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Ensure smooth market entry with Indogulf BioAg’s regulatory support services. We assist with global agri-input registrations, documentation, and compliance for your formulations. Regulatory Support Expert Guidance Through Compliance Launching a biological product means navigating a complex web of regulations – and IndoGulf BioAg’s Regulatory Support Services are here to lead the way. Contact us Our regulatory affairs experts have 15+ years of experience securing approvals for biofertilizers, biostimulants, and microbial agents in markets around the globe. We understand the regulatory frameworks governing biological products, including those of the U.S. EPA, USDA, European Union, and agencies across Asia and Latin America. By involving our regulatory team early in product development, you can embed compliance into your process from the start—minimizing delays, avoiding costly revisions, and ensuring all critical requirements are met. Our support covers the entire registration process. We compile comprehensive dossiers containing all necessary data: product composition, toxicology and safety studies, efficacy results, and quality control documentation. Where additional studies are required, we provide guidance or coordinate testing through trusted partners to ensure validity and acceptance. We also ensure your labeling, claims, and classification meet jurisdiction-specific standards and handle communications with authorities during review. Post-approval, we continue monitoring evolving regulations, manage renewals, and provide ongoing compliance support—keeping your product registered and market-ready at all times. Regulatory Support Highlights Dossier Preparation Creation of detailed registration dossiers and application packages tailored to specific jurisdictions (including safety assessments, efficacy data, MSDS, and manufacturing process documentation). Multi-Market Expertise Knowledge of regulatory frameworks in North America, Europe, and emerging markets – we navigate everything from EPA bio-pesticide registrations to EU fertilizer product regulations and beyond. Strategic Compliance Planning Early guidance on regulatory classification and required studies, minimizing surprises late in development. We help design testing plans that satisfy regulators’ concerns regarding environmental impact, human safety, and product quality. Agency Liaison Experienced representation in discussions with regulatory authorities. We respond to questions on your behalf and expedite the review process by ensuring all submissions are complete and accurate. Post-Approval Support Assistance with product label revisions, periodic report submissions, license renewals, and expansion into additional regions. We keep you up-to-date and compliant as laws evolve. Ensure your product meets global compliance standards with our expert regulatory support. Contact us today to streamline registration and accelerate market entry. Contact us

Nitrobacter alkalicus is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium specializing in the oxidation of nitrite (NO₂⁻) to nitrate (NO₃⁻), a key step in the nitrogen cycle. This species is particularly adapted to thrive in alkaline environments, such as high-pH soils and wastewater systems, where it contributes to nitrogen transformation and nutrient availability for plants. Its activity supports soil fertility by enhancing nitrate levels, which are readily absorbed by crops. Additionally, N. alkalicus plays a significant role in wastewater treatment processes, helping to manage nitrogen levels and prevent harmful nitrite accumulation. Its resilience in high-pH conditions makes it essential for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management. < Microbial Species Nitrobacter alcalicus Nitrobacter alkalicus is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium specializing in the oxidation of nitrite (NO₂⁻) to nitrate (NO₃⁻), a key step in the nitrogen cycle. This species is particularly adapted to thrive in alkaline environments, such as high-pH soils and wastewater systems, where it contributes to nitrogen transformation and nutrient availability for plants. Its activity supports soil fertility by enhancing nitrate levels, which are readily absorbed by crops. Additionally, N. alkalicus plays a significant role in wastewater treatment processes, helping to manage nitrogen levels and prevent harmful nitrite accumulation. Its resilience in high-pH conditions makes it essential for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Nitrate Production Converts nitrites into nitrates, playing a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle and soil fertility. Soil Health Improvement Enhances soil nutrient availability, promoting plant growth and agricultural productivity. Environmental Remediation Supports the detoxification of environments by participating in nitrogen transformation, improving ecosystem health. Wastewater Treatment Helps in the biological treatment of wastewater by facilitating nitrogen removal processes. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

