | Case Worm Case worms are destructive pests that build protective cases using plant material and primarily feed on rice leaves. Their feeding behavior results in skeletonized leaves, reducing the plant's ability to photosynthesize effectively. Implementing timely insect pest management strategies is essential to minimize leaf damage and preserve crop health. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Management Biological Control Additional Info Management Drain water from the field to flush out insects and tubular cases floating in the field. Biological Control Spray 100 ml OILPROTEC per acre into stagnated water. Additional Info Shelf Life & Packaging: Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Packaging: 1 litre bottle Disease Management Bacterial Blight Blast Brown Spot Sheath Blight Udbatta Disease Insect Pest Management Army Worms Case Worm Gundhi Bug Leaf Folders Plant Hopper Rice Hispa Root Knot Nematodes Stem Borers Resources Read all

< Plant Protect Beauveria bassiana A broad-spectrum biological insecticide formulated as a wettable powder, Beauveria bassiana targets both larvae and adult stages of insect pests using entomopathogenic fungal spores, offering effective and eco-friendly pest control. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhanced Crop Health Reducing pest populations leads to improved plant vitality and higher productivity. Safe for the Environment Eco-friendly formulation safe for pets, infants, and non-target organisms. Organic & Sustainable Ideal for integrated pest management and organic agriculture systems. Broad-Spectrum Pest Control Effectively targets major pests like leaf folders, Helicoverpa spp., Spodoptera spp., loopers, borers, cutworms, and mealy bugs. Content coming soon! Composition Dosage & Application Key Benefits FAQ Additional Info Additional Info Mode of Action Conidial penetration: The microscopic conidial spores of the fungus on coming in contact withthebody of the insect host start germinating and penetrate the cuticle and grow inside the insect bodythereby killing the insect within a few days. Enzyme production: Beauveria bassiana secretes enzymes which attack and dissolve thecuticle, penetrate the skin and grow into the insect body. Beauveria bassiana present in Beauveriabassianaproduces a toxin called beauvericin that weakens the host's immune system. After the insect dies, anantibiotic -oosporein, is produced that enables the fungus to outcompete intestinal bacteria. Beauveria bassiana mycelia also produce an octacyclodepsipeptide toxin called bassianolidethatconsists of of fourmolecules each of Dhydroxyisovaleric acid and L-Nmethylleucine whichhaveinsecticidal properties. Growth: Once inside, Beauveria bassiana replicates and consumes the insects' internal organsandblood-like fluid, the hemolymph. .Beauveria bassiana has the ability to live in the vascular tissueofcertain corn cultivars as an endophyte. Beauveria bassiana infects the insect on contact anddoesnotneed to be consumed by the host to cause infection. A white mold emerges fromthe insects’ deadbody after a few days and produces new spores. Environment factors: The rate at which Beauveria bassiana kills the host is dependent ontemperature and humidity. High humidity is essential for conidial germination and infectionestablishes between 24 and 48 hours. The infected insect may live for three to five days after hyphalpenetration and, after death of host insect pest, the conidiophores bearing conidia are producedoncadaver. Target Pests Rice leaf folder, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Loopers, Bunch caterpillars, Leaf-eating caterpillars, Mealy bugs, Coffee Berry Borers, Fruit borer of Brinjal, Tomato, Chilly, and Vegetables, Cotton boll worm, Root grubs, surface-living larvae, and nymphs. Crops Beauveria bassiana is suitable for application on cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds, fibre crops, sugar crops, forage crops, plantation crops, vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers, medicinal crops, aromatic crops, orchards, and ornamentals. Shelf Life & Packaging Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Packaging: 1 kg pouch FAQ Content coming soon! Key Benefits Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Foliar spray Mix BEAUVERIA BASSIANA @ 2.5Kg in 750–850L of water and spray the solution at an interval of 15 days to control rice leaf folder. Mix BEAUVERIA BASSIANA @ 5g/L of water and spray for control of Lepidopetrous pests / Caterpillar pests / Mealy Bugs. The spray volume depends upon the crop canopy. Related Products Trichoderma viride Bloom Up Flyban Insecta Repel Larvicare Mealycare Metarhzium Anisopliae Mitimax More Products Resources Read all

Bifidobacterium longum supports gut health, aids digestion, and helps reduce inflammation in the intestines, contributing to overall wellness. < Microbial Species Bifidobacterium longum Bifidobacterium longum supports gut health, aids digestion, and helps reduce inflammation in the intestines, contributing to overall wellness. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Anti-Inflammatory Properties It helps reduce inflammation in the gut, contributing to overall gut health and potentially alleviating symptoms of inflammatory bowel diseases. Digestive Health Improvement This probiotic supports digestive health by promoting a balanced gut microbiota and alleviating symptoms of constipation and bloating. Mental Health Support This strain has been linked to improved mood and reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression, highlighting the gut-brain connection. Immune System Enhancement It strengthens the immune system by increasing the production of antibodies and improving the body’s ability to combat infections. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Key Features All microbial strains are characterized using 16S rDNA. All products are non-GMO. No animal-derived materials are used. The typical shelf life is 2 years. All strains are screened in-house using high-throughput screening methods. We can customize manufacturing based on the required strength and dosage. High-resilience strains Stable under a wide pH range Stable under a broad temperature range Stable in the presence of bile salts and acids Do not show antibiotic resistance Packaging Material The product is packaged in a multi-layer, ultra-high barrier foil that is heat-sealed and placed inside a cardboard shipper or plastic drum. Shipping Shipping is available worldwide. Probiotic packages are typically transported in insulated Styrofoam shippers with dry ice to avoid exposure to extreme high temperatures during transit. Support Documentation Certificate of Analysis (COA) Specifications Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Stability studies (18 months) Certifications ISO 9001 ISO 22000 HACCP Halal and Kosher Certification (for Lactobacillus strains) FSSAI Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium bifidum Bifidobacterium breve Bifidobacterium infantis Clostridium butyricum Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus bulgaricus Lactobacillus casei More Products Resources Read all