Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is a highly efficient sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that converts elemental sulfur and sulfide minerals into sulfate, enhancing soil nutrient availability and supporting crop growth. Its acidophilic nature allows it to thrive in extreme environments, making it a vital tool for bioremediation efforts, such as treating acid mine drainage and neutralizing soil contamination caused by heavy metals. Additionally, A. thiooxidans is widely used in bioleaching processes to extract valuable metals from low-grade ores, contributing to sustainable industrial and environmental practices. < Microbial Species Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is a highly efficient sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that converts elemental sulfur and sulfide minerals into sulfate, enhancing soil nutrient availability and supporting crop growth.… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhanced Nutrient Absorption Facilitates sulfur solubilization in soil for better nutrient uptake by plants. Improved Plant Health Vital for photosynthesis and biological nitrogen fixation, promoting overall plant vigor. Increased Germination Rate Promotes higher percentage of seed germination, ensuring robust crop establishment. Stress Resistance Reduces plant stress and improves tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, enhancing yield stability. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References IndoGulf BioAg. "Thiobacillus Thiooxidans Manufacturer & Exporter." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/microbial-species/thiobacillus-thiooxidans IndoGulf BioAg. "Sulphur Solubilizing Bacteria - Manufacturer & Exporter." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/sulphur-solubilizing-bacteria IndoGulf BioAg. "Thiobacillus and Acidithiobacillus: Role, Uses, and Benefits in Mining, Soil, and Environment." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/post/thiobacillus-and-acidithiobacillus-role-uses-and-benefits-in-mining-soil-and-environment IndoGulf BioAg. "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans - Microbial Species." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/microbial-species/acidithiobacillus-ferrooxidans IndoGulf BioAg. "Bioremediation - Manufacturer & Exporter." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/bioremediation IndoGulf BioAg. "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: The Extremophile Revolutionizing Agriculture and Bioleaching." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/post/acidithiobacillus-ferrooxidans-the-extremophile-revolutionizing-agriculture-and-bioleaching IndoGulf BioAg. "Biotech Solutions for Mining Industry." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/mining IndoGulf BioAg. "Microbial Wastewater Treatment: Types of Microorganisms, Functions, and Applications." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/post/microbial-wastewater-treatment-types-of-microorganisms-functions-and-applications-for-reclaim IndoGulf BioAg. "Thiobacillus thioparus - Bioremediation Microbial Species." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/microbial-species/thiobacillus-thioparus Zhi-Hui, Y., et al. (2010). "Elemental Sulfur Oxidation by Thiobacillus spp. and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans." Science Direct . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002016009602848 ACS Agricultural Science & Technology. (2025). "Encapsulation of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in Sulfur Particles." https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsagscitech.5c00025 Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. (2005). "Sulfur Oxidation and Bioavailability in Agricultural Soils." Vol 51, No 3. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00043.x Universal Microbes. (2026). "Uses of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans in Agriculture and Soil Management." https://www.universalmicrobes.com/post/uses-of-thiobacillus-thiooxidans-in-agriculture OSTI.GOV . "Bacterial Leaching of Sulfide Ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans." https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7141232 Oregon State University Digital Repository. "Iron Oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans." https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/6t053k34d Sulfur Oxidation Pathways in Acidithiobacillus Species. (2012). PubMed Central . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22854612/ Liu, Y., et al. (2020). "Effect of Introduction of Exogenous Strain Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans A01 on Copper Leaching Efficiency." Frontiers in Microbiology , 11, 3034. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03034/full Valdés, J., et al. (2008). "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Metabolism: From Genome Sequence to Industrial Applications." BMC Genomics . https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2621215/ Ibáñez, A., et al. (2023). "Unraveling Sulfur Metabolism in Acidithiobacillus Genus." PMC . https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10531304/ Baker, B.J., et al. (2003). "Microbial Communities in Acid Mine Drainage." FEMS Ecology , 44(2), 139-152. https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/44/2/139/546507 Rawlings, D.E. (1994). "Molecular Genetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans." Molecular Microbiology , 13(4), 695-706. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC372952/ Science Direct. "Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans - An Overview." https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/acidithiobacillus-thiooxidans Wang, J., et al. (2014). "Bioleaching of Low-Grade Copper Sulfide Ores by Acidithiobacillus Species." Journal of Central South University , 21(5), 1995-3010. https://journal.hep.com.cn/jocsu/EN/10.1007/s11771-014-1995-3 Crop Nutrition. (2023). "Sulfate Sulfur vs. Elemental Sulfur Part II: Characteristics of Sulfur Oxidation." https://www.cropnutrition.com/resource-library/sulfate-sulfur-vs-elemental-sulfur-part-ii-characteristics-of-s-oxidation/ Mode of Action 1. Sulfur Oxidation Pathway Primary Biochemical Mechanism: Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans employs a multi-enzyme network to oxidize reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) into sulfate. Elemental Sulfur Oxidation: Initiation enzyme: Sulfur dioxygenase (SDO; EC 1.13.11.18) Reaction: 2S⁰ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ Rate: 2-8 mg S/g dry biomass/day (soil conditions); up to 100 mg/L in culture pH change: Gradual reduction from neutral to acidic conditions Intermediate Sulfur Oxidation: Thiosulfate oxidation: Involves thiosulfate dehydrogenase and tetrathionate intermediate formation Polysulfide oxidation: Direct oxidation of polysulfide chains Sulfite oxidation: Complete oxidation via sulfite oxidase enzymes Energy Generation: The oxidation reactions serve as the exclusive energy source for A. thiooxidans, powering ATP production through electron transport chain mechanisms: Electrons derived from S⁰ oxidation flow through cytochrome complexes Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP for biosynthetic processes CO₂ fixation via the Calvin cycle provides organic carbon from atmospheric CO₂ 2. Acidification Mechanism Sulfuric Acid Production: The complete oxidation of elemental sulfur to sulfate produces sulfuric acid, which dissociates in soil solution: H₂SO₄ → 2H⁺ + SO₄²⁻ pH reduction: Typically 7.0-8.0 (alkaline) → 5.5-6.5 (slightly acidic) Localized vs. bulk: Bacterial aggregation creates micro-acidic environments around sulfur particles Controlled Acidification Advantage: Unlike rapid chemical acidification (e.g., adding mineral acids), biological sulfur oxidation provides: Gradual pH change preventing root damage Localized acid production concentrated around sulfur particles Sustained effect throughout growing season pH regulation prevents over-acidification through buffering interactions with soil minerals Soil Buffering and Sustainability: The acidification process continues as long as elemental sulfur particles remain available and moisture and oxygen conditions are adequate. In alkaline soils, acid production is partially neutralized by carbonate reactions: CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → CaSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂ Net effect: Sustained pH reduction despite buffering capacity 3. Nutrient Mobilization Mechanisms Primary and Secondary Micronutrient Release: Iron Mobilization: Lowered soil pH converts insoluble ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)₃) to soluble ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) Ferrous iron is readily absorbed by plant roots and transported through vascular tissues pH-dependent availability: Each 1.0 pH unit decrease increases Fe availability 10-100 fold Zinc Mobilization: Zinc silicates and oxides become soluble at pH <7.0 Complexation with organic acids (produced during sulfur oxidation) further enhances Zn bioavailability 25-40% increase in Zn concentration in soil solution Manganese and Copper Mobilization: Similar pH-dependent solubility increases Chelation effects from organic acids enhance bioavailability 20-35% increase in plant-available micronutrients Phosphorus Availability: Improved soil pH reduces phosphate fixation by iron and aluminum oxides Secondary effect improving overall nutrient balance 4. Biofilm Formation and Rhizosphere Colonization Biofilm Architecture: A. thiooxidans forms biofilms on elemental sulfur particles and soil mineral surfaces, enhancing sulfur oxidation efficiency: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS): Polysaccharides and proteins trap water and nutrients Cell aggregation: Biofilms can reach 10⁸-10⁹ CFU per gram of biofilm Oxygen gradient management: Biofilm structure enables anaerobic bacterial zones with access to oxygen at biofilm surface Nutrient concentration: Localized nutrient accumulation in biofilm matrix Rhizosphere Persistence: Colonization density: 10⁶-10⁸ CFU per gram of rhizosphere soil Persistence period: 8-16 weeks under favorable conditions; periodic re-inoculation recommended for sustained benefit Root surface colonization: Bacteria attach to root epidermis; hyphal invasion not observed (non-pathogenic) 5. Metabolic Flexibility and Environmental Adaptation Chemolithoautotrophic Metabolism: A. thiooxidans survives on inorganic substrates exclusively: Energy source: Elemental sulfur or sulfide minerals Carbon source: CO₂ (fixed via Calvin cycle) Electron acceptor: Oxygen (aerobic); some studies suggest ferric iron under oxygen-limited conditions Nutrient requirements: Minimal (nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals) Acid Tolerance Mechanisms: pH homeostasis: Internal pH maintained at ~6.0-6.5 despite external pH <2.0 Proton pumps: ATP-driven expulsion of excess H⁺ ions Protective proteins: Acid-resistant structural proteins in cell wall and membrane DNA repair: Enhanced mechanisms preventing acid-induced damage Optimal Growing Conditions: pH range: 2.0-7.0; optimal 3.0-5.0 Temperature: 5-45°C; optimal 25-35°C Moisture: Requires adequate soil moisture (60-80% field capacity) Oxygen: Obligate aerobe; requires dissolved oxygen >0.5 mg/L Nutrient availability: Nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals required for biosynthesis Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment : Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Seedling Treatment : Dip the seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans and sufficient water. Soil Treatment : Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Irrigation : Mix 3 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What is Thiobacillus thiooxidans used for? Agricultural Uses: Thiobacillus thiooxidans (now reclassified as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) is primarily used in agriculture to convert elemental sulfur into plant-available sulfate ions (SO₄²⁻). This sulfur-oxidizing bacterium is applied as a biofertilizer component for: Sulfur deficiency correction: Enables plant uptake of sulfur from elemental sulfur fertilizers applied to the soil Micronutrient mobilization: Lowers soil pH, making iron, zinc, manganese, and other micronutrients more bioavailable in alkaline soils Enhanced nitrogen efficiency: Improved sulfur nutrition supports better nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis Sustainable fertilizer strategy: Reduces dependence on chemical fertilizers while improving soil health Non-Agricultural Uses: Bioremediation: Treatment of contaminated soils and wastewater Bioleaching: Industrial extraction of metals from low-grade ores (copper, zinc, gold) Odor control: Removal of hydrogen sulfide from sewage and industrial waste streams Environmental remediation: Acid mine drainage treatment and heavy metal sequestration Where is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans found? Natural Environments: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans inhabits highly acidic, iron-rich environments worldwide: Primary Habitats: Acid mine drainage (AMD): The organism is the dominant bacterium in AMD systems from both active and abandoned mines Pyrite oxidation zones: Natural oxidation of iron sulfide minerals in geological formations Acidic mineral deposits: Iron-rich mineral seams and ore bodies Acidic soils: Sulfide-containing soils; particularly enriched in mining-affected regions Sulfuric acid springs: Natural geothermal areas with acidic hot springs Coal and mineral processing sites: Industrial settings where mineral oxidation occurs Geographic Distribution: Americas: Abundant in mining regions of Peru, Chile, Mexico, and Canada Europe: Common in mining areas of Spain, Germany, and Eastern Europe Asia: Identified in mining regions across China, India, and Central Asia Africa: Present in metal mining regions of South Africa, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo pH and Redox Requirements: Optimal pH range: 1.5-2.5 (highly acidic) Functional range: pH 1.0-5.0 Requires oxidizing conditions (dissolved oxygen or ferric iron as electron acceptor) Laboratory Isolation: A. ferrooxidans can be isolated from mine drainage samples, pyrite-bearing soils, or ore leaching environments using standard 9K medium formulated for extremely acidophilic bacteria. What does Thiobacillus ferrooxidans do? Biochemical Functions: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (now Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium that performs two primary oxidative functions: 1. Iron Oxidation: Reaction: 4Fe²⁺ + O₂ + 4H⁺ → 4Fe³⁺ + 2H₂O Mechanism: Oxidation rate ~500,000 times faster than abiotic processes Biological significance: Converts insoluble ferrous iron to soluble ferric iron Industrial application: Drives bioleaching of iron-containing minerals 2. Sulfur/Sulfide Oxidation: Reaction: 2S⁰ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ Products: Sulfuric acid and sulfate ions Environmental impact: Major contributor to acid mine drainage formation Metabolic flexibility: Can oxidize thiosulfate, polysulfides, and other reduced sulfur forms Energy and Carbon Metabolism: Energy source: Inorganic electron donors (Fe²⁺, S⁰, etc.) Carbon source: Atmospheric CO₂ (autotrophic; Calvin cycle) ATP generation: Oxidative phosphorylation via electron transport chain Biosynthesis: De novo amino acid and nucleotide synthesis from CO₂ Agricultural Applications: Iron solubilization: Makes unavailable iron forms plant-accessible Crop yield: 58% shoot length increase, 54% root length increase, 79% iron concentration increase Stress tolerance: Improves plant tolerance to iron deficiency, drought, and salinity Environmental Impacts: Beneficial: Bioremediation of contaminated soils; metal recovery from wastes Problematic: Acid mine drainage formation; potential heavy metal leaching in uncontrolled settings Is Thiobacillus thiooxidans harmful or beneficial? Beneficial Aspects (Overwhelming Evidence): Agricultural Benefits: Sulfur mobilization: Converts immobile elemental sulfur to plant-available sulfate Soil enrichment: Sustainable nutrient supply without chemical residues Micronutrient release: Improves iron, zinc, manganese, and other micronutrient availability through pH reduction Crop productivity: 20-40% yield increases in sulfur-deficient and alkaline soils Soil health: Stimulates beneficial soil microbial communities Non-toxic: Safe for plants, animals, beneficial insects, and soil organisms Environmental Benefits: Bioremediation: Breaks down sulfur-rich contaminants and hydrogen sulfide Sustainable mining: Enables bioleaching processes with lower environmental impact than chemical leaching Waste treatment: Effective in wastewater and sludge treatment Odor control: Oxidizes hydrogen sulfide from sewage treatment and landfills Harmful Aspects (Negligible in Controlled Agricultural Use): Potential Concerns (Under Specific Conditions): Acid formation: Produces sulfuric acid, potentially over-acidifying soils if applied excessively pH management: Requires monitoring in naturally acidic soils Nutrient competition: High sulfur oxidation rates can temporarily increase competition for nitrogen between bacteria and plants Mitigation Strategies: Proper application rate: 2-5 kg/acre prevents over-acidification Soil testing: Assess pH before application; unsuitable for acidic soils (pH <5.5) Monitoring: Regular soil pH checks ensure optimal conditions Nitrogen supplementation: May be needed during high oxidation rates in nitrogen-deficient soils Safety Assessment: Non-pathogenic: No human, animal, or plant pathogens identified Organic certified: Approved for organic farming under NPOP and USDA-NOP standards Environmental benign: No bioaccumulation; biodegrades naturally Regulatory status: No restrictions on agricultural use in any major regulatory jurisdiction Conclusion: Thiobacillus thiooxidans is definitively beneficial when properly applied to sulfur-deficient and alkaline agricultural soils, with negligible harmful effects under recommended application rates. How does Thiobacillus thiooxidans help in bioleaching? Bioleaching Definition: Bioleaching is the use of microorganisms to extract soluble metal ions from solid ore or mineral matrices, enabling recovery of valuable metals from low-grade or waste materials. Thiobacillus thiooxidans Role in Bioleaching: 1. Sulfide Mineral Oxidation: The bacterium oxidizes reduced sulfur in sulfide minerals (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, etc.): Reaction: FeS₂ + 3.5O₂ + H₂O → Fe²⁺ + 2SO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ (initially) Product: Elemental sulfur as intermediate product Sequential step: T. thiooxidans oxidizes elemental sulfur to sulfate Mechanism: Creates acidic microenvironment facilitating further mineral dissolution 2. Acid Production: Sulfuric acid generation: 2S⁰ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ pH reduction: Rapid drop to pH 2.0-3.0 in leaching systems Metal solubilization: Acid directly dissolves metal oxides and sulfides Iron mobilization: Produced Fe³⁺ acts as additional oxidant for metallic minerals 3. Complementary Bioleaching: T. thiooxidans works synergistically with T. ferrooxidans (iron oxidizer) in mixed cultures: Division of labor: T. ferrooxidans oxidizes Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺; T. thiooxidans oxidizes S⁰ Enhanced efficiency: 18.5% higher copper recovery with both organisms than either alone Mineral-specific advantages: Copper/Zinc-rich ores: T. thiooxidans shows superior Cu extraction (2× higher Cu/Zn ratio) Iron-rich ores: T. ferrooxidans dominates; T. thiooxidans secondary contributor Mixed sulfides: Both organisms essential for complete metal recovery 4. Industrial Metal Recovery: Metal Recovery Rate (T. thiooxidans) Industrial Significance Copper 40-65% from chalcopyrite Critical for electronics, renewable energy Zinc 50-75% from sphalerite Essential for alloys, galvanization Gold (auxiliary) 25-40% from arsenopyrite Minor component; enhances overall recovery Rare Earth Elements 70-95% from ion-adsorption ores Emerging application; high value 5. Process Optimization: Factors maximizing T. thiooxidans bioleaching efficacy: Sulfur particle size: Fine particles (25-50 μm) maximize surface area Mineral abundance: 10-20% ore concentration optimal pH management: Maintaining 2.0-3.0 enhances both oxidation and metal solubility Oxygen availability: Sufficient aeration critical (O₂ dissolution) Temperature: 25-35°C optimal; thermophilic strains available for higher temperatures Culture inoculation: Early inoculation (days 0-10) maximizes colonization 6. Environmental Sustainability: Bioleaching advantages over chemical methods: Lower chemical input: Minimal external reagents required Reduced toxic waste: Fewer byproducts requiring disposal Lower energy intensity: Ambient temperature processing vs. high-temperature smelting Smaller environmental footprint: Suitable for remote mining sites with limited infrastructure Selective extraction: Can target specific metals from complex ore matrices Challenges and Limitations: Slow process: Bioleaching requires 30-120 days vs. 1-2 days for chemical leaching Metal concentration sensitivity: Very high metal concentrations can inhibit bacterial growth Oxygen dependence: Requires continuous aeration; suitable mainly for heap leaching Sulfide preference: Most efficient on sulfide ores; less effective on oxide ores Conclusion: Thiobacillus thiooxidans is essential for bioleaching processes targeting sulfide minerals, particularly copper, zinc, and emerging rare earth element recovery, offering sustainable alternatives to environmentally damaging chemical extraction methods. Can Thiobacillus species improve soil fertility? Soil Fertility Definition: Soil fertility encompasses the capacity of soil to supply essential plant nutrients in optimal amounts and proportions. It encompasses both nutrient content and nutrient availability. Thiobacillus species Contributions to Soil Fertility: 1. Direct Nutrient Mobilization: Sulfur Availability: Deficiency problem: 40% of agricultural soils lack adequate available sulfur despite total sulfur presence T. thiooxidans solution: Converts S⁰ → SO₄²⁻ (plant-available form) Benefit: 40-60% improvement in sulfur utilization from elemental sulfur applications Crop impact: Protein synthesis improvement; nitrogen assimilation enhancement Micronutrient Release: Iron: 30-50% increase in available iron through pH-dependent solubility Zinc: 25-40% increase through pH reduction and chelation Manganese: 20-35% increase; critical for chlorophyll synthesis Copper: 15-30% increase; cofactor in many plant enzymes Phosphorus Availability: Mechanism: Improved soil pH (7.0-8.0 → 5.5-6.5) reduces P fixation by Fe/Al oxides Benefit: 15-30% increase in plant-available phosphorus Dual advantage: Works synergistically with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria 2. Soil pH Management and Buffer Capacity: Alkaline Soil Remediation: Problem soils: Calcareous and alkaline soils (pH >7.5) limit nutrient availability T. thiooxidans strategy: Gradual pH reduction through controlled sulfuric acid production Advantage over chemicals: Sustainable pH management without risk of over-acidification Duration: Sustained effect throughout growing season as sulfur oxidation continues pH-Dependent Nutrient Availability Chart: pH 5.0-6.0 (optimal for T. thiooxidans effects): Maximum Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu availability pH 6.5-7.5: Balanced nutrient availability; T. thiooxidans role moderate pH >8.0: Multiple micronutrients immobile; T. thiooxidans essential for remediation 3. Organic Matter and Humus Formation: Indirect Benefit: Improved pH: Facilitates decomposition of plant residues and organic matter Microbial stimulation: Enhanced soil microbial activity during and after T. thiooxidans colonization Nutrient cycling: Improved cycling of organic-bound nutrients Carbon sequestration: Increased microbial biomass and soil organic matter storage 4. Symbiotic Relationships: T. thiooxidans enhances activity of complementary organisms improving fertility: Nitrogen-Fixers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum): Mechanism: Improved sulfur status enhances nitrogen fixation rate by 15-25% Reason: Sulfur is critical cofactor in nitrogenase enzyme Benefit: Legume crops achieve 20-30% higher nitrogen fixation Phosphate-Solubilizers (Bacillus, Pseudomonas): Mechanism: Lowered pH enhances phosphate-solubilization efficacy Synergy: Combined inoculation achieves 1.5-2.0× greater phosphorus availability than single organism Mycorrhizal Fungi (Rhizophagus, Funneliformis): Mechanism: Improved nutrient availability supports hyphal growth and nutrient transfer Benefit: Enhanced nutrient acquisition through fungal-plant interface 5. Crop Productivity and Yield Impact: Field Performance Data: Cereals (wheat, maize, rice): 15-25% yield increase Legumes (chickpea, lentil, bean): 20-30% yield increase Oilseeds (soybean, canola): 25-35% yield increase Vegetables (tomato, pepper, onion): 20-40% yield increase Spices (turmeric, ginger): 30-45% yield increase in alkaline regions Cost-Benefit Analysis: Product cost: $15-25/kg Application rate: 2-5 kg/acre Total cost: $40-100/acre Revenue increase: $100-400/acre (at typical commodity prices) ROI: 200-400% return on investment 6. Long-Term Soil Health Benefits: Sustainable Fertility: Chemical independence: Reduces synthetic fertilizer requirement by 25-40% Soil biology: Stimulates diverse microbial populations supporting nutrient cycling Soil structure: Improved organic matter supports better aggregation and water-holding capacity Environmental safety: No chemical residues; suitable for organic farming Quantified Sustainability Metrics: Nitrogen fertilizer reduction: 20-30% decrease in synthetic N requirement Phosphorus efficiency: 30-40% improvement in P utilization from applied fertilizers Sulfur cycling: Continuous conversion of applied elemental sulfur reducing annual application needs Soil organic matter: 15-25% increase over 2-3 years through enhanced microbial activity 7. Crop-Specific Fertility Improvements: Crop Sulfur Response Micronutrient Response Overall Yield Increase Wheat Very high (deficient soils) High (alkaline soils) 15-25% Chickpea High (S-responsive crop) Moderate 20-30% Soybean Moderate High (Zn, Fe-responsive) 25-35% Tomato Moderate High (quality driver) 20-40% Groundnut High (S-responsive) Very high 30-40% Conclusion: Thiobacillus thiooxidans significantly improves soil fertility through direct nutrient mobilization, sustainable pH management, and enhancement of complementary beneficial microorganisms, delivering 20-40% productivity increases with simultaneous reductions in chemical fertilizer dependency. Are Thiobacillus bacteria used in wastewater treatment? Wastewater Treatment Applications: Yes, Thiobacillus species (including T. thiooxidans and T. thioparus) are utilized in multiple wastewater treatment applications. 1. Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) Removal and Odor Control: Problem Context: H₂S is produced in anaerobic sewage treatment, landfills, and agro-industrial waste Causes foul odors affecting communities near treatment facilities Corrosive to concrete and metal infrastructure Health hazard at high concentrations Thiobacillus Solution (Particularly T. thioparus): Mechanism: Oxidizes H₂S to elemental sulfur and sulfate Reaction: 2H₂S + O₂ → 2S⁰ + 2H₂O (intermediate) Complete oxidation: 2H₂S + 3O₂ → 2H₂SO₄ Efficiency: 80-95% H₂S removal in biofilm reactors Advantages: Biological (non-chemical) approach reduces cost Suitable for small treatment plants with limited budgets Generates no toxic byproducts Sulfur recovery possible (sellable byproduct) Treatment Systems: Biofilm reactors: Thiobacillus grows on carrier media (plastic, ceramic) Biotrickling filters: Wastewater trickles over biofilm-coated packing material Biofiltration towers: Aerated treatment with sulfur collection 2. Heavy Metal Sequestration and Precipitation: Mechanisms (Both T. thiooxidans and T. ferrooxidans): pH-Based Precipitation: Acid production: Thiobacillus oxidation lowers pH initially, then through buffering and co-precipitation produces neutral conditions Metal hydroxide formation: Optimal pH (5.5-7.0) precipitates heavy metal hydroxides Removal efficiency: Zinc: 70-85% removal Copper: 60-75% removal Cadmium: 50-70% removal Biosorption: Cell wall binding: Thiobacillus cells accumulate metals on cell surfaces Intracellular accumulation: Metal sequestration within bacterial cells Capacity: 10-100 mg metal per gram dry biomass 3. Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Mining Wastewater: Acid mine drainage (AMD): High-concentration H₂SO₄, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ Treatment strategy: Controlled oxidation to precipitate metals; pH adjustment Effectiveness: 40-60% metal removal; water quality improvement for reuse Agricultural Wastewater: Nutrient-rich runoff: Contains nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur compounds Thiobacillus role: Oxidizes reduced S compounds; supports overall treatment Benefit: Enables nutrient recovery; water reuse in irrigation Agro-Industrial Wastewater (Potato processing, meat processing, etc.): Problem: High H₂S, organic sulfur compounds, heavy metals Solution: Thiobacillus-based biotreatment Outcome: Odor control; partial heavy metal removal; biodegradable organic matter reduction 4. Sewage Sludge Treatment and Land Application Safety: Application Context: Sewage sludge is nutrient-rich (N, P, S) and valuable for agriculture, but often contains heavy metals and pathogens requiring remediation before safe land application. Thiobacillus Treatment: Metal extraction: Bioleaching sewage sludge removes hazardous metals (Zn, Cu, Cr) Extraction rates (T. ferrooxidans): Zinc: 42% of total content Copper: 39% of total content Chromium: 10% of total content Duration: 30-40 days for substantial extraction Outcome: Sludge becomes safe for agricultural application; metals recovered Combined Treatment (Thiobacillus + Biochar): Synergy: Biochar absorbs residual metals; Thiobacillus oxidizes S compounds Results: 60.82% reduction in crop heavy metal contamination Application: Enables sludge-based fertilizer production for organic farming 5. Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater: Sulfur Recovery (T. thiooxidans, T. thioparus): Process: H₂S oxidation produces elemental sulfur Recovery: Sulfur precipitates from solution; collected and sold as byproduct Market value: Elemental sulfur worth $50-150/tonne (depending on purity and quantity) Additional benefit: Treatment cost partially offset by sulfur sales Phosphorus Recovery: Indirect role: Controlled pH enables phosphorus precipitation Synergy: Combined with other microbes (Bacillus spp.) for enhanced recovery Outcome: Recovered phosphate suitable for fertilizer production 6. Treatment System Design and Operation: Biofilm Reactor Parameters: Optimal pH: 5.0-7.0 (alkaline systems) for T. thiooxidans; pH 2.0-4.0 for T. ferrooxidans Temperature: 25-35°C optimal; mesophilic strains used for sewage Aeration: Dissolved oxygen >0.5 mg/L critical; forced aeration or air-diffusion systems Retention time: 2-24 hours depending on pollutant concentration Inoculation: CFU density 10⁶-10⁸ per mL of influent Operational Costs: Capital: $100,000-500,000 for large facility (varies by scale) Operating: $0.50-2.00/m³ treated wastewater Maintenance: Low chemical input; periodic biofilm renewal Advantage: 50-70% cost reduction vs. chemical treatment methods 7. Regulatory Compliance and Environmental Benefits: Treatment Efficacy Meeting Standards: H₂S odor: Reduction from 200+ ppm to <1 ppm (far below odor threshold) Heavy metals: Removal sufficient to meet agricultural reuse standards Organic pollutants: Reduced through concurrent heterotrophic biological treatment Pathogen inactivation: Combined with UV or thermal treatment for complete disinfection Environmental Sustainability: No chemical residues: Biological process generates no persistent synthetic compounds Reduced energy: Lower than thermal treatment or chemical precipitation Byproduct value: Sulfur recovery adds economic benefit Suitable for developing regions: Low-tech, low-cost approach viable with minimal infrastructure Challenges: Process rate: Slower than chemical treatment (hours vs. minutes) Scale limitation: Better suited for medium-sized treatment plants Optimization requirement: Requires process control (pH, aeration, temperature) for consistent performance Conclusion: Thiobacillus bacteria, particularly T. thioparus and T. ferrooxidans, are valuable for wastewater treatment, especially for H₂S removal, heavy metal remediation, and odor control. Their use enables sustainable, low-cost treatment with byproduct recovery potential, making them particularly suitable for sewage, mining, and agro-industrial wastewater applications. Related Products Acidithiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans More Products Resources Read all

Ut sit amet massa nec ipsum egestas accumsan. Maecenas volutpat magna at metus cursus dignissim. Posted on September 18, 2025 Aliquam ultricies tincidunt nibh, sed volutpat odio posuere non. Sed vitae sem commodo, gravida elit non, euismod elit. Vestibulum at erat sed nunc porttitor mattis nec vel nunc. Etiam nec neque a magna consequat sagittis et at lacus. Curabitur sit amet convallis nulla, a scelerisque ligula. Proin finibus rhoncus ligula, nec commodo lectus rhoncus ac. Vestibulum a est viverra, laoreet eros ac, ullamcorper sem. Vivamus fermentum, ex ac hendrerit pretium, orci lacus tristique leo, a dapibus nisi nisl vel ante. Etiam mattis congue sem, vel commodo metus. Quisque in diam sit amet risus tristique suscipit. Sed eu sapien in eros porttitor dapibus. Nulla volutpat sapien sed velit sodales hendrerit. Donec ac ex nec risus porttitor hendrerit. Praesent gravida, ligula sed interdum gravida, ante urna egestas justo, in varius orci leo in magna. Sed elementum leo et enim interdum malesuada. Aliquam accumsan risus sed mauris luctus, sed tincidunt eros sagittis. Nulla viverra dignissim massa, vel sagittis leo gravida sit amet. Proin luctus libero purus, vitae cursus ante hendrerit vitae. Ut sit amet massa nec ipsum egestas accumsan. Maecenas volutpat magna at metus cursus dignissim. Pellentesque venenatis nisl ut leo volutpat volutpat. Sed ornare a turpis ut finibus. Integer consectetur arcu nisi, eu sagittis orci pretium ac. Quisque dapibus sapien id tortor scelerisque bibendum. Integer eget vulputate magna, sed iaculis leo. Nunc volutpat blandit ullamcorper. Suspendisse mollis vitae ligula at elementum. Vestibulum ac orci sagittis, fermentum ante non, egestas mauris. Donec id libero sit amet purus rhoncus suscipit vel eget magna. Sed aliquet vehicula justo nec efficitur. Cras in ligula non libero maximus viverra in eget leo. # # # About Indogulg BioAg Indogulf BioAg is the dedicated bio-technology division set-up under the Indogulf Group. We are pioneers in the development of biological inoculant, organic fertilizer and mycorrhiza (VAM). Our research & manufacturing facility is located in Salem, a small town in South India that is known for it’s rich underground water that promotes an extensive microbial population, making it an ideal hub for microbial bioscience. # # # Contact +1 437 774 3831 biosolutions@indogulfgroup.com What's New

Leading manufacturer & exporter of Cellulomax, enhancing environmental solutions with innovative, eco-friendly products. < Environmental Solutions Cellulomax Targets cellulose-rich biomass (e.g., cow dung), enhancing soil organic matter and nutrient availability. Converts hard-to-decompose materials into beneficial organic matter. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Efficient Decomposition of Cellulose-Rich Biomass Cellulomax efficiently decomposes cellulose-rich biomass like cow dung, enhancing soil organic matter content and providing essential nutrients to plants. Environmentally Safe and Biodegradable It poses no harm to the environment and breaks down naturally, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. Approved for Organic Agriculture Cellulomax is approved for use in organic agriculture, meeting stringent standards for organic farming practices. Non-Toxic and Safe for Beneficial Organisms It is safe for parasites, pollinators, and predators, ensuring that the ecosystem remains balanced and healthy. Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info FAQ Composition Components Aspergillus awamori Trichoderma viride Trichoderma reesei Cellulomonas uda Cellulomonas gelida Dosage & Application Add 1L COMPOST PRO to 100 Kg Organic Waste and mix well. Evenly apply the above mix to one Tonne of Organic Waste to convert all types of organic waste into compost/manure rapidly, Apply water to maintain moisture level on regular basis Additional Info Our application rates are for guidelines only. How to use: Shake the bottle well before use. This product should be mixed with clean water in a plastic container as per the dosage instructions and thoroughly mixed before pouring into organic waste. Instructions to open: Open the bottle outdoors with care. Do not shake the bottle before opening. The bottle has a double seal system - an external black cap and a white inner plug with a nozzle in the center. After opening the black outer cap, pierce the inner plug in the middle using any pointed tool. The nozzle should create a small hole through which the liquid fertilizer can pour out. Compatibility: Cellulomax is compatible with Biofertilizers and Biopesticides. Cellulomax is not compatible with chemical pesticides, chemical fungicides, weedicides, herbicides and chemical fertilizers. Handling precautions : Follow normal hygienic and housekeeping standards for agricultural products. Usage and storage: Protect from direct sunlight and store in a dark, cool place between 5 to 25°C (40-77°F). Do not refrigerate or freeze. Keep the container tightly sealed after use. Keep away from children and pets. Do not inhale or ingest. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Compost Pro Enriched Earth Enzymax More Products Resources Read all

< Animal Health Feed Pro Feed Pro (Microbial feed additive for calves) enhances greater feed intake of Product Enquiry Benefits Reduces Disease Risk and Strengthens Gut Integrity Lowers the incidence of diarrheal diseases and intestinal infections, while bolstering gut integrity and improving overall health status. Improves Stress Adaptation and Growth Rate Helps animals adapt to stress quickly, increases average daily gain, and shortens the time to market, reducing overall input costs. Enhances Feed Intake and Conversion Efficiency Improves appetite and feed conversion, resulting in better growth and more efficient nutrient use. Supports Digestion and Gut Health Promotes healthy digestion, strengthens gastrointestinal function, and contributes to better calf performance and immune development. Component Amount per kg Bioactive Chromium 65 mg Calcium 240 g Phosphorus 120 g Magnesium 2.11 g Zinc 2.13 g Copper 312 mg Cobalt 45 mg Iron 1000 mg Iodine 160 mg DL-Methionine 2.00 g L-Lysine 4.00 g Protein Hydrolysate 4.00 g Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Stress Pro Camel Care Pro Cattle Care Max Cattle Care Pro Grass Mask Lactomine Pro Lactomix Mineral Max Pastocare Calf Pro More Products Resources Read all

Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans acts as a biofertilizer, enhancing nutrient availability by solubilizing soil iron, crucial for plants in iron-deficient soils. < Microbial Species Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans acts as a biofertilizer, enhancing nutrient availability by solubilizing soil iron, crucial for plants in iron-deficient soils. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Increases Crop Yields and Enhances Produce Quality Leads to better marketability and profitability for farmers by boosting crop yields and improving produce quality. Improves Plant Health Enhances resistance against drought and diseases, promoting healthier and more resilient plants. Enhances Nutrient Availability Solubilizes iron in the soil, making it more accessible for plants to uptake essential nutrients. Promotes Environmental Sustainability Reduces dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, contributing to sustainable agriculture. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Recent Research Findings Bioleaching Versatility: A comprehensive 2024 study published in Microorganisms demonstrated Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans' ability to mobilize 15+ elements through sophisticated bioleaching mechanisms, highlighting its versatility beyond simple iron oxidation. mdpi Genome-Scale Analysis: Complete genome sequencing and metabolic network reconstruction have revealed the bacterium's complex metabolic pathways, providing insights into its remarkable adaptability and industrial potential. frontiersin+1 Agricultural Applications: Field studies consistently demonstrate significant improvements in crop growth parameters, including increased shoot length (58%), root length (54%), and iron concentration (79%) when using iron-solubilizing bacterial treatments. nature Environmental Impact Studies Heavy Metal Remediation: Research published in Soil and Sediment Contamination shows that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans combined with biochar reduces soil heavy metal content by 28.42% and crop contamination by 60.82%. tandfonline Biocompatibility Assessment: Comprehensive safety studies confirm the bacterium's excellent biocompatibility profile with rapid biodegradation and no toxic effects on major organs. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Mode of Action Biochemical Mechanisms Iron Oxidation Pathway: The bacterium employs a sophisticated electron transport system featuring rusticyanin, a unique blue copper protein that facilitates the oxidation of Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺. This process generates ATP through oxidative phosphorylation while producing ferric iron that can solubilize various mineral compounds. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Sulfur Oxidation Networks: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans utilizes multiple sulfur oxidation pathways including the sulfur dioxygenase (SDO) system, which initiates elemental sulfur oxidation, and complex thiosulfate oxidation mechanisms involving tetrathionate hydrolase and sulfite oxidase enzymes. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih pH Regulation and Acid Tolerance: The bacterium maintains internal pH homeostasis despite external pH levels as low as 1.0 through specialized acid resistance mechanisms and proton pumps. This extreme acid tolerance allows it to function in environments where most other microorganisms cannot survive. cambridge Cellular Processes Energy Generation: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans generates energy through chemolithoautotrophic metabolism, using inorganic compounds as electron donors while fixing CO₂ as its carbon source. This unique metabolic strategy enables the bacterium to thrive in nutrient-poor, extreme environments. cambridge+1 Biofilm Formation: The bacterium forms protective biofilms that enhance its survival in harsh conditions and improve its efficiency in bioleaching applications. These biofilms also facilitate cooperative interactions with other beneficial microorganisms in soil environments. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Mineral Surface Interactions: At the molecular level, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans attaches to mineral surfaces and creates localized acidic microenvironments that accelerate mineral dissolution and nutrient release. onlinelibrary.wiley Benefits of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans in Agriculture Plant Growth Enhancement Improved Iron Availability: Plants inoculated with Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans show significantly enhanced iron uptake, leading to improved chlorophyll synthesis, enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, and stronger overall plant health. Studies demonstrate up to 79% increases in shoot iron concentration when using iron-solubilizing bacterial treatments. nature Enhanced Root Development: The bacterium promotes extensive root system development through improved nutrient availability and soil structure enhancement. Stronger root systems improve water and nutrient uptake capacity, leading to more resilient crops. mdpi+1 Stress Tolerance: Plants colonized by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans demonstrate improved tolerance to abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, and nutrient deficiency conditions. This enhanced resilience is particularly valuable in challenging growing environments. mdpi Soil Health Benefits Nutrient Cycling: The bacterium accelerates nutrient cycling in soil systems by converting unavailable mineral forms into plant-accessible nutrients. This process reduces dependence on synthetic fertilizers while maintaining optimal soil fertility. mdpi Soil Structure Improvement: Microbial activity from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans contributes to better soil aggregation and improved water infiltration rates. Enhanced soil structure supports healthier root environments and improved crop establishment. mdpi Microbiome Enhancement: The presence of beneficial bacteria like Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans promotes overall soil microbial diversity and activity, creating more balanced and resilient soil ecosystems. mdpi+1 Industrial Significance and Biotechnology Applications Biotechnological Innovations Genetic Engineering Applications: Recent advances in genetic modification of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans have enhanced its capabilities for rare earth element recovery and specialized bioleaching applications. Engineered strains show up to 13-fold improvements in lanthanide recovery efficiency. pubs.acs Nanoparticle Synthesis: The bacterium's unique ability to synthesize magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles under mild conditions has biotechnological applications in biomedicine and materials science. These biogenic nanoparticles offer advantages over chemically synthesized alternatives. journals.asm Process Optimization: Advanced cultivation techniques, including the use of metallic iron instead of iron sulfate in growth media, have simplified and improved Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans production processes. pubs.acs Environmental Applications Acid Mine Drainage Treatment: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans plays a dual role in acid mine drainage systems—while it can contribute to acid formation in natural settings, controlled applications utilize its metal precipitation capabilities for environmental remediation. mdpi Waste Processing: The bacterium effectively processes various industrial wastes, converting hazardous pyrophoric iron sulfides into safer forms and recovering valuable metals from waste streams. jeeng Space Applications: Research suggests that Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans could potentially be used in future space mining operations due to its ability to extract valuable elements under extreme conditions. mdpi Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: Prepare a mixture of 10 - 15 grams of Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans in a sufficient amount of water to create a slurry. Coat 1kg of seeds with the mixture, dry them in shade, and they will be ready to use in the field. Seedling Treatment: Prepare a mixture of 100 grams of Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans in a sufficient amount of water. Dip the roots of the seedlings into the solution for 30 minutes to allow the bacteria to attach to the roots prior to planting. Soil Treatment: Mix 2.5 - 5kg per hectare of Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Incorporate the mixture into the soil and spread it in the field at the time of planting/sowing. Irrigation: Mix 2.5 - 5kg per hectare of Acidithiobacillus Ferrooxidans in a sufficient amount of water. Drench or drip the mixture to penetrate the root zones. FAQ General Applications What crops benefit most from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans application? The bacterium is particularly effective for cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, and ornamental crops, especially those grown in iron-deficient or alkaline soils where iron availability is limited. indogulfbioag How does Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans compare to chemical iron fertilizers? Unlike chemical fertilizers that provide temporary nutrient boosts, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans establishes long-term soil health improvements by continuously converting unavailable iron forms into plant-accessible nutrients. This biological approach is more sustainable and environmentally friendly. universalmicrobes Can Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans be used in hydroponic systems? While traditionally used in soil-based systems, recent research indicates potential applications in hydroponic environments where the bacterium's iron-solubilizing capabilities could benefit soilless cultivation. indogulfbioag Safety and Compatibility Is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans safe for organic farming? Yes, the bacterium is completely natural and non-pathogenic, making it suitable for organic farming systems. It enhances soil health through biological processes without introducing harmful chemicals. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih What is the compatibility with other agricultural inputs? Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is compatible with bio-pesticides, bio-fertilizers, and plant growth hormones. However, it should not be used simultaneously with chemical fungicides or pesticides that could harm microbial viability. indogulfbioag How long does the bacterium remain active in soil? Under favorable conditions, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can maintain activity for extended periods, continuously providing iron solubilization benefits throughout the growing season. The bacterium's extremophile nature allows it to survive in challenging soil conditions. cambridge Application and Management What soil pH range is optimal for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans? The bacterium thrives in acidic conditions (pH 1-3) but can function effectively across a broader pH range in agricultural applications. Its acid-producing activity helps optimize soil pH for improved nutrient availability. universalmicrobes How should the product be stored to maintain viability? Store Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans products in cool, dry conditions away from direct sunlight. The product maintains stability for up to one year from the date of manufacturing when stored properly. indogulfbioag Can the bacterium be tank-mixed with other microbial inoculants? Yes, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans can be combined with other beneficial microorganisms such as nitrogen-fixing bacteria and phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria for synergistic effects. indogulfbioag Related Products More Products Resources Read all

Paenibacillus azotofixans: Utilized in agricultural practices to promote plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thus improving soil fertility, especially in various crop fields. < Microbial Species Paenibacillus azotofixans Paenibacillus azotofixans: Utilized in agricultural practices to promote plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thus improving soil fertility, especially in various crop fields. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nitrogen Fixation Paenibacillus azotofixans fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which enhances nitrogen availability for plants, supporting their growth and development. Plant Growth Promotion Paenibacillus azotofixans produces phytohormones like auxins and cytokinins, which stimulate root growth and increase the efficiency of nutrient and water uptake. Disease Suppression It exhibits antagonistic activity against various plant pathogens, helping to suppress diseases and enhance plant health through competition and antibiotic production. Phosphate Solubilization It solubilizes phosphate in the soil, making it more accessible to plants, which improves their phosphorus uptake and overall nutrient status. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Molecular Biology and Genetics Genome-Scale Studies: Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of nitrogen fixation in Paenibacillus species has identified over 9,000 differentially expressed genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, energy production, and stress response. These studies provide detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nitrogen fixation efficiency. biomedcentral Phylogenetic Analysis: Molecular phylogenetic studies based on nifH gene sequences demonstrate that Paenibacillus azotofixans nitrogen-fixing genes cluster with cyanobacterial and archaeal nitrogenases, suggesting ancient evolutionary origins and potential for high activity. journals.asm Regulatory Mechanisms: Advanced molecular studies have elucidated complex regulatory networks involving GlnR, AdeR, and other transcriptional regulators that control nitrogen fixation in response to environmental conditions. microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral+1 Field Performance and Agricultural Applications Multi-Location Trials: Extensive field trials across different climatic zones and soil types consistently demonstrate the effectiveness of Paenibacillus azotofixans for enhancing crop productivity. These studies provide robust evidence for the bacterium's agricultural value under diverse conditions. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Long-Term Sustainability: Research demonstrates that repeated application of Paenibacillus azotofixans maintains soil health and fertility without negative environmental impacts. Long-term studies show sustained benefits over multiple growing seasons. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Economic Analysis: Cost-benefit analyses demonstrate positive returns on investment from Paenibacillus azotofixans applications, with reduced fertilizer costs offsetting inoculation expenses while providing additional yield benefits. cropj Mode of Action Nitrogen Fixation Biochemistry Paenibacillus azotofixans employs a highly regulated nitrogenase system consisting of multiple enzyme complexes that work together to reduce atmospheric nitrogen: journals.asm+1 Oxygen Sensitivity Management: As an obligate anaerobe process, nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase requires oxygen-free conditions. Paenibacillus azotofixans creates localized anaerobic microenvironments through rapid oxygen consumption and biofilm formation. biomedcentral Energy Requirements: The nitrogen fixation process requires substantial ATP input (16 molecules of ATP per molecule of N₂ fixed). Paenibacillus azotofixans meets this energy demand through efficient carbohydrate metabolism and optimized electron transport chains. biomedcentral Metal Cofactor Utilization: The nitrogenase enzyme complex requires molybdenum, iron, and sulfur cofactors. Paenibacillus azotofixans possesses specialized transport systems for acquiring and concentrating these essential metals. biomedcentral Metabolic Integration and Regulation Ammonium Tolerance Mechanisms: Recent research has revealed that certain Paenibacillus species can overcome ammonium inhibition of nitrogen fixation through alanine dehydrogenase (ADH) activity. This mechanism allows continued nitrogen fixation even in soils with moderate nitrogen availability. microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral Carbon-Nitrogen Balance: The bacterium maintains optimal carbon-nitrogen ratios through sophisticated regulatory networks that coordinate nitrogen fixation with carbon metabolism. This integration ensures efficient resource utilization and sustained bacterial activity. journals.asm Stress Response Systems: Paenibacillus azotofixans possesses multiple stress response mechanisms that maintain nitrogen fixation activity under challenging environmental conditions including drought, temperature extremes, and pH variations. microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral Applications in Biofertilizers and Soil Health Management Commercial Biofertilizer Formulations Paenibacillus azotofixans serves as a key component in advanced biofertilizer formulations designed for various agricultural applications: indogulfbioag+1 Multi-Strain Consortiums: Commercial products often combine Paenibacillus azotofixans with complementary bacteria such as phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and biocontrol agents to provide comprehensive plant nutrition and protection. indogulfbioag Crop-Specific Formulations: Different application methods and strain combinations are optimized for specific crops and growing conditions. Soybean formulations may emphasize nitrogen fixation, while vegetable applications focus on rapid establishment and growth promotion. cropj Delivery Systems: Paenibacillus azotofixans can be formulated for seed treatment, soil application, or irrigation system delivery, providing flexibility for different farming operations. indogulfbioag Integration with Sustainable Farming Practices Organic Agriculture: As a naturally occurring, non-GMO bacterium, Paenibacillus azotofixans is approved for organic farming systems and supports organic certification requirements. indogulfbioag Precision Agriculture: The bacterium can be integrated into precision farming systems where GPS-guided application ensures optimal placement and dosing based on field-specific soil conditions and crop requirements. Conservation Agriculture: Paenibacillus azotofixans supports no-till and reduced-tillage farming systems by maintaining soil biological activity and nitrogen availability without mechanical soil disturbance. Paenibacillus Species Diversity and Agricultural Significance The Broader Paenibacillus Genus The Paenibacillus species represent one of the most diverse bacterial genera in soil ecosystems, with over 211 described species exhibiting remarkable genetic and phenotypic diversity. This diversity reflects extensive horizontal gene transfer and adaptive evolution that has enabled Paenibacillus species to colonize diverse environmental niches. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Genomic Diversity: Comparative genomic analyses reveal that Paenibacillus species possess highly variable genome sizes ranging from 3.9 to 10.4 megabases, with extensive variation in gene content even within species. This genomic plasticity underlies the genus's exceptional environmental adaptability. nature Metabolic Versatility: Paenibacillus species demonstrate remarkable metabolic diversity, with different species specialized for various functions including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, biocontrol, and organic matter decomposition. This metabolic diversity makes them valuable for diverse agricultural applications. nature Nitrogen-Fixing Paenibacillus Species Multiple Paenibacillus species possess nitrogen-fixing capabilities, each adapted to specific environmental conditions and plant associations: frontiersin+1 Paenibacillus polymyxa: Perhaps the most extensively studied species, demonstrating nitrogen fixation, biocontrol activity, and plant growth promotion across numerous crop species. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Paenibacillus borealis: Isolated from forest humus, this species contributes to nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems and demonstrates potential for forestry applications. microbiologyresearch Paenibacillus graminis: Associated with grass rhizospheres, this species enhances nitrogen availability in forage and turf systems. frontiersin Additional Info Incomplete Section Finalization Paenibacillus azotofixans is recognized for its agricultural significance as a potent nitrogen fixer and plant growth promoter. Modern molecular biology and field-scale studies have validated its benefits for crop nutrition, environmental sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. The bacterium’s versatility and resilience are supported by its diverse regulatory, metabolic, and stress response mechanisms, which make it compatible across a wide range of soil conditions and crop systems. Laboratory Contaminant Significance Paenibacillus species are widely distributed in natural and built environments, including soil, water, and air. Their ability to form spores and survive harsh conditions means they are frequent laboratory contaminants. In clinical and research laboratories, Paenibacillus can be isolated from surfaces, air, gloves, and sample materials—often as part of sterility testing. Several species, including Paenibacillus contaminans, have been specifically described as contaminants during laboratory plate handling. This is particularly relevant in low-biomass environments, as modern sequencing or culture approaches can easily detect spores or cells introduced during sample processing or from ambient air. The high occurrence of Paenibacillus as a contaminant can result in false-positive results, especially in blood cultures, sterile fluids, or low-biomass samples. Proper sample collection, rigorous sterilization, and careful interpretation of culture results are imperative. Contaminants are often identified retrospectively by phylogenetic and phenotypic analysis and may comprise the majority of positive cultures unless clear clinical evidence of infection is present. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+3 Human Pathogenicity Paenibacillus species are generally regarded as environmental and plant-associated bacteria. However, accumulating evidence shows that a subset can act as opportunistic pathogens in humans—particularly in immunocompromised individuals, neonates, or following traumatic injuries. Human infections are rare but increasingly described in clinical case reports and systematic reviews. Several species implicated in human disease include P. alvei, P. thiaminolyticus, P. lautus, P. provencensis, and others. Infections range from wound infections, abscesses, ocular infections, sepsis, meningitis, and, rarely, endocarditis. Pathogenicity is driven by several factors: Spore formation and environmental resilience: Spores remain viable on skin surfaces and within hospital environments, making transmission and infection possible under specific conditions. d-nb+1 Virulence factors: Some Paenibacillus possess genes for thiol-activated cytolysins, proteases, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial compound production. journals.plos+3 Antibiotic resistance: Many isolates demonstrate resistance to multiple antibiotics, particularly penicillins, clindamycin, sulfonamides, and sometimes vancomycin, calling for careful susceptibility testing. pure.psu+4 Clinical Management Recommendations Management of Paenibacillus infections hinges on accurate diagnosis and effective antimicrobial therapy. As precaution, clinicians should: Differentiate true infection from contamination: Always correlate positive cultures with clinical signs (fever, leukocytosis, infection at the site), especially when Paenibacillus is isolated from blood, sterile fluids, or deep wounds. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Empiric and directed antibiotic therapy: Initial therapy is empiric, but due to variable resistance patterns, therapy should be adjusted based on susceptibility testing. Effective options typically include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, amikacin, rifampicin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin, while resistance to penicillins, clindamycin, and vancomycin can occur. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may be used for P. urinalis. droracle+6 Remove or drain infection sources: Surgical removal of infected tissues, foreign bodies, or abscess drainage may be necessary in localized infections. Monitor for complications: Especially in infants, Paenibacillus can cause severe complications like meningitis and hydrocephalus, requiring close monitoring and sometimes neurosurgical intervention. thelancet+2 Follow-up and continuity of care: Persistent infections require long-term medical follow-up and sometimes prolonged antibiotic administration. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Current Knowledge of Human Infections Systematic reviews and case series demonstrate that although Paenibacillus species are uncommon human pathogens, the number of species associated with clinical infections is growing. Infection presentations differ notably between adults and infants: Adults: Infections are sporadic, caused by a wide array of species, often present as wound infections, abscesses, or localized sepsis. Central nervous system involvement is rare, and most cases resolve with treatment. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Infants: Neonatal infections are far more severe, especially with P. thiaminolyticus, and often present as sepsis or meningitis with a high risk of cerebral destruction and hydrocephalus. Mortality rates are notable, and survivors often need surgical intervention for neurological sequelae. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+3 The overall frequency of infection remains low relative to the ubiquity of the genus, indicating that most isolates are contaminants, but vigilance is still warranted for at-risk populations. Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Paenibacillus Azotofixans and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Dry the coated seeds in shade before sowing or broadcasting in the field. Seedling Treatment: Dip seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams of Paenibacillus Azotofixans with sufficient water. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Paenibacillus Azotofixans with organic manure or fertilizers. Incorporate into the soil during planting or sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Paenibacillus Azotofixans in water and apply through drip lines. FAQ What is the significance of Paenibacillus as a potential laboratory contaminant? Answer: Paenibacillus species are among the most frequently isolated laboratory contaminants, especially in low-biomass and sterile sample environments. Their spores persist in air, on surfaces, and even on personal protective equipment, leading to inadvertent contamination of cultures and clinical specimens. Laboratory contaminants can cause diagnostic confusion, particularly when isolated from blood cultures or sterile sites, given the genus’s environmental prevalence. Recognizing Paenibacillus as a contaminant is vital to prevent misdiagnosis, unnecessary antimicrobial therapy, and misleading research conclusions. Rigorous sample handling and critical assessment of laboratory results are essential in distinguishing contamination from true infection. sciencedirect+4 Can Paenibacillus species exhibit pathogenicity in humans? Answer: Although primarily environmental and plant-associated, certain Paenibacillus species can exhibit pathogenicity in humans, particularly in vulnerable populations such as neonates, immunocompromised individuals, or following trauma. Documented infections include sepsis, wound infection, abscesses, meningitis, endocarditis, ocular infections, and rare systemic disease. Species like P. alvei, P. thiaminolyticus, and P. lautus are increasingly identified as clinical pathogens. In neonates, P. thiaminolyticus is notably associated with severe CNS infections. Virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and spore persistence contribute to pathogenic potential, although true infections remain rare compared to environmental contamination. wwwnc.cdc+9 What are the recommended clinical approaches for managing Paenibacillus infections? Answer: Management is guided by accurate diagnosis and susceptibility-directed antimicrobial therapy. Clinicians should distinguish true infection from laboratory contamination, correlate culture results with clinical findings, and employ targeted treatment. Empiric therapy can include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, amikacin, levofloxacin, and rifampicin, but resistance to penicillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and sulfonamides is not uncommon. Susceptibility testing is imperative prior to finalizing antibiotic choice. Additional interventions such as surgical drainage of infected tissues may be necessary. Neonatal and CNS infections require close multidisciplinary management. Long-term monitoring is advised due to the potential for persistent or recurrent infection and post-infectious complications. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+7 What is currently known about human infections caused by Paenibacillus species? Answer: Human Paenibacillus infections, while uncommon, are increasingly recognized in pediatric and adult populations. Infections in adults are sporadic and generally mild, presenting as localized wound infection, abscesses, or sepsis, and most affected individuals recover without severe sequelae. Neonatal infections, especially those due to P. thiaminolyticus, are severe and often complicated by brain injury, hydrocephalus, and require surgical intervention, with notable associated mortality. The rise in documented cases reflects improved detection, growing awareness, and advances in microbiological diagnostics. Nonetheless, the majority of clinical isolates are contaminants rather than true pathogens, highlighting the importance of careful clinical interpretation and management. Ongoing research is elucidating new species, virulence mechanisms, and optimized treatment protocols. sciencedirect+9 Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium japonicum More Products Resources Read all

Isaria fumosorosea is a beneficial fungus that acts as a biological insecticide against plant sap-sucking insects like aphids, mites, and mealybugs by disabling their exoskeletons. < Microbial Species Isaria fumosorosea Isaria fumosorosea is a beneficial fungus that acts as a biological insecticide against plant sap-sucking insects like aphids, mites, and mealybugs by disabling their exoskeletons. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Long-term pest control Provides a sustainable solution without causing resistance in pests. Environmentally friendly Isaria fumosorosea is safe for the environment and non-target organisms. High specificity Targets a wide range of plant sap-sucking insects like aphids, mites, and mealybugs. Effective mode of action Infects insects by disabling their exoskeletons, leading to their demise. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Target pests: Aphids, Black Vine Weevil, Broad Mites, Citrus Leafminer, Coleoptera grubs and larvae, Crown weevils, Japanese weevils, Leafminers, Lepidoptera caterpillars and larvae, Mealybugs (Pseudococcidae), Psyllids, Root Worms (Chrysomelidae), Rust Mites (Aceria anthocoptes), Scarid Flies (Lycoriella spp.), Spider Mites (Tetranychidae), Thrips (Thysanoptera), Whiteflies (Aleyrodidae), Wireworms (Elateridae) and more. Recommended Crops: Recommended for controlling insect pests (including mites) on vegetables, fruits, tobacco, mushrooms, and other food crops. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application : 1 Acre dose: 2 kg 1 Ha dose: 5 kg Foliar Application for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials : 1 Acre dose: 2 kg 1 Ha dose: 5 kg Apply 2 times a year: before the onset of monsoon and after the monsoon Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Foliar Application : 1 Acre dose: 200 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g Foliar Application for Long Duration Crops / Orchards / Perennials : 1 Acre dose: 200 g 1 Ha dose: 500 g Apply 2 times a year: before the onset of monsoon and after the monsoon Application Methods Foliar Application Method : Mix Isaria fumosorosea at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on soil during the off-season. Apply twice a year for long-duration crops. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon/rainfall/spring season and the second application after the main monsoon/rainfall/autumn/fall season. Note : Do not store Isaria fumosorosea solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Beauveria bassiana Hirsutella thompsonii Lecanicillium lecanii Metarhizium anisopliae Nomuraea rileyi More Products Resources Read all

Manufacturer & exporter of Udbatta Disease protection kit for rice. Ensure healthy crops with our advanced bio-solutions. Trusted by farmers globally. < Crop Kits Disease Management | Udbatta Disease Udbatta Disease, caused by Ustilaginoidea virens, transforms rice grains into greenish-brown balls with powdery spores. Management involves resistant varieties, fungicide application during panicle emergence, good drainage, and balanced nutrition. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Management Biological Control Additional Info Management Avoid heavy nitrogen doses. Use disease-free seed. Treat the seed with Carbendazim a 1 g per kg of seed before planting. Biological Control Use our Consortium of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis, and Pseudomonas fluorescens at 1.5 kg per acre, diluted in 200 L of water using a high-volume power sprayer. Chemical Control Treat the seed with Carbendazim at 1 g per kg of seed before planting. Additional Info Shelf Life & Packaging: Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Packaging: 1 litre bottle Disease Management Bacterial Blight Blast Brown Spot Sheath Blight Udbatta Disease Insect Pest Management Army Worms Case Worm Gundhi Bug Leaf Folders Plant Hopper Rice Hispa Root Knot Nematodes Stem Borers Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer & exporter of Nano Manganese Fertilizers. Boost crop health with advanced nano technology. Quality guaranteed for global markets. < Nano Fertilizers Nano Manganese Nano manganese particles, essential for plant growth and enzyme functions, offering a high surface area for efficient absorption, promoting optimal plant development. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enzyme Cofactor Manganese is an important cofactor of enzymes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis, supporting various metabolic pathways essential for plant growth, development, and defense mechanisms. Essential for Photosynthesis Manganese serves as an essential cofactor for the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of the photosynthetic machinery, catalyzing the water-splitting reaction in photosystem II (PSII), which is the first step of photosynthesis. Promotes Photosynthesis As the causant of the water-splitting reaction in PSII, Mn directly contributes to the efficient functioning of photosynthesis, ensuring optimal energy production for plant growth and development. Supports Metabolic Processes Mn sustains metabolic roles within different plant cell compartments and plays a crucial role in diverse processes of a plant's life cycle, including photosynthesis, respiration, scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), pathogen defense, and hormone signaling. Components Composition (%) w/w Manganese as Mn 1.75% Citric Acid 20% Lysine 2.50% Preservatives 0.15% Emulsifiers 0.50% Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Compatibility: Compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides Shelf life: Best before 24 months when stored at room temperature Packaging: 5 Ltx2/Corrugated Cardboard Box Symptoms of Manganese Deficiency: Yellowing between leaf veins (interveinal chlorosis) Mottled or spotted leaves Poor fruit set Stunted growth Why choose this product? Content coming soon! Key Benefits at a Glance Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Leaf development – until beginning of stemelongation: 500–1250 ml/Ha• Beginning of inflorescence development:625–1750 ml/Ha FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron Nano Potassium More Products Resources Read all

As a versatile free-living diazotroph, Beijerinckia indica can sustainably supplement up to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer requirements, improve soil health, and enhance crop resilience across diverse agroecosystems. < Microbial Species Beijerinckia indica As a versatile free-living diazotroph, Beijerinckia indica can sustainably supplement up to 40% of nitrogen fertilizer requirements, improve soil health, and enhance crop resilience across diverse… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Plant Growth Promotion It produces growth-promoting substances like phytohormones and siderophores, which stimulate plant growth, nutrient uptake, and overall health. Heavy Metal Remediation Beijerinckia indica has the ability to detoxify heavy metals in contaminated soils, reducing their toxicity and improving soil health for plant growth. Drought Tolerance It produces exopolysaccharides that help improve soil structure and water-holding capacity, thus promoting drought tolerance in plants. Nitrogen Fixation Beijerinckia indica fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, contributing to soil fertility and enhancing plant growth without the need for nitrogen fertilizers. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Case Studies and Trials Ultisol Sugarcane, India: Biomass N uptake matched 120 kg N/ha synthetic regimen; soil N increased by 15 kg N/ha post-harvest. scielo Greenhouse Pepper, Brazil: Combined inoculation in manure improved extractable P by 18% and K by 12% due to accelerated mineralization. oiccpress Field Lettuce, Indonesia: Single application improved marketable yield by 20% and enhanced shelf life via higher soluble solids. Integration into Crop Management Incorporate B. indica early in season; adjust chemical N inputs based on soil testing, maintaining minimum 60% of standard rate when inoculated. Rotate biofertilizer application annually to sustain microbial diversity. Future Prospects and Innovations Genetic Engineering: Efforts to overexpress nif genes aim to boost fixation efficiency under full-aerobic conditions. Nanocarriers: Encapsulation in nano-biopolymers for controlled release and improved shelf stability. Consortia Development: Blends with mycorrhizal fungi and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria for multi-nutrient biofertilizers. Mode of Action Atmospheric N₂ Fixation: Expresses nitrogenase complex (nifHDK genes), reducing atmospheric N₂ to NH₄⁺ in the rhizosphere, elevating soil nitrogen pools. Phytohormone Production: Synthesizes indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at 10–20 µg/mL, stimulating lateral root initiation and root hair elongation for improved nutrient uptake. oiccpress Siderophore Secretion: Releases catechol and hydroxamate siderophores, chelating Fe³⁺ and enhancing iron availability under limiting conditions. Synergistic Interactions: Co-inoculation with fungi (e.g., Cunninghamella elegans ) accelerates organic waste mineralization, boosting macronutrient release and soil organic matter turnover. oiccpress Additional Info Taxonomy and Characteristics Beijerinckia indica belongs to the family Beijerinckiaceae within the class Alphaproteobacteria. It presents as Gram-negative, rod-shaped cells (0.8–1.2 µm × 2–5 µm), motile via single polar flagella, and forms mucoid colonies on nitrogen-free media. Physiology and Environmental Adaptations Nitrogenase Activity: Operates optimally under micro-aerobic (<10% O₂) conditions, fixing 20–30 kg N/ha per cropping cycle by converting N₂ to NH₄⁺. jurnal.unipar+1 pH Tolerance: Maintains activity from pH 3.0 to 8.0, with acid-stable nitrogenase variants performing down to pH 3.0 in acidic soils. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Carbon Utilization: Utilizes C₁ compounds (e.g., methanol) and simple sugars, supporting survival in varied organic amendments. Stress Resistance: Produces compatible solutes (e.g., proline) and antioxidative enzymes, enhancing drought and salinity tolerance in host plants. Formulations and Application Guidelines Formulations Carrier: Sterile talc or peat (CFU ≥ 1×10⁸/g); liquid formulations with protectants maintain viability at 1×10⁹ CFU/mL. Co-formulations: Compatible with other biofertilizers (e.g., Azospirillum, Rhizobium); avoid broad-spectrum fungicides. Dosage and Methods Application Method Rate Timing Seed Treatment 10 g inoculum + 10 g sugar per 1 kg seed Pre-sowing (slurry coat) Seedling Dip 100 g inoculum per 10 L water At transplanting Soil Incorporation 3–5 kg inoculum per acre mixed with organic manure At planting or pre-sowing Irrigation Drench 3 kg inoculum per acre in irrigation water Veg. stage or flowering onset Storage and Shelf Life Store at 4–10 °C in airtight packs; shelf life up to 12 months with CFU retention ≥ 1×10⁸/g. Protect from UV exposure and moisture. Recommended Crops Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Beijerinckia Indica and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Dry the coated seeds in shade before sowing or broadcasting in the field. Seedling Treatment: Dip seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams of Beijerinckia Indica with sufficient water. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Beijerinckia Indica with organic manure or fertilizers. Incorporate into the soil during planting or sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Beijerinckia Indica in water and apply through drip lines. FAQ Which crops see greatest response? Legumes, cereals, sugarcane, vegetables, and ornamentals all show 10–25% yield gains under inoculation. How soon after application are effects measurable? R oot development benefits appear within 2–3 weeks; yield impacts by reproductive stage. Is co-application with chemical fertilizers possible? Yes—apply B. indica separately, then follow with reduced-rate NPK; avoid simultaneous mixing with acidifiers or oxidizers. What regulatory approvals exist? Approved under national biofertilizer standards in India, Brazil, and Indonesia; registration procured following OECD guidelines for microbial inoculants. Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium japonicum Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus More Products Resources Read all