Manufacturer and exporter of nano manganese fertilizer. Nanoscale manganese for efficient micronutrient uptake, supplied to global markets. < Nano Fertilizers Nano Manganese Nano manganese particles, essential for plant growth and enzyme functions, offering a high surface area for efficient absorption, promoting optimal plant development. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enzyme Cofactor Manganese is an important cofactor of enzymes involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis, supporting various metabolic pathways essential for plant growth, development, and defense mechanisms. Essential for Photosynthesis Manganese serves as an essential cofactor for the oxygen-evolving complex (OEC) of the photosynthetic machinery, catalyzing the water-splitting reaction in photosystem II (PSII), which is the first step of photosynthesis. Promotes Photosynthesis As the causant of the water-splitting reaction in PSII, Mn directly contributes to the efficient functioning of photosynthesis, ensuring optimal energy production for plant growth and development. Supports Metabolic Processes Mn sustains metabolic roles within different plant cell compartments and plays a crucial role in diverse processes of a plant's life cycle, including photosynthesis, respiration, scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), pathogen defense, and hormone signaling. Components Composition (%) w/w Manganese as Mn 1.75% Citric Acid 20% Lysine 2.50% Preservatives 0.15% Emulsifiers 0.50% Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Compatibility: Compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides Shelf life: Best before 24 months when stored at room temperature Packaging: 5 Ltx2/Corrugated Cardboard Box Symptoms of Manganese Deficiency: Yellowing between leaf veins (interveinal chlorosis) Mottled or spotted leaves Poor fruit set Stunted growth Why choose this product? Content coming soon! Key Benefits at a Glance Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Leaf development – until beginning of stemelongation: 500–1250 ml/Ha• Beginning of inflorescence development:625–1750 ml/Ha FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Nano Urea Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron More Products Resources Read all

Larvicare by Indogulf Bioag supports plant protection with microbial-based crop care for healthier plants and cleaner field management. Contact today. < Plant Protect Larvicare Activates plant defense pathways against biotic stress, protecting biomolecules and cellular structures from various stressors. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Safe for Beneficial Organisms Harmless to beneficial organisms and humans, ensuring ecosystem safety. Interferes with Neurotransmitters Disrupts the neurotransmitters of target pests, leading to their elimination. Reduces Resistance Lowers the chances of pests developing resistance over time. Triple Action Combines contact, antifeedant, and neurotoxicity actions for effective pest control. Composition Amount Vitamin - A 2% Polysorbate 3% Vegetable Oil 95% Composition Dosage & Application Key Benefits FAQ Additional Info Additional Info Caused by Lepidopteran pests Thus, helps crops to achieve optimum productivity. Vitamin A is an antioxidant and takes part in physiological processes related to the growth, photoprotection, blooming, longevity, and senescence of plants. Vitamin A triggers root development and the protein that binds it. Shelf Life & Packaging Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Packaging: 500 ml / 1 litre bottle FAQ What is a larvicide used for? A larvicide is used to control insect pests at the larval stage before they develop into adults. In crop protection, larvicidal products help reduce feeding damage caused by larvae and support healthier crop development. What is Larvicare used for? Larvicare is used as a foliar crop-protection product for managing Lepidopteran pest stress. It helps reduce feeding pressure and supports crop health through contact, antifeedant, and neurotoxic action against target pests. What is the difference between a pesticide and a larvicide? A pesticide is a broad term for products used to control pests such as insects, fungi, weeds, mites, or nematodes. A larvicide is a specific type of pest-control product that targets insects during their larval stage. In simple terms, all larvicides are pesticides, but not all pesticides are larvicides. How long does larvicide last? The field activity of any larvicide depends on the formulation, pest pressure, crop stage, weather conditions, and quality of spray coverage. Larvicare itself has a shelf life of 24 months from the manufacturing date when stored properly. What are the commonly used larvicides? Common larvicides include biological products, insect growth regulators, botanical oil-based formulations, and microbial larvicides. Larvicare is a plant oil-based formulation containing Clove Oil and Castor Oil How should Larvicare be applied? Use 250–300 ml per acre as a foliar spray during the vegetative and flowering stages. Add Larvicare to a tank half-filled with water, mix thoroughly, then add the remaining water and spray evenly over the crop canopy. Can Larvicare be used through a drip system? Larvicare should be used as a foliar spray . Its intended action depends on canopy coverage and contact with target pests, so drip application is not the preferred method. Is Larvicare biodegradable? Larvicare is based on plant oil-type components and is designed for environmentally responsible crop protection. For strict regulatory wording, use: “Use according to label directions and local crop-protection regulations.” Key Benefits Plant Oil-Based Pest Stress Support Larvicare is formulated with clove oil, polyoxyethylene castor oil, and vegetable oil to support crop protection against Lepidopteran pest pressure. Triple Action Against Target Pests Larvicare provides contact, antifeedant, and neurotoxic action against target pests, helping reduce feeding activity and crop stress. Interferes with Pest Neurotransmitters Larