Badyrhizobium japonicum is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that plays a crucial role in soybean cultivation. By forming symbiotic nodules on soybean roots, it converts atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonia (NH₃), a form that plants can readily use for growth. This natural nitrogen fixation process significantly boosts nitrogen availability, leading to improved plant health, increased crop yield, and reduced dependence on synthetic fertilizers. Rhizobium japonicum is vital for promoting sustainable agricultural practices while enhancing soil fertility in legume-based farming systems. < Microbial Species Bradyrhizobium japonicum Badyrhizobium japonicum is a nitrogen-fixing bacterium that plays a crucial role in soybean cultivation. By forming symbiotic nodules on soybean roots, it converts atmospheric nitrogen… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nitrogen Fixation Rhizobium japonicum forms a symbiotic relationship with leguminous plants, particularly soybeans, to fix atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium (NH₄⁺). This process significantly enhances soil fertility and supports plant growth by providing a sustainable source of nitrogen, crucial for protein synthesis and overall plant health Soil Improvement In addition to nitrogen fixation, R. japonicum improves soil structure and fertility over time by enriching it with bioavailable nitrogen and organic compounds. These contributions, facilitated by root exudates and nodulation, enhance nutrient cycling within the rhizosphere Nodulation This bacterium induces the formation of nodules on the roots of leguminous plants. Within these nodules, nitrogenase enzymes convert atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms, ensuring an optimal environment for nitrogen fixation Increased Crop Yield By supplying fixed nitrogen directly to the host plant, R. japonicum enhances crop yields, especially in nitrogen-depleted soils. The symbiotic relationship helps crops thrive in nutrient-poor environments, significantly reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Comprehensive genome analysis of Bradyrhizobium japonicum reveals key nif gene clusters enabling efficient nitrogen fixation in soybean nodules (J. Bacteriol., 2019). Field trials demonstrate inoculation with B. japonicum increases soybean yield by up to 25% and reduces synthetic N fertilizer requirements by 50% (Agron. J., 2021). Meta-analysis of legume–rhizobia symbioses confirms B. japonicum strains deliver superior nodulation, nitrogenase activity, and soil health improvements compared to fast-growing rhizobia (Soil Biol. Biochem., 2022). Mode of Action Bradyrhizobium japonicum infects soybean root hairs and induces cortical cell division, forming specialized root nodules where the nitrogenase enzyme complex converts atmospheric N₂ into NH₄⁺. The bacterium’s symbiotic genes (nodABC) synthesize lipochitooligosaccharide signals (Nod factors) that establish host specificity and trigger nodule organogenesis. Within nodules, B. japonicum regulates oxygen concentration via leghemoglobin to protect nitrogenase from inhibition while supplying fixed nitrogen to the plant in exchange for carbon substrates. Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Bradyrhizobium Japonicum and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Dry the coated seeds in shade before sowing or broadcasting in the field. Seedling Treatment: Dip seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams of Bradyrhizobium Japonicum with sufficient water. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium Japonicum with organic manure or fertilizers. Incorporate into the soil during planting or sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium Japonicum in water and apply through drip lines. FAQ What is the difference between Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium? Bradyrhizobia are slow-growing, thermotolerant bacteria forming indeterminate nodules on soybean and other legumes, while fast-growing Rhizobium species form determinate nodules on beans and peas. What are the benefits of Bradyrhizobium japonicum? Enhances soybean nitrogen uptake, increases biomass and yield, reduces chemical fertilizer use, improves soil structure, and promotes beneficial microbial diversity in the rhizosphere. What is the use of Bradyrhizobium japonicum? Applied as a seed inoculant or soil amendment to establish effective symbiosis in soybean crops for biological nitrogen fixation and sustainable yield improvement. Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium elkanii Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus More Products Resources Read all

Bifidobacterium infantis plays a vital role in digestion and helps establish a healthy gut environment, especially in infants during early development. < Microbial Species Bifidobacterium infantis Bifidobacterium infantis plays a vital role in digestion and helps establish a healthy gut environment, especially in infants during early development. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Immune System Support It enhances immune function in infants by stimulating the production of immune cells and helping to fight infections. Reduction of Colic Symptoms This strain may help alleviate colic symptoms in infants by improving gut health and reducing discomfort. Support for Lactose Digestion It aids in lactose digestion, making it beneficial for infants who may experience lactose intolerance or discomfort from dairy. Infant Gut Health This probiotic is essential for establishing a healthy gut microbiota in infants, promoting digestion and nutrient absorption. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Key Features All microbial strains are characterized using 16S rDNA. All products are non-GMO. No animal-derived materials are used. The typical shelf life is 2 years. All strains are screened in-house using high-throughput screening methods. We can customize manufacturing based on the required strength and dosage. High-resilience strains Stable under a wide pH range Stable under a broad temperature range Stable in the presence of bile salts and acids Do not show antibiotic resistance Packaging Material The product is packaged in a multi-layer, ultra-high barrier foil that is heat-sealed and placed inside a cardboard shipper or plastic drum. Shipping Shipping is available worldwide. Probiotic packages are typically transported in insulated Styrofoam shippers with dry ice to avoid exposure to extreme high temperatures during transit. Support Documentation Certificate of Analysis (COA) Specifications Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Stability studies (18 months) Certifications ISO 9001 ISO 22000 HACCP Halal and Kosher Certification (for Lactobacillus strains) FSSAI Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium bifidum Bifidobacterium breve Bifidobacterium longum Clostridium butyricum Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus bulgaricus Lactobacillus casei More Products Resources Read all

Indogulf BioAg is a Manufacturer & Global Exporter of Silica Solubilizing, Bacillus SPP., Bacillus Mycoides & other Bacterias. Contact us @ +1 437 774 3831 < Microbial Species Silica Solubilizing Bacteria Silica Solubilizing Bacteria make silica available to various plants by converting insoluble forms into readily absorbable forms, which can significantly enhance plant strength, growth, and resistance to environmental stress. Product Enquiry What Why How FAQ What it is Silica solubilizing bacteria (SSB) are specialized microorganisms that enhance the availability of silicon (Si) in the soil. Silicon is an essential element for plants, contributing to structural integrity, resistance against pests and diseases, and tolerance to environmental stresses such as drought and high temperatures. However, silicon in most soils exists in insoluble forms such as silicates, which plants cannot readily absorb. SSB convert these insoluble forms into soluble silicon that plants can utilize. Why is it important Silicon is crucial for plant health and resilience, yet its availability in soils can be limited. The importance of silica solubilizing bacteria includes: Enhanced Plant Protection : Silicon enhances plant defenses against pathogens and pests, reducing the need for chemical pesticides. Improved Stress Tolerance : Silicon improves plant resilience to environmental stresses such as drought, salinity, and heat. Enhanced Nutrient Uptake : Silicon facilitates the uptake of other essential nutrients by plants, promoting overall growth and development. How it works Silica solubilizing bacteria employ several mechanisms to convert insoluble silicon into soluble forms: Acid Production : SSB produce organic acids (e.g., citric acid, oxalic acid) that lower the pH around silicate minerals, facilitating the release of soluble silicon ions (Si^4+) into the soil solution. Enzymatic Activity : Some SSB produce enzymes that break down complex silicate minerals, releasing soluble silicon ions that are available for plant uptake. Biological Weathering : SSB can promote the physical breakdown of silicate minerals through biological processes, increasing the surface area available for chemical weathering and silicon release. By enhancing silicon availability in the soil, silica solubilizing bacteria support plant health, resilience, and overall productivity, contributing to sustainable agricultural practices. FAQ Content coming soon! Silica Solubilizing Bacteria Our Products Explore our range of premium Silica Solubilizing Bacteria strains tailored to meet your agricultural needs, enhancing silica uptake for improved plant strength and resilience. Bacillus mycoides Bacillus Mycoides is a soil inoculant capable of solubilizing silica in the soil, making it available for plant utilization. By utilizing silica, it protects the plant against pathogens and environmental stressors. View Species Bacillus spp. Bacillus Spp. is a plant growth-promoting bacteria that solubilizes silica content in the soil, triggering plant growth and preventing pathogen infection. View Species Resources Read all

Hirsutella Thompsonii is a beneficial fungus used to control various small arachnids such as mites. It produces spores that penetrate the mite's cuticle, leading to paralysis and death. < Microbial Species Hirsutella thompsonii Hirsutella Thompsonii is a beneficial fungus used to control various small arachnids such as mites. It produces spores that penetrate the mite's cuticle, leading to… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Effective mode of action Infects mites through their body contact, leading to paralysis and death. Rapid population reduction Quickly reduces and eliminates mite populations without developing resistance. Environmentally friendly Hirsutella thompsonii is safe for the environment and non-target organisms. High specificity Targets a range of mites and small arachnids while being safe for other organisms. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Target pests: Red spider mites, Yellow mites, Eriophid mites, Broadmites. Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application 1 Acre dose: 2 kg 1 Ha dose: 5 kg Foliar Application for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 2 kg 1 Ha dose: 5 kg Apply 2 times a year: before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Foliar Application 1 Acre dose: 200 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g Foliar Application for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 200 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g Apply 2 times a year: before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Application Methods Foliar Application Method Mix Hirsutella Thompsonii at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on foliage. Apply twice a year for long-duration crops. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon/rainfall/spring season and the second application after the main monsoon/rainfall/autumn/fall season. Note Do not store Hirsutella Thompsonii solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. Temperature and relative humidity are very critical. Very high or very low temperature and very high or low humidity is not suitable for fungal growth. A fraction of the product may not be soluble in water. It is advisable to filter and discard undissolved residue and use the filtered liquid for spraying or feeding through drip irrigation. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Beauveria bassiana Isaria fumosorosea Lecanicillium lecanii Metarhizium anisopliae Nomuraea rileyi More Products Resources Read all

Pseudomonas syringae is associated with various plant species and is recognized for its potential beneficial effects on plant growth and health in specific contexts. Certain non-pathogenic strains exhibit plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of bioactive compounds, nutrient solubilization, and competitive exclusion of harmful pathogens. These attributes can enhance plant resilience and productivity, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. In addition, P. syringae plays a role in the natural cycling of nutrients and microbial dynamics in plant-associated ecosystems, contributing to overall soil and plant health. These properties make it a focus of research for eco-friendly crop management strategies and environmental restoration. < Microbial Species Pseudomonas syringae Pseudomonas syringae is associated with various plant species and is recognized for its potential beneficial effects on plant growth and health in specific contexts. Certain… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Soil Health Promotion Enhances nutrient availability and soil quality, supporting plant growth and ecosystem health. Plant Pathogen Control Acts as a biocontrol agent against various plant pathogens, promoting healthier crops. Bioremediation Potential Capable of degrading organic pollutants, contributing to the remediation of contaminated environments. Ice Nucleation Enhances ice formation, which can be beneficial in certain agricultural applications and influencing weather patterns. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

< Animal Health Ginex Ginex is an immuno-stimulant and gut antiseptic formulation for poultry. It is a biological anti-mycotoxicosis product that is supported with herbal extracts, essential oils, antioxidants, purified yeast extracts and coated organic acids. It boosts the immunity of the birds and helps in removing toxins from the body. It also aids in preventing and fighting viral infections. Product Enquiry Benefits Acts as a Gut Antiseptic and Transmission Blocker Supports gastrointestinal health and helps prevent viral spread through drinking water, contributing to improved biosecurity. Boosts Immune Function and Resistance Enhances both cellular and humoral immunity by promoting macrophage activity, T-cell and interferon production, and increasing phagocytosis to strengthen defense against infections. Effective Against Viral Infections Contains monolaurin with virucidal action on enveloped RNA and DNA viruses, reducing virus shedding and transmission risks. Detoxifies and Purifies the Body Aids in clearing impurities from the blood and accelerates toxin elimination, supporting internal balance and recovery. Component Each 1L Contains Echinacea extract 60% 200 ml Lauric Acid 50 ml Levamisole 50 ml Penta Copper Sulphate 50 ml Excipient & distilled water up to 1000 ml Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Psolbi Bioprol Tcare Sanifresh Respotract Layerpro Heptomax Bromax Breatheeze Glide Pro Viral Guard More Products Resources Read all

Indogulf BioAg is a Manufacturer & Global Exporter of Iron Solubilising, Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans & other Bacterias. Contact us @ +1 437 774 3831 < Microbial Species Iron Solubilizing Bacteria Iron Solubilizing Bacteria convert insoluble forms of iron into highly soluble forms that plants can easily absorb, thereby preventing iron deficiency and significantly promoting healthy plant development. Product Enquiry What Why How FAQ What it is Iron solubilizing bacteria (ISB) are specialized microorganisms that enhance the availability of iron (Fe) in the soil. Iron is an essential micronutrient for plants, involved in various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, and nitrogen fixation. However, iron in many soils exists in insoluble forms that are not readily accessible to plants. ISB convert these insoluble forms into soluble iron that plants can absorb and utilize. Why is it important Iron deficiency can severely impact plant growth and productivity, particularly in calcareous or alkaline soils where iron availability is limited. The importance of iron solubilizing bacteria includes: Enhanced Nutrient Availability : ISB increase the availability of iron, promoting healthier and more vigorous plant growth. Improved Plant Health : Adequate iron levels support chlorophyll synthesis, enzyme activation, and overall plant metabolism. Sustainable Agriculture : Utilizing ISB can reduce the need for chemical iron fertilizers, promoting environmentally friendly farming practices. How it works Iron solubilizing bacteria employ several mechanisms to convert insoluble iron into soluble forms: Production of Organic Acids : ISB produce organic acids such as citric acid, gluconic acid, and siderophores. These acids lower the pH in the immediate vicinity of the bacteria, facilitating the dissolution of insoluble iron compounds (e.g., iron oxides) and releasing soluble iron ions (Fe^2+ and Fe^3+) into the soil solution. Reduction Processes : Some ISB can mediate reduction processes that convert insoluble ferric iron (Fe^3+) into more soluble ferrous iron (Fe^2+), which is more easily absorbed by plants. Chelation : ISB can produce siderophores, which are organic molecules that chelate iron ions, making them more soluble and available for plant uptake. By enhancing iron availability in the soil, iron solubilizing bacteria contribute to improved plant nutrition, health, and productivity, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. FAQ Content coming soon! Iron Solubilizing Bacteria Our Products Explore our range of premium Iron Solubilizing Bacteria strains tailored to meet your agricultural needs, ensuring efficient iron uptake for healthy plant development. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans acts as a biofertilizer, enhancing nutrient availability by solubilizing soil iron, crucial for plants in iron-deficient soils. View Species 1 1 ... 1 ... 1 Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer & exporter of Nanoparticles Magnesium Fertilizer. Enhance crop yield with our advanced, eco-friendly nano solutions. < Nano Fertilizers Nano Magnesium Magnesium is a vital macronutrient for plants, serving as the central component of chlorophyll and playing a crucial role in photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and energy metabolism. It supports protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and overall plant development. Additionally, magnesium is essential for the efficient uptake and utilization of potassium (K), another crucial nutrient responsible for water regulation, enzyme activation, and disease resistance in plants. A deficiency of potassium can lead to stunted growth, leaf chlorosis, weak stems, and reduced resistance to environmental stressors. Nano Mg by IndoGulf BioAg utilizes advanced nano-encapsulation technology, ensuring enhanced nutrient bioavailability and efficient uptake by plants. This technology allows for controlled release and targeted delivery of magnesium, minimizing nutrient loss and improving absorption at the cellular level. With magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) in nanoscale form, Nano Mg optimizes chlorophyll production, photosynthetic efficiency, and stress resilience, ultimately leading to healthier crops and higher yields while indirectly supporting potassium utilization and overall nutrient balance. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Thermal Stress Management Magnesium effectively combats thermal stress, aiding plant health in fluctuating temperatures. Enhances Resistance Magnesium helps plants build resistance against various stresses. Chlorophyll Production It enhances chlorophyll production, crucial for photosynthesis and overall plant vigor. Water Soluble It is formulated as a completely water-soluble nutrient, ensuring effective absorption. Components Composition (%) w/w Magnesium Sulfate 12.5 Citric Acid 12.5 L-Lysine HCl 3% PEG - 6000 0.50% Gelatin 2.50% Parabens 0.15% Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Strength: 14,000ppm Compatibility: Compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides except for MgSO⁴ and DAP Shelf life: Best before 24 months when stored at room temperature Packaging: 5 Ltx2/Corrugated Cardboard Box Symptoms of Magnesium Deficiency in Plants Loss of Healthy Green Color Magnesium is a key component of chlorophyll, and its deficiency leads to a gradual fading of green pigments, resulting in pale or yellowish leaves. Interveinal Chlorosis in Older Leaves One of the most common symptoms, interveinal chlorosis, causes yellowing between leaf veins while the veins remain green, primarily affecting older leaves first. Development of Purple or Red-Brown Pigments In severe cases, magnesium-deficient plants may exhibit purple, reddish, or brown discoloration due to the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments, often accompanying chlorosis. Premature Leaf Shedding & Plant Decline Persistent magnesium deficiency can lead to early leaf drop, reduced photosynthesis, and overall plant deterioration, eventually causing stunted growth and lower yields. Inhibited Root Growth & Reduced Plant Vigor Magnesium plays a crucial role in energy transfer (ATP production), and its deficiency weakens root development, leading to poor nutrient and water uptake, making plants more susceptible to stress and diseases. Nano Mg by IndoGulf BioAg provides an efficient, water-soluble, and highly bioavailable magnesium source to prevent and correct deficiencies, ensuring healthier, more productive crops. Discover the Full Range of Nano Nutrients from IndoGulf BioAg Why choose this product? Nano-Encapsulation Technology Innovation IndoGulf BioAg's Nano Magnesium formulation employs proprietary nano-encapsulation technology that fundamentally differs from conventional magnesium fertilizers in four critical ways: 1. Particle Size Optimization: Nano-scale dimensions: 1–100 nm particle size Conventional comparison: 1–1000 μm for standard fertilizers Surface area multiplier: 10,000–100,000× greater surface area Bioavailability consequence: Dramatically accelerated dissolution and ion release 2. Encapsulation Matrix Protection: L-Lysine HCl coating: Amino acid-based protective layer stabilizing nanoparticles Function: Prevents agglomeration and particle fusion reducing surface area Benefit: Extended availability preventing premature precipitation Phloem mobility: Amino acid coating facilitates transport through plant tissues 3. Chelation Complex Formation: Citric acid component: Organic acid chelating magnesium ions Function: Maintains Mg²⁺ in bioavailable form; prevents lock-up by soil phosphates, carbonates, or hydroxides Solubility enhancement: Magnesium chelate remains dissolved across broad pH range (4.5–8.5) Selective uptake: Chelate ligands guide magnesium preferentially to metabolically active root zones 4. Stabilization Matrix Integration: PEG-6000 (Polyethylene Glycol): Non-ionic surfactant reducing surface tension Function: Facilitates leaf penetration via stomatal openings during foliar application Improved absorption: 3–5× faster foliar uptake compared to non-surfactant formulations Gelatin component: Natural polymer providing colloidal stability and controlled release Moisture management: Paraben preservatives maintaining formulation stability without contamination Concentration and Efficiency Metrics Exceptional replacement ratio demonstrating superior formulation: 1 Liter of Nano Mg = 6.25 kg anhydrous Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO₄) = 8 kg dolomite (8% moisture) Concentration advantage: 6.25–8× concentration compared to conventional magnesium sources Application rate reduction: 1.5 L/hectare versus 10–12 kg/hectare for bulk alternatives Storage efficiency: Nano-formulation requires 87.5% less storage space for equivalent magnesium content Transport economy: Dramatically reduced shipping weight and carbon footprint Quality Assurance and Consistency Rigorous standardization protocols: Particle size distribution: Precisely controlled 10–80 nm average size Magnesium sulfate content: 12.5% guaranteed purity (>99.5% elemental magnesium basis) Citric acid chelation ratio: Optimized stoichiometric ratio ensuring complete chelation Bioavailability testing: Pre-release greenhouse bioassays validating efficacy Shelf-life stability: Maintains >95% efficacy through 24-month storage under cool, dry conditions Microbial quality: Sterile filtration removing pathogenic microorganisms Key Benefits at a Glance Immediate and Quantifiable Agricultural Advantages Benefit Category Measured Outcome Timeframe Chlorophyll Synthesis 15–35% increase in leaf greenness 10–14 days post-application Photosynthetic Rate 20–30% enhanced CO₂ fixation 2–3 weeks Root Development 25–40% greater root biomass 3–4 weeks Plant Vigor 15–35% increased shoot biomass 4–6 weeks Yield Improvement 20–40% greater harvest At maturity Stress Resilience 20–25% superior growth under stress Throughout season Nutrient Uptake 50–130% enhanced Mg bioavailability 2–3 weeks Application Frequency Single monthly application 30-day intervals Economic Advantages and Sustainability Benefits Cost-effectiveness metrics: Fertilizer input reduction: 87.5% less product required for equivalent magnesium delivery Application frequency: Single monthly spray versus 3–4 applications for conventional fertilizers Labor reduction: Fewer application events saving 15–20 hours per season per hectare Storage space: 87.5% reduction in warehouse requirements Transport emissions: 87.5% reduction in carbon footprint per hectare Return on investment: 3–5× cost savings through application reduction despite premium product cost Environmental stewardship: Water conservation: Enhanced drought tolerance reducing irrigation requirements by 15–20% Chemical reduction: 25–50% fewer total agrochemical applications Soil health: Nano-formulation leaves no heavy metal residues or toxic accumulations Runoff minimization: Complete absorption prevents nutrient leaching Biodiversity support: Lower chemical load maintaining beneficial soil microorganisms Enhanced Nutrient Bioavailability and Absorption Efficiency Nano Magnesium by IndoGulf BioAg represents a revolutionary advancement in magnesium nutrient delivery through nano-encapsulation technology, which fundamentally transforms how magnesium is absorbed and utilized by crops. Unlike conventional magnesium sulfate or dolomite fertilizers that rely on passive diffusion and gravity-driven nutrient movement, nanoparticles possess a dramatically higher surface area-to-volume ratio that enables active transport and accelerated cellular uptake. Key bioavailability advantages: Surface area expansion: Nano-particles exhibit 10,000–100,000 times greater surface area compared to bulk particles of equivalent mass Absorption mechanism: Enhanced penetration through root cell membranes via both active transport and endocytosis pathways Bioavailability enhancement: Over 80% nutrient use efficiency—compared to 20–30% for conventional fertilizers Rapid chlorophyll synthesis: Magnesium rapidly incorporates into chlorophyll molecules, supporting immediate photosynthetic capacity Phloem mobility: Nano-formulated magnesium exhibits superior translocation from roots to shoots and throughout plant tissues Chlorophyll Production and Photosynthetic Enhancement Magnesium functions as the central atom of the chlorophyll molecule, binding between four nitrogen atoms of the porphyrin ring. This structural role makes magnesium irreplaceable in photosynthetic light reactions and electron transfer chains. Photosynthetic benefits documented: Chlorophyll content increase: 15–35% improvement within 10–14 days of treatment Photosynthetic rate enhancement: 20–30% increased CO₂ fixation capacity Light-harvesting efficiency: Enhanced energy transfer from antennae complexes to reaction centers Electron transport chain optimization: Improved PSII and PSI function through magnesium's role in photosystem assembly Carbohydrate synthesis: Increased ATP and NADPH generation leading to greater biomass accumulation Stress resilience: Superior maintenance of photosynthetic capacity under drought, salinity, and temperature stress Stress Resilience and Environmental Adaptation Magnesium regulates multiple stress-response pathways that enhance plant survival under challenging environmental conditions: Drought stress tolerance: Enhanced aquaporin expression improving water uptake efficiency Osmolyte accumulation (proline, glycine betaine) maintaining cellular turgor Stomatal regulation preventing excessive water loss while maintaining CO₂ uptake Field performance: 20–25% greater biomass under water-stress conditions Salinity stress mitigation: Superior K⁺/Na⁺ ratio maintenance through selective ion uptake regulation Reduced toxic sodium accumulation in shoots Cell wall reinforcement preventing ion leakage Compatible solute synthesis buffering osmotic stress Temperature stress adaptation: Enhanced membrane fluidity at cold temperatures through lipid composition modulation Heat shock protein synthesis optimization Prevention of photosynthetic apparatus damage under temperature extremes ROS scavenging enzyme system optimization Heavy metal stress tolerance: Reduced phytotoxic metal uptake through competitive ion transport Enhanced metal chelation and compartmentalization Cell wall pectin modification reducing metal bioavailability Antioxidant enzyme system activation preventing oxidative damage Plant Vigor and Yield Enhancement Beyond photosynthesis and stress tolerance, nano-magnesium promotes comprehensive plant vigor through multiple growth-promoting mechanisms: Root system enhancement: Increased lateral root initiation and root hair density Enhanced root diameter supporting greater soil penetration Improved root-to-shoot ratio facilitating nutrient acquisition Quantified benefits: 25–40% increases in root biomass Vegetative growth promotion: Optimized protein synthesis through magnesium's role in ribosome assembly Enhanced enzyme activation (>300 Mg²⁺-dependent enzymes) Improved cell division and cell elongation Documented growth increases: 15–35% biomass enhancement depending on crop type Reproductive phase support: Pollen development and pollen tube growth optimization Seed set improvement through enhanced male and female fertility Oil and lipid accumulation in seeds and fruits Yield improvements: 20–40% fruit/grain yield increase documented across multiple crops Crop quality improvements: Enhanced nutrient density (biofortification) Improved sugar content in fruits Better stress tolerance in post-harvest period Enhanced nutritional profile including vitamins and secondary metabolites Sustainability Advantage Environmental Impact and Long-term Sustainability Nano Magnesium represents a paradigm shift toward truly sustainable agriculture by addressing three critical sustainability challenges simultaneously: 1. Resource Efficiency Revolution Traditional magnesium fertilizers exhibit inherent inefficiencies rooted in their bulk particle structure: Conventional fertilizer limitations: Particle size: 1000+ μm (1 mm or larger) particles Surface exposure: Minimal reactive surface contacting soil solution Dissolution rate: Weeks to months for appreciable Mg²⁺ release Bioavailability: Only 20–30% of applied magnesium absorbed by crops Loss pathways: 70–80% lost to leaching, precipitation, or soil fixation Environmental cost: Substantial magnesium surplus entering groundwater and surface waters Nano Magnesium efficiency advantage: Nano-scale delivery: 10–100 nm particles maximizing surface reactivity Rapid bioavailability: 80%+ absorbed within 2–3 weeks Application precision: Targeted delivery to physiologically active root zones Zero waste: Minimal surplus magnesium entering environmental compartments Resource conservation: Equivalent efficacy with 87.5% material reduction 2. Carbon Footprint Minimization Lifecycle carbon analysis: Production emissions: Nano-encapsulation requires 40–50% less energy than conventional fertilizer synthesis Transport carbon: 87.5% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions per hectare treated Application equipment: Lighter formulation reducing fuel consumption during application Storage infrastructure: Reduced warehouse requirements eliminating embodied carbon in expanded storage facilities Total sustainability: 60–75% lower carbon footprint compared to equivalent conventional fertilizer regimen 3. Soil and Water Conservation Water resource protection: Runoff prevention: Complete absorption prevents magnesium leaching into groundwater Aquifer protection: Zero contribution to eutrophication of groundwater systems Surface water quality: Eliminates magnesium pollution contributing to harmful algal blooms Irrigation efficiency: Enhanced drought tolerance reducing agricultural water demands by 15–20% Soil health preservation: Microbiome protection: Minimal environmental stress on beneficial soil bacteria and fungi Organic matter stability: No impact on soil carbon sequestration mechanisms pH balance: Nano-formulation does not alter soil pH unlike lime-based alternatives Biological diversity: Lower chemical load maintaining arthropod and nematode populations Dosage & Application Nano Magnesium Efficiency & Replacement Ratios 1 Liter of Nano Mg effectively replaces: 6.25 kg of anhydrous Magnesium Sulfate (MgSO₄) – conventional water-soluble formulation 8 kg of dolomite (with 8% moisture content) – slow-release mineral limestone alternative This represents an 87.5% reduction in material quantity while delivering equivalent or superior magnesium bioavailability through nano-encapsulation technology's enhanced absorption and cellular uptake mechanisms. Application Frequency and Timing Strategy Vegetative Phase Protocol (Most Critical): Application frequency: Once every 30 days during active vegetative growth Optimal timing: Early morning (6–9 AM) or late evening (4–7 PM) for foliar spray Soil application timing: Pre-dawn or post-sunset when stomata closed Duration: Begin 2–3 weeks post-emergence; continue through flowering initiation Rationale: Magnesium critical for chlorophyll synthesis and enzyme cofactor requirements during vigorous growth Reproductive Phase Application (Supportive): Flowering phase: Additional application if chlorophyll decline observed Early fruit development: Single application to support lipid and carbohydrate accumulation Timing: 2–3 weeks post-pollination Rationale: Magnesium requirements increase during fruit development and seed maturation Application Methods and Technique Optimization 1. Foliar Spray Application Most effective method for rapid chlorophyll restoration: Preparation protocol: Water quality: Use clean, chlorine-free water (rainwater preferred) pH adjustment: Maintain solution pH 5.5–6.5 (optimal nutrient absorption range) Dilution ratio: Add 5–10 mL Nano Mg per liter of water depending on crop type Mixing procedure: Add nanoparticles slowly while stirring to ensure even distribution Standing time: Allow 30 minutes for complete hydration and stabilization Application technique: Coverage: Apply until entire leaf surface (abaxial and adaxial) thoroughly wetted Spray pressure: 20–40 psi; excessive pressure damages leaves or causes particle separation Nozzle selection: Use hollow-cone or flat-fan nozzles maintaining uniform droplet size (100–150 μm) Application timing: Early morning (6–9 AM) or late evening (4–7 PM) Weather conditions: Avoid wind speeds >15 kph; do not apply during rain or within 6 hours of rain Leaf wetness duration: Minimum 30 minutes required for particle penetration and uptake Expected outcomes: Absorption rate: 60–80% absorption within 2–4 hours Chlorophyll response: Visible greening within 5–7 days Peak efficacy: Maximum effect 10–14 days post-application Duration: Benefits maintain 25–30 days before reapplication needed 2. Root Drench Application Direct nutrient delivery to root system; effective for rapid correction: Preparation protocol: Concentration: 1.5 L Nano Mg per acre (3.7 L per hectare) diluted in 100–200 liters water Alternative crop-specific dilution: Use crop-specific concentrations (see Crop-Specific Dosage Guidelines below) Mixing procedure: Pre-dissolve in small volume warm water (25–30°C) then combine with total water volume Storage: Use freshly prepared solution; do not store >24 hours as stability diminishes Application technique: Soil moisture: Apply to adequately moist soil (60–70% field capacity) Application depth: Direct drench to root zone (5–10 cm depth) avoiding foliage contact Equipment: Use drip irrigation, soil injection, or watering can Timing: Early morning or late afternoon when soil temperature moderate Post-application: Irrigate with 25–50 mm water 1–2 hours after application to move nutrients into root zone Frequency: Every 30 days during vegetative phase Expected outcomes: Absorption rate: 75–90% uptake within 3–7 days Vascular translocation: Magnesium reaches shoots within 5–10 days via xylem transport Peak efficacy: Maximum leaf chlorophyll response 10–14 days Root benefit: Direct enhancement of root respiration and nutrient uptake capacity 3. Combined Application Strategy (Most Effective) Synergistic approach combining foliar and root drench: Protocol for maximum response: Initial foliar: Apply foliar spray at crop emergence (V3–V4 growth stage) Follow-up root drench: Apply root drench 10–14 days post-foliar when plant stress visible Maintenance program: Alternate applications monthly—foliar one month, root drench next month Efficiency: Combined approach shows 15–25% greater efficacy than single-method application Crop-Specific Dosage Guidelines Rice, Cotton, Corn Foliar Application: Concentration: 8 mL Nano Mg per liter of water Volume: 500–800 L solution per hectare Schedule: Applications at V4, V8, V12 growth stages (30-day intervals) Rationale: High chlorophyll demand during rapid vegetative growth Root Drench Alternative: Concentration: 2.0 L per hectare diluted in 100 L water Soil application: Direct application to furrow or broadcast pre-plant incorporation Expected yields: Rice: 8–15% yield increase; superior tillering and panicle development Cotton: 10–20% yield increase; enhanced boll set and fiber quality Corn: 12–18% yield increase; improved grain fill and kernel weight Vegetables (Tomato, Spinach, Cabbage) Foliar Application: Concentration: 5 mL Nano Mg per liter of water Volume: 400–600 L solution per hectare Schedule: Weekly applications beginning 3 weeks post-transplant; continue through harvest Rationale: Vegetables require continuous magnesium supply for sustained chlorophyll and growth Root Drench Alternative: Concentration: 1.5 L per hectare diluted in 100 L water Application timing: Weekly drench beginning 2 weeks post-transplant Crop-specific benefits: Tomato: 25–40% improved fruit quality; enhanced color development and nutritional content Spinach: 20–30% increased leaf biomass and chlorophyll content Cabbage: 15–25% superior head compactness and shelf-life Horticultural Crops (Fruits, Flowers, Ornamental Plants) Foliar Application: Concentration: 10 mL Nano Mg per liter of water Volume: 600–1000 L solution per hectare Schedule: Biweekly applications throughout growing season Rationale: High-value crops justify premium application frequencies Root Drench Alternative: Concentration: 2.5 L per hectare diluted in 100 L water Application frequency: Biweekly to weekly depending on crop Fruit crop benefits: Yield: 20–35% greater fruit number and size Quality: Enhanced color intensity, sugar content, and nutritional profile Stress resilience: Superior tolerance to environmental stresses improving marketability Ornamental benefits: Flower color: Enhanced pigmentation and color intensity Bloom duration: Extended flowering period and flower longevity Plant vigor: Denser foliage and superior visual appearance commanding premium prices All Other Crops Standard Application Rate: Field crops (miscellaneous): 1.5 L per acre OR 3.7 L per hectare Dilution: Mix in 100–200 L water total volume Application method: Foliar spray or root drench Frequency: Single application during vegetative phase (V4–V8 growth stage) or monthly reapplication if extended growing season Application Benefits Overview Uniform Nutrient Distribution and Accelerated Absorption Nano-particle advantages: Uniform field distribution: Nano-scale particles remain suspended without settling (99% stability >6 hours) Precise placement: Spray drift minimized; particles deposit uniformly across foliage Rapid absorption: 60–80% foliar uptake within 2–4 hours vs. 12–24 hours for conventional solutions Root uptake efficiency: 75–90% root absorption compared to 30–50% for bulk alternatives Plant-wide distribution: Rapid vascular transport ensuring whole-plant magnesium availability Reduced Nutrient Loss and Enhanced Cost-Effectiveness Loss minimization mechanisms: Leaching prevention: Nano-particle charge prevents fixation by soil phosphates/carbonates Soil precipitation: Chelation complex remains bioavailable across pH range 4.5–8.5 Volatilization: No volatile magnesium compounds; 100% retention Microbial degradation: Stable in soil requiring minimal reapplication Cumulative savings: Single application provides 25–30 days benefit compared to 7–10 days for conventional solutions Cost comparison analysis: Application frequency reduction: 1 application vs. 3–4 for conventional fertilizers = 75% labor reduction Material reduction: 87.5% less product required = substantial cost savings despite premium pricing Total cost of ownership: 60–75% lower per season compared to conventional regimen Plant Vigor Enhancement and Superior Crop Quality Documented improvements: Visible greenness: 15–35% chlorophyll increase within 10–14 days Stress resilience: 20–25% greater plant biomass under environmental stress Rapid growth response: 15–35% enhanced vegetative growth rates Quality metrics: Enhanced nutrient density, sugar content, color intensity, shelf-life Yield improvement: 20–40% greater harvest across major crops Environmental quality: Improved environmental safety through eliminating runoff and leaching FAQ What are the nanoparticles of magnesium? Definition and Scale:Magnesium nanoparticles are ultra-fine magnesium-based materials with dimensions between 1–100 nanometers (nm). To understand scale: one nanometer equals one billionth of a meter, making nanoparticles approximately 10,000–100,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. Nanoparticle Types in Agriculture: 1. Metallic Magnesium Nanoparticles (Mg-NPs) Composition: Pure elemental magnesium atoms arranged in crystalline lattice Size: Typically 10–50 nm Characteristics: Highly reactive due to massive surface area Agricultural application: Direct plant uptake of metallic magnesium through root cells Stability: Requires protective coatings (amino acid, polymer) to prevent oxidation 2. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) Composition: Magnesium cations bonded with oxygen (MgO) Size: 2–100 nm depending on synthesis method Crystal structure: Cubic crystals with exceptional surface reactivity Agricultural benefit: Enhanced bioavailability; antimicrobial properties suppress soil pathogens Photocatalytic properties: Generate beneficial reactive oxygen species activating plant defense 3. Magnesium Oxide Nanocomposites Composition: MgO-NPs combined with other beneficial substances Components: Chelating agents, polymer matrices, surfactants Function: Enhanced stability, targeted delivery, prolonged release Agricultural innovation: IndoGulf BioAg Nano Mg employs this advanced formulation 4. Chelated Magnesium Nanoparticles Composition: Magnesium ions bound to organic ligands (citric acid, amino acids) Benefit: Maintained bioavailability across soil pH range Stability: Resist fixation by soil phosphates/carbonates/hydroxides IndoGulf Nano Mg component: Citric acid chelation ensures sustained bioavailability Key Nanoparticle Properties: Surface area: 10,000–100,000× larger than bulk particles Reactivity: Enhanced chemical reactions due to increased surface reactivity Bioavailability: Superior absorption through plant cell membranes via active transport Penetration: Ability to cross biological membranes (roots, leaves) unavailable to bulk particles Controlled release: Gradual ion release providing sustained nutrient availability Why stay away from magnesium oxide? This question requires clarification because magnesium oxide is neither inherently harmful nor should universally be avoided. Rather, specific formulations and applications necessitate careful consideration: Limitations of Conventional Bulk Magnesium Oxide: 1. Poor Bioavailability and Low Absorption Efficiency Bulk particle size: 1–1000 μm (micrometers) Limited surface area: Minimal contact with soil solution or root cells Dissolution rate: Weeks to months for appreciable Mg²⁺ ion release Uptake efficiency: Only 20–30% absorbed by crops; 70–80% lost to environmental compartments Comparative disadvantage: Bioavailability 50–60% lower than nano-formulated MgO 2. Soil Fixation and Chemical Precipitation Phosphate binding: Conventional MgO converts to insoluble magnesium phosphate (Mg₃(PO₄)₂) in phosphorus-rich soils Carbonate precipitation: Forms magnesium carbonate (MgCO₃) in alkaline soils reducing bioavailability Hydroxide formation: Transforms to magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)₂) in hydrated soil reducing solubility Result: Applied magnesium becomes unavailable to plants despite application 3. pH Alteration and Soil Chemistry Disruption Alkalinity: Conventional MgO raises soil pH through hydroxide formation Consequence: Can lock-up micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu) through precipitation Complication: Causes micronutrient deficiencies even in magnesium-adequate soils Problem soils: Particularly problematic in already alkaline soils (>pH 7.5) 4. Excessive Application Requirements Quantities needed: 10–12 kg per hectare required for adequate magnesium delivery Cost implications: Substantial expense despite relatively low material cost Labor intensity: Multiple applications required (3–4 applications per season) Economics: Total cost of ownership often exceeds nano-formulated alternatives despite lower per-unit cost 5. Leaching and Environmental Contamination Mobility: Conventional MgO can leach through coarse-textured soils Groundwater risk: Excess magnesium enters groundwater systems Surface water impact: Contributes to eutrophication and harmful algal bloom formation Environmental burden: Accumulates in aquatic ecosystems causing ecological damage Why do cardiologists recommend magnesium oxide? Cardiologists recommend magnesium oxide for specific medical applications based on well-established clinical evidence and therapeutic mechanisms: Cardiovascular Health Benefits: 1. Blood Pressure Regulation Mechanism: Magnesium acts as natural calcium antagonist; reduces cellular calcium influx Result: Smooth muscle relaxation in blood vessel walls causing vasodilation Clinical effect: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure reduction by 5–15 mm Hg Clinical trial validation: Study in 48 hypertensive patients showed 300 mg MgO daily for 1 month significantly reduced blood pressure Cardiology recommendation: Particularly valuable for hypertension management and cardiovascular disease prevention 2. Arrhythmia Prevention and Management Mechanism: Magnesium stabilizes cardiac myocyte electrical activity Function: Blocks sodium channels preventing excessive depolarization Benefit: Reduces abnormal heart rhythm susceptibility Clinical use: Emergency treatment for torsades de pointes and other dangerous arrhythmias Prevention: Chronic supplementation reduces arrhythmia incidence in heart failure patients 3. Heart Failure Prognosis Improvement Recent evidence: 2024–2025 clinical studies demonstrate magnesium oxide association with reduced heart failure readmission Findings: Heart failure patients using MgO as laxative showed 67% reduction in readmission risk (HR 0.33) Combined endpoint: 70% reduction in readmission and all-cause mortality (HR 0.30) Mechanism: Multiple proposed pathways including constipation relief and direct cardiac benefit Clinical significance: Suggests benefit beyond simple laxative effect 4. Endothelial Function Enhancement Role: Magnesium maintains endothelium-derived nitric oxide production Benefit: Nitric oxide promotes vasodilation and prevents thrombosis Result: Improved blood flow and reduced clot formation risk Cardiovascular protection: Reduces heart attack and stroke incidence 5. Magnesium Deficiency Correction Prevalence: Hypomagnesemia frequently observed in cardiovascular disease patients Contributing factors: Many heart medications increase renal magnesium wasting Clinical consequence: Magnesium deficiency exacerbates cardiovascular dysfunction Treatment rationale: MgO correction of deficiency addresses root pathophysiology 6. Constipation Management in Heart Failure Problem: Constipation prevalent in heart failure patients; associated with adverse events MgO benefit: Excellent laxative efficacy without harmful side effects like stimulant-induced arrhythmias Safety advantage: Non-habit forming; does not increase heart rate or arrhythmia risk Added benefit: May provide direct cardiovascular benefit beyond mechanical bowel action Cardiology Recommendation Rationale: Safety profile: Well-documented safety with minimal side effects at therapeutic doses Cost-effectiveness: Inexpensive compared to many cardiovascular medications Mechanistic evidence: Multiple established pathways explaining cardiovascular benefits Clinical validation: Decades of clinical use with supporting trial evidence Multi-benefit approach: Addresses blood pressure, arrhythmias, and heart failure prognosis simultaneously What are the biomedical applications of MgO nanoparticles? Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO-NPs) represent a frontier material in biomedical research with diverse therapeutic applications emerging from their unique physicochemical properties: 1. Antimicrobial and Antibacterial Applications Broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity: Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 0.7 mg/mL); S. epidermidis (MIC 0.5 mg/mL) Gram-negative bacteria: E. coli (MIC 1 mg/mL); Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 1 mg/mL) Multi-drug resistant pathogens: MRSA, VRE susceptible to MgO-NPs Fungal pathogens: Candida albicans, drug-resistant C. albicans variants Mechanism: ROS generation causing membrane disruption; direct particle-membrane interaction Clinical applications: Dental biofilm control: Prevents tooth decay and periodontal disease Wound healing: Enhanced MRSA-infected diabetic foot wound healing with hydrogel formulations Orthopedic implants: MgO-coated medical devices prevent device-associated infections Medical device coating: Antiseptic coatings on catheters, endoscopes, surgical instruments 2. Wound Healing and Tissue Engineering Enhanced wound repair processes: Cell proliferation: Stimulates fibroblast activation and keratinocyte migration Angiogenesis: Promotes blood vessel formation accelerating wound vascularization Extracellular matrix synthesis: Enhanced collagen deposition and tissue remodeling Antimicrobial action: Prevents secondary infections during healing Biocompatibility: MgO-based scaffolds support cell attachment and tissue integration Clinical implementations: Diabetic foot ulcer treatment: Enhanced healing in difficult-to-treat chronic wounds Burn wound care: Reduced infection rates and improved cosmetic outcomes Surgical wound management: Bioactive dressings promoting rapid epithelialization Tissue scaffolds: Three-dimensional structures supporting organ regeneration 3. Cancer Therapy Applications Anti-cancer mechanisms: Apoptosis induction: Triggers programmed cell death in tumor cells Cell cycle arrest: Inhibits proliferation in G1 or S phase ROS generation: Oxidative stress leading to cancer cell death Drug delivery: Nano-carriers for targeted chemotherapy delivery Photothermal therapy: MgO-based composites absorb light converting to heat for tumor destruction Cancer types under investigation: Breast cancer cell lines Lung cancer cells Colorectal cancer cells Hepatocellular carcinoma Ovarian cancer cells 4. Antidiabetic and Metabolic Applications Glucose metabolism enhancement: Insulin sensitivity: Improves cellular insulin receptor signaling Glucose uptake: Enhanced GLUT4 translocation to cell surface Blood sugar reduction: Lowers fasting glucose and HbA1c in diabetic models Pancreatic beta cell function: Protects islet cells from oxidative damage Clinical potential: Type 2 diabetes management Prediabetes prevention Metabolic syndrome intervention Obesity-related metabolic dysfunction 5. Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects Oxidative stress mitigation: ROS scavenging: Direct reactive oxygen species neutralization Antioxidant enzyme activation: Upregulates SOD, catalase, peroxidase expression Inflammatory marker reduction: Decreases TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β NF-κB pathway inhibition: Suppresses pro-inflammatory signaling cascades Therapeutic implications: Inflammatory bowel disease management Rheumatoid arthritis treatment Neuroinflammation reduction Age-related inflammatory diseases 6. Drug Delivery and Bioavailability Enhancement Nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery: Targeted delivery: Conjugate chemotherapeutics for precise tumor targeting Sustained release: Controlled drug release extending therapeutic duration Bioavailability enhancement: Improved drug absorption and cellular penetration Side effect reduction: Lower systemic toxicity through targeted delivery Combination therapy: Co-delivery of multiple therapeutic agents Drug class examples: Chemotherapy agents (doxorubicin, paclitaxel) Antibiotics (vancomycin, cephalosporins) Anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, corticosteroids) Natural plant compounds (quercetin, curcumin) 7. Bone and Orthopedic Applications Osteogenic properties: Bone formation: Stimulates osteoblast differentiation and mineralization Osteointegration: Promotes integration with host bone tissue Mechanical support: Biodegradable implants providing temporary mechanical stability Biocompatibility: Non-cytotoxic supporting cell attachment and proliferation Orthopedic implementations: Fracture fixation plates and screws Bone defect filling scaffolds Dental implants and bone graft substitutes Spinal fusion devices 8. Dental and Oral Applications Oral health benefits: Caries prevention: MgO coating prevents bacterial adhesion to tooth surfaces Periodontal treatment: Anti-inflammatory action reduces gum disease severity Endodontic applications: Therapeutic paste for root canal treatment Implant integration: Enhanced osseointegration of dental implants Biofilm prevention: Disrupts oral biofilm formation reducing plaque accumulation 9. Bioimaging and Diagnostic Applications Medical imaging enhancement: Contrast agent function: Enhanced visualization in medical imaging modalities Fluorescence imaging: Photoluminescent properties enabling optical tracking Multimodal imaging: Combination with radioisotopes for PET/SPECT imaging Biosensor applications: Detection of biomarkers and disease progression Real-time monitoring: Tracking of drug delivery and tissue response 10. Photocatalytic and Environmental Biomedical Applications Environmental remediation: Water purification: Degradation of pharmaceutical residues and pollutants Wastewater treatment: Removal of heavy metals and pathogens Air purification: Decomposition of volatile organic compounds Clinical waste treatment: Disinfection of medical device sterilization waste What are the applications of MgO? Magnesium oxide possesses remarkable versatility across diverse industrial, agricultural, environmental, and medical sectors: Industrial and Manufacturing Applications Refractory Materials (Primary Large-Scale Use): Furnace linings: Steel, ceramic, and glass industry furnaces withstanding >2000°C High-temperature insulation: Kilns, incinerators, rocket engines Fire-resistant bricks: Production of specialized refractory ceramics Crucibles and containers: Holding molten metals at extreme temperatures Market significance: Represents ~60% of global MgO production Electrical and Electronics Industry: Electrical insulation: High-temperature insulation materials for motors and transformers Semiconductor applications: Component of semiconductor devices Dielectric properties: Insulating materials in capacitors and electrical equipment Thermal management: Heat dissipation materials in electronic devices Construction and Building Materials: MgO boards: Fire-resistant, mold-proof alternatives to gypsum drywall Cement production: Additive improving cement properties and fire resistance Concrete additives: Enhancing strength and durability of concrete structures Flooring systems: Durability and antimicrobial properties for institutional settings Agricultural Applications Soil Amendment and Crop Nutrition: Magnesium supplementation: Correcting magnesium deficiency in crops Soil pH adjustment: Raising pH in acidic soils through MgO's alkaline properties Slow-release nutrient source: Gradual magnesium availability over extended periods Chlorophyll production: Supporting chlorophyll synthesis for photosynthetic capacity Crop-specific benefits: Documented yield increases across cereals, vegetables, fruits Livestock and Animal Nutrition: Ruminant feed additive: Magnesium supplementation in cattle and sheep diets Hypomagnesemia prevention: Preventing grass tetany in grazing animals Digestive efficiency: Improving nutrient absorption in monogastric animals Animal health: Supporting bone development and metabolic function Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications Human Health Supplement: Antacid function: Neutralizing stomach acid; pH >7.0 alkaline effect Laxative properties: Well-established mechanism improving bowel motility Cardiovascular health: Blood pressure regulation, arrhythmia prevention Blood sugar management: Improving insulin sensitivity and glucose control Inflammation reduction: Anti-inflammatory effects reducing systemic inflammation Clinical Indications: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) management Chronic constipation treatment Hypertension management Cardiac arrhythmia prevention Diabetes management Migraine prevention Environmental Applications Water Treatment: Heavy metal removal: Precipitation and removal of lead, cadmium, zinc Pathogen inactivation: Antimicrobial properties disinfecting contaminated water Wastewater treatment: Industrial and municipal wastewater processing pH correction: Neutralizing acidic mining drainage or industrial effluent Phosphorus removal: Binding phosphorus preventing eutrophication Air Purification: Volatile organic compound (VOC) degradation: Photocatalytic decomposition Odor elimination: Chemical neutralization of malodorous compounds Indoor air quality: Improving air purity in residential and commercial spaces Soil Remediation: Contaminated site treatment: Immobilizing heavy metals in contaminated soils pH stabilization: Neutralizing acidic mine tailings and industrial residue Micronutrient mobilization: Facilitating availability of Fe, Zn, Mn for plant uptake Cosmetics and Personal Care Skin and Personal Care Products: Powder formulations: Talc replacement in cosmetics and personal care products Absorbent properties: Moisture absorption in deodorants and body care Antimicrobial activity: Natural preservation without synthetic preservatives pH buffering: Stabilizing pH of personal care formulations Hypoallergenic benefits: Reduced allergenic potential compared to chemical alternatives Oil and Gas Industry Drilling and Extraction: Drilling fluid additive: Improving drilling mud properties Cement additives: Enhancing properties of oil well cements Corrosion inhibition: Protecting equipment from corrosion in harsh environments Production efficiency: Improving extraction rates and equipment lifespan What are the three main uses of magnesium? The three principal applications of magnesium and its compounds span critical industrial, biomedical, and agricultural sectors: 1. Structural and Aerospace Applications Alloy Production for Lightweight Engineering: Magnesium represents the lightest structural metal with extraordinary strength-to-weight ratio (approximately 35–260 kNm/kg). This unique property drives primary magnesium production toward alloy manufacturing. Aerospace Industry Leadership: Aircraft components: Wing sections, fuselage components, landing gear Engine parts: Turbine casings, compressor blades, valve covers Weight reduction: Magnesium alloys 33% lighter than aluminum, 70% lighter than titanium Fuel efficiency: Aircraft lightweighting directly translates to 3–5% fuel consumption reduction Commercial advantage: Boeing and Airbus extensively utilizing Mg alloys for next-generation aircraft Automotive Industry Expansion: Powertrain components: Gearbox housings, clutch covers, engine blocks Chassis and suspension: Wheels, shock absorber bodies, seat frames Body structure: Magnesium composites in vehicle bodies Weight targets: Achieving 20–30% vehicle weight reduction through Mg application Environmental benefit: 5–7% improvement in fuel economy per 10% vehicle weight reduction Medical Implant Applications: Biodegradable implants: Temporary bone plates, screws, cardiovascular stents Orthopedic solutions: Fracture fixation requiring elimination of secondary surgery Biocompatibility: Elastic modulus closely matching human bone (10–40 GPa for bone; 45 GPa for Mg alloy) Clinical validated products: MAGNEZIX® screws, K-MET™ implants successfully deployed clinically Future perspective: Expanding toward wider orthopedic and cardiovascular applications 2. Magnesium Oxide for Industrial Refractory Applications High-Temperature Material Science: Magnesium oxide represents the most economically significant use of magnesium, commanding approximately 60% of global MgO production for refractory applications in extreme-temperature industrial processes. Steel and Metallurgical Industry: Furnace linings: Electric arc furnaces (EAF) for steel production Ladle refractory: Crucibles holding molten steel (>1600°C) Converter linings: Basic oxygen process furnace refractory materials Performance: MgO maintains structural integrity at temperatures exceeding 2000°C Economic impact: Enables efficient modern steel production on global scale Glass and Ceramic Manufacturing: Kiln linings: Temperature-resistant structures supporting ceramic firing Glass furnace refractory: Components withstanding 1500°C+ temperatures Specialty ceramics: High-performance refractory ceramics for advanced applications Materials requirement: MgO's exceptional thermal conductivity and melting point (>2800°C) essential Chemical and Petrochemical Industry: Reactor vessels: High-temperature reaction containers Heat exchangers: Thermally conductive refractory materials Catalyst supports: MgO as base material for heterogeneous catalysts Distillation columns: Specialized applications requiring thermal stability Power Generation: Coal-fired power plants: Furnace refractory materials Nuclear reactors: Some applications in specialized reactor designs Industrial waste incineration: Temperature-resistant combustion chamber linings 3. Magnesium in Human and Animal Nutrition Essential Micronutrient for Health and Productivity: Magnesium represents a critical essential element for human physiology and agricultural productivity, functioning as cofactor for >300 enzymatic reactions regulating fundamental life processes. Human Nutritional Importance: Cardiovascular Function: Arrhythmia prevention: Electrical conduction stabilization Blood pressure regulation: Vascular smooth muscle relaxation Atherosclerosis prevention: Endothelial dysfunction reduction Heart failure management: Recent studies showing reduced readmission rates Clinical significance: Hypomagnesemia associated with increased cardiovascular mortality Metabolic Enzyme Function: ATP synthesis: Magnesium essential cofactor for all energy production Protein synthesis: Ribosomal function dependent on Mg²⁺ Nucleic acid metabolism: DNA and RNA synthesis requiring magnesium Glucose metabolism: Insulin signaling and glucose utilization Lipid metabolism: Fat synthesis and transport Bone Health and Skeletal Function: Calcium regulation: Maintaining proper calcium homeostasis Bone structure: Component of bone mineral matrix (~0.7% magnesium) Osteoporosis prevention: Adequate magnesium associated with superior bone density Fracture healing: Magnesium essential for osteoblast differentiation Nervous System and Mental Health: Neurotransmitter function: NMDA receptor blocking preventing excitotoxicity Stress response: Regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Anxiety reduction: Magnesium supplementation reducing anxiety symptoms Sleep improvement: Promoting deeper sleep and circadian rhythm regulation Migraine prevention: Established benefit in migraine prophylaxis Agricultural Crop Production: Chlorophyll Synthesis: Central atom: Magnesium constitutes porphyrin ring center Photosynthetic efficiency: Magnesium deficiency directly reducing photosynthesis Crop productivity: 20–30% yield reduction with magnesium deficiency Critical timing: Vegetative phase magnesium requirement highest Enzyme Cofactor Function: Carbohydrate metabolism: Enzymatic steps in glycolysis and citric acid cycle Nitrogen assimilation: Magnesium essential for amino acid synthesis Lipid synthesis: Oil and fat accumulation in seeds and fruits Stress response enzymes: Antioxidant enzyme systems protecting under stress Crop Quality Enhancement: Nutrient biofortification: Enhanced micronutrient content in edible portions Flavor and taste: Improved sugar content and organoleptic properties Shelf-life extension: Enhanced cellular vigor improving post-harvest quality Nutritional profile: Superior nutritional density commanding premium market prices Animal Nutrition and Livestock: Ruminant Health: Grass tetany prevention: Hypomagnesemia prevention in grazing cattle Milk production: Enhanced milk yield and composition Reproductive function: Essential for breeding success and fertility Disease resistance: Immune function support Monogastric Animals (Poultry, Swine): Growth performance: Magnesium supplementation improving weight gain Skeletal development: Normal bone calcification and strength Metabolic efficiency: Enhanced feed conversion ratios Disease susceptibility: Improved disease resistance and vaccine response Related Products Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron Nano Potassium More Products Resources Read all

Rhizophagus intraradices (previously Glomus intraradices) is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus used in agriculture, that improves root structure enhances plant nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus, improving plant growth, stress resilience, and soil health in sustainable agriculture. < Microbial Species Rhizophagus Intraradices Rhizophagus intraradices (previously Glomus intraradices) is an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus used in agriculture, that improves root structure enhances plant nutrient uptake, especially phosphorus, improving plant… Show More Strength 245 Active Spores per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Improved Soil Health Hyphal networks bind soil particles, promoting soil structure, aeration, and moisture retention, creating healthier, more resilient environments for plant roots. Reduced Fertilizer Dependence Improved nutrient efficiency allows plants to thrive with less fertilizer, supporting sustainable farming practices and decreasing potential soil and water pollution. Increased Drought Resistance Extending root surface area boosts water absorption, helping plants endure drought conditions, enhancing resilience, and reducing water stress. Enhanced Nutrient Uptake Improves nutrient access, especially phosphorus, by forming hyphal networks that extend beyond plant roots, increasing nutrient availability and uptake. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Improves growth and phosphorus uptake in contaminated soil Inoculation with R. intraradices significantly enhanced soybean growth, phosphorus uptake, and grain yield even in heavy metal-contaminated soils ( Adeyemi et al., 2021 ). Broad agricultural benefits and soil health contributions A comprehensive review highlighted the species' roles in nutrient cycling, improved water retention, glomalin production, and overall support for sustainable agriculture ( Onyeaka et al., 2024 ). Enhanced nutrient uptake and microbial community structure Field experiments with maize showed that R. intraradices increased phosphorus and nitrogen uptake, biomass, and improved soil microbial biomass when combined with earthworms ( Li et al., 2013 ). Remediation and soil improvement in polluted environments Combining R. intraradices with Solanum nigrum improved cadmium retention in roots, boosted soil enzyme activity, and enhanced microbial diversity under heavy metal stress ( Wang et al., 2025 ). Improved drought tolerance and antioxidant activity Inoculated finger millet seedlings showed improved phosphorus uptake, chlorophyll content, and stress tolerance indicators such as higher antioxidant levels and reduced oxidative damage (Tyagi et al., 2021) . Mode of Action 1. Host Recognition and Root Colonization Rhizophagus intraradices , a species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) in the phylum Glomeromycota , initiates symbiosis through a sophisticated chemical signaling exchange with host plants. Root exudates, particularly strigolactones , trigger spore germination and hyphal branching. In response, R. intraradices produces Myc-LCOs (Mycorrhizal lipochitooligosaccharides) , which activate host plant receptors and initiate symbiotic signaling pathways via the common symbiosis signaling pathway (CSSP) . Once recognition is achieved, the fungus penetrates the root epidermis and cortex via appressoria , establishing intraradical colonization . Within cortical cells, it forms arbuscules , finely branched hyphal structures that serve as the interface for bi-directional nutrient exchange. In some host species, vesicles are also formed, acting as lipid-rich storage and reproductive structures. Source : Kumar, Sanjeev. (2018). In vitro cultivation of AMF using Root Organ Culture: factory of biofertilizers and secondary metabolites production. 2. Nutrient Foraging and Transfer The most direct agronomic benefit of R. intraradices lies in its capacity to enhance nutrient acquisition: The fungus develops an extensive extraradical hyphal network that significantly increases the absorptive surface area of the root system, accessing nutrients beyond the rhizosphere depletion zone . Key nutrients mobilized include phosphorus (Pi) , zinc (Zn) , copper (Cu) , and other micronutrients, often bound in forms that are otherwise unavailable to plants. High-affinity phosphate transporters (e.g., GintPT ) in fungal hyphae facilitate Pi uptake, which is then translocated via the fungal cytoskeleton to the arbuscules. Inside the arbuscule interface, nutrient exchange occurs via a periarbuscular membrane , where plant Pi and metal transporters (e.g., PT4 ) retrieve the nutrients. In return, the plant supplies the fungus with photosynthetically derived carbon , mainly in the form of hexoses , transported through plant sugar transporters , supporting fungal metabolism and reproduction. Khan, Yaseen, Sulaiman Shah, and Tian Hui. 2022. " The Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Influencing Plant Nutrients, Photosynthesis, and Metabolites of Cereal Crops—A Review" Agronomy 12, no. 9: 2191. 3. Abiotic Stress Alleviation R. intraradices significantly modulates plant physiological responses under abiotic stress conditions: Enhances water acquisition through extended hyphal reach and improved root hydraulic conductivity. Increases osmoprotectant synthesis , including proline , glycine betaine , and soluble sugars , aiding in osmotic adjustment under drought and salinity stress. Activates antioxidant enzyme systems , including superoxide dismutase (SOD) , catalase (CAT) , and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) , reducing oxidative damage from ROS generated during stress. Influences the synthesis and signaling of phytohormones such as abscisic acid (ABA) , jasmonic acid (JA) , salicylic acid (SA) , and auxins , which regulate stress adaptation, stomatal closure, and root architecture. 4. Soil Aggregation and Health The extraradical hyphae of R. intraradices play a critical role in soil structure and fertility : Secrete glomalin-related soil proteins (GRSPs) that stabilize soil aggregates by binding mineral particles and organic matter. Improve soil porosity , water infiltration , and bulk density , contributing to enhanced root penetration and aeration. Support carbon sequestration by promoting stable soil organic carbon pools. Increase microbial biomass and enzymatic activity, such as phosphatases , ureases , and dehydrogenases , which further enhance nutrient cycling and microbial community function. 5. Biotic Stress Resistance and Pathogen Suppression R. intraradices contributes to plant immunity and disease resistance through several pathways: Competes with soil pathogens for space and resources in the rhizosphere and root cortex. Activates induced systemic resistance (ISR) via jasmonate and ethylene signaling pathways, enhancing the plant’s defense readiness. Alters rhizosphere microbiome composition , often increasing populations of beneficial microorganisms (e.g., Pseudomonas , Trichoderma ) that further antagonize pathogens. Reduces the translocation of heavy metals and xenobiotics to aerial parts, providing a protective buffer in contaminated soils. 6. Ecological and Agronomic Integration In sustainable agriculture, R. intraradices is increasingly applied as a bioinoculant , either alone or in combination with other beneficial microbes. Its efficacy depends on: Soil conditions (pH, organic matter, nutrient availability) Host plant genotype and mycorrhizal compatibility Co-inoculation strategies (e.g., with nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Azospirillum brasilense ) Reduction in synthetic fertilizer inputs, which can suppress AMF colonization when in excess Additional Info Product Specifications Strength: customisable Formulation: customisable Purity: High-quality inoculum with verified spore viability Storage and Handling Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. Optimal storage temperature is 4-25°C (39-77°F). Keep container tightly sealed when not in use. Shelf life is 12 months when stored properly. Avoid exposure to fungicides or excessive heat which may reduce spore viability. Best Practices Apply to moist soil for optimal spore germination Ensure direct contact between inoculant and plant roots Avoid over-fertilization, especially with phosphorus, which can suppress mycorrhizal colonization Combine with organic matter amendments to enhance fungal establishment Use within the same growing season after opening for maximum effectiveness Environmental Conditions R. intraradices thrives in well-aerated, slightly acidic to neutral soils (pH 5.5-7.0). The fungus is naturally adapted to diverse soil types and climatic conditions, making it suitable for global agricultural applications. Performance is optimized in soils with moderate organic matter content and adequate moisture. Safety Non-toxic and safe for humans, animals, and the environment. Certified for use in organic agriculture by various international certification bodies. Contains only naturally occurring beneficial fungi with no genetically modified organisms. Dosage & Application Application Rates for Different Agricultural Systems For Field Crops (Hectare-based application): Standard field application: 60 g per hectare High-intensity farming: Up to 100 g per hectare for optimal colonization Maize and cereal crops: 60–100 g/ha mixed with seed or applied at sowing Legume crops (soybean, chickpea, lentil): 60 g/ha, compatible with rhizobial inoculants Horticultural crops (vegetables, fruits): 30–50 g per hectare For Specialized Applications: Hydroponic systems: 1 g per plant or 580 propagules per liter applied via subirrigation Greenhouse nurseries and potting: 3 g per square meter of growing area Tissue culture and micropropagated plants: 0.5–1.0 g per seedling during hardening stage Cuttings and propagation material: 0.5 g per cutting at rooting medium Turf and ornamental applications: 50–100 g per 1000 m² Optimal Spore Density and Colonization Rates Research indicates that optimal inoculation requires a minimum threshold for effective colonization: Minimum effective spore density: 2–3 spores per seed or seedling for adequate colonization establishment Optimal spore density: 5–6 spores per seed results in superior root colonization rates (75–84%) and maximal plant vigor Application strength: The product contains 245 active spores per gram, ensuring consistent and reliable inoculum quality Colonization timeline: Initial root colonization typically occurs within 2–4 weeks; visible plant benefits manifest within 6–8 weeks; maximum benefits develop throughout the entire growing season Application Methods and Techniques Seed Treatment (Most Common) Mix R. intraradices inoculum with seeds immediately before sowing at a ratio of 60 g per hectare. Ensure uniform distribution for consistent field colonization. In-Furrow Application Apply 60 g per hectare directly into the planting furrow at sowing depth (5–8 cm). This method ensures close proximity of spores to germinating roots. Root Dip Method (Nurseries and Transplants) Suspend seedling roots in a slurry containing 3 g per square meter of growing area for 2–5 minutes before transplanting. This high-contact method accelerates colonization establishment. Subirrigation and Hydroponic Systems Dilute liquid inoculum (580 propagules/liter) in irrigation water and apply weekly through drip or subirrigation systems. Filter product to prevent emitter clogging. Soil Incorporation Mix inoculum into soil at 60 g per hectare 1–2 weeks before planting for field crops, allowing time for spore positioning. Foliar and Root Zone Drenching Apply via soil drenching at transplanting stage (10 mL per plant) for containerized crops and horticultural applications. Critical Application Considerations Phosphorus Management High soil phosphorus levels (>50 ppm) suppress AMF colonization and reduce symbiotic effectiveness. When using R. intraradices, reduce phosphorus fertilizer applications and rely on the fungus to mobilize existing soil phosphorus reserves. Combination treatments of R. intraradices + 50% recommended phosphorus consistently outperform full-dose phosphorus alone. Fungicide and Chemical Interactions Avoid fungicide applications for at least 2–4 weeks post-inoculation to prevent suppression of colonization. Systemic fungicides are particularly damaging to AMF establishment. Coordinate all pesticide applications with agronomist recommendations considering AMF symbiosis. Soil Preparation and Timing Inoculate into well-prepared, slightly acidic to neutral soils (pH 6.0–7.5). Avoid waterlogged conditions immediately post-inoculation. Ideal soil moisture should be 60–70% of field capacity. Compatibility with Other Microorganisms R. intraradices generally works synergistically with beneficial bacteria (Bacillus spp., Azospirillum spp.) and other AMF species. Co-inoculation often produces superior results to single-organism application. Storage and Handling Store product in cool, dry conditions (4–15°C) in sealed containers away from light. Do not expose to temperatures above 25°C or to direct sunlight. Use within 12–24 months of manufacture for optimal viability; maintain storage conditions to preserve spore viability and germination potential. FAQ What is the new name for Glomus intraradices? The fungus formerly known as Glomus intraradices has been officially reclassified as Rhizophagus intraradices based on comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis. This taxonomic change, implemented following the 2010 reclassification by Schüßler and Walker, reflects advances in DNA sequencing technology and ribosomal RNA gene analysis that revealed the original genus assignment was incorrect. The genus Rhizophagus is more accurately aligned with the evolutionary lineage and morphological characteristics of this species. The reclassification was formally anchored through the International Culture Collection of Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM) culture FL208, which represents the type strain and nomenclatural authority for the species. Important Note: It is critical to distinguish between two distinct species within the Rhizophagus genus: Rhizophagus intraradices (formerly Glomus intraradices, strain FL208 and related isolates) Rhizophagus irregularis (formerly known as Glomus irregulare and historically confused with R. intraradices, particularly the DAOM197198 reference strain) While historically conflated, phylogenetic and molecular analyses now clearly demonstrate these are separate species with different colonization characteristics and agricultural performance profiles. What is the use of Glomus intraradices (Rhizophagus intraradices)? R. intraradices serves as a plant growth-promoting arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus with diverse agricultural, horticultural, and environmental applications: Sustainable intensification of cereal crops (maize, wheat, rice, sorghum) with reduced fertilizer dependency Improved legume performance (soybean, chickpea, lentil) complementing nitrogen-fixing rhizobia Enhanced tuber and root crop yields (potato, cassava, carrots) with superior nutrient uptake and stress tolerance Horticultural Applications Nursery production of high-quality transplants with accelerated growth and disease resistance Fruit crop establishment (citrus, mango, avocado, berry crops) with improved root development Ornamental plant production with superior vigor and stress resilience Vegetable production (tomato, pepper, cucumber) supporting both conventional and organic systems Environmental Remediation Phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils through enhanced metal uptake capacity and soil enzyme activity Restoration of degraded mining sites and contaminated agricultural lands Coal mining site revegetation and ecosystem recovery Support for pioneer plant species establishment in marginal and disturbed environments Sustainable Agriculture Intensification Reduction of synthetic fertilizer inputs by 25–50% while maintaining or improving yields Support for organic farming systems seeking certified biological inputs Climate-smart agriculture through enhanced carbon sequestration and drought resilience Integrated pest management via natural disease suppression mechanisms Specialized Applications Micropropagated plant hardening and acclimatization protocols Hydroponic and soilless cultivation systems for high-value crops Biofortification programs improving micronutrient density in staple food crops Effects of Rhizophagus intraradices on Crops Research has documented comprehensive beneficial effects across diverse crop species: Nutrient Uptake and Growth Promotion Phosphorus uptake: 50–130% increase in plant-available phosphorus, enabling 25–50% reduction in phosphate fertilizer Nitrogen acquisition: Enhanced nitrogen uptake through both direct root absorption and fungal-mediated pathways Micronutrient availability: Improved zinc, copper, iron, and manganese bioavailability particularly important in calcareous and alkaline soils Biomass accumulation: Increased shoot and root dry matter by 15–40% depending on soil fertility and environmental conditions Root System Development Enhanced lateral root initiation and root hair density Increased root diameter and improved soil penetration capability Expanded root surface area (up to 100-fold expansion through hyphal networks) Modified root architecture supporting improved nutrient and water acquisition Yield and Productivity Grain yield: 10–35% yield increases in cereals (maize, wheat, rice) particularly under limiting nutrient or water availability Legume productivity: 20–30% increases in soybean, chickpea yields with complementary rhizobial inoculation Tuber production: 14.5% yield increases in cassava in phosphorus-deficient soils Horticultural crops: 25–35% increases in fruit number and mass in pepper, tomato, strawberry Stress Tolerance Enhancement Drought resilience: Maintained photosynthetic efficiency and leaf water potential under moderate to severe drought; 20–25% greater biomass than non-inoculated plants under water stress Salt tolerance: Enhanced ion selectivity and osmolyte accumulation mitigating salinity stress effects Heavy metal mitigation: Enhanced phytoextraction and phytostabilization of cadmium, lead, and arsenic; reduced toxic ion accumulation in shoots Cold and temperature stress: Improved cellular cryoprotectant accumulation and membrane integrity maintenance Disease and Pest Suppression Root-knot nematode biocontrol: Reduced Meloidogyne graminicola populations and symptoms in rice through enhanced plant defense activation Soil-borne pathogen suppression: Reduced incidence of Fusarium, Rhizoctonia, and other fungal root pathogens through competitive exclusion and defense enhancement Pest susceptibility reduction: Western corn rootworm larvae show reduced fitness on R. intraradices-colonized maize, facilitating biological pest control Soil Quality and Long-term Sustainability Soil aggregation: Enhanced water-stable aggregate formation improving soil structure and workability Organic matter stabilization: Glomalin accumulation supports 10–20-year soil organic matter persistence Microbial community enhancement: Increased beneficial soil microbial diversity and activity Carbon sequestration: Contribution to global carbon cycle with approximately 13 Gt CO₂e annually sequestered Crop-Specific Effects Rice: 35–50% increase in grain yield with improved phosphorus and nitrogen uptake; enhanced disease resistance to bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) Maize: 20–35% yield increase with enhanced water use efficiency; reduced Western corn rootworm damage through modified rhizosphere chemistry Soybean: 15–30% yield improvement with complementary rhizobial associations; enhanced phosphorus uptake in continuous cropping systems Wheat: Significant phosphorus uptake enhancement and improved grain quality parameters Citrus/Lemon: Enhanced lateral root formation and phosphate transporter gene expression; improved water uptake capacity Tomato: 25–35% increase in fruit yield and quality; improved water stress tolerance during critical fruit development stages Saffron: 25% increase in total chlorophyll content; enhanced daughter corm production and stigma development Finger Millet: 29% increase in phosphorus and chlorophyll under drought stress; 7% growth improvement under severe water limitation Related Products Glomus mosseae Serendipita indica More Products Resources Read all

Post Harvest Treatment - Lactic Cultures is a bio-preservation technique with the use of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB). < Microbial Species Post Harvest Treatment Post Harvest Treatments involve biological or chemical methods applied to harvested crops to prevent spoilage, extend shelf life, and maintain quality during storage and transportation. Product Enquiry What Why How FAQ What it is Post-harvest treatments refer to the various techniques and practices employed to preserve the quality, freshness, and shelf life of agricultural produce after harvesting. These treatments aim to minimize post-harvest losses, prevent spoilage, and maintain the nutritional value of fruits, vegetables, grains, and other perishable commodities during storage, transportation, and marketing. Why is it important Extended Shelf Life : Post-harvest treatments help prolong the shelf life of agricultural produce, allowing for longer storage periods and reducing the risk of spoilage and waste. Quality Preservation : Treatments such as washing, waxing, and packaging help maintain the appearance, texture, and flavor of fruits and vegetables, enhancing consumer appeal and marketability. Reduced Economic Losses : By minimizing post-harvest losses due to spoilage, rot, or physical damage, post-harvest treatments contribute to improved profitability and economic sustainability for growers, distributors, and retailers. How it works Types of Post-Harvest Treatments Cleaning and Sanitation : Washing and sanitizing fruits, vegetables, and packaging materials remove dirt, debris, and microbial contaminants, reducing the risk of decay and microbial spoilage. Waxing and Coating : Applying edible coatings or waxes to produce forms a protective barrier that reduces moisture loss, inhibits microbial growth, and enhances the appearance and shelf life of fruits and vegetables. Temperature Management : Cooling and refrigeration slow down physiological processes such as respiration and ripening, preserving the freshness and quality of perishable commodities during storage and transportation. Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) : Packaging produce in controlled atmospheres with reduced oxygen and elevated carbon dioxide levels slows down ripening, inhibits microbial growth, and extends shelf life. Chemical Treatments : Application of fungicides, insecticides, or antimicrobial agents helps control post-harvest diseases, pests, and microbial spoilage, ensuring product quality and safety. Integrated Post-Harvest Management Effective post-harvest management involves the integration of multiple treatments and practices tailored to specific crops, storage conditions, and market requirements. By adopting a holistic approach to post-harvest handling, growers and stakeholders can maximize product quality, minimize losses, and meet consumer demand for fresh, safe, and nutritious food. FAQ Content coming soon! Post Harvest Treatment Our Products Explore our range of premium Post Harvest Treatment options tailored to meet your agricultural needs, extending shelf life and preserving quality from harvest to market. Lactic Cultures Lactic Cultures use Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) to preserve freshness post-harvest by producing antimicrobial compounds that inhibit harmful microorganisms. View Species 1 1 ... 1 ... 1 Resources Read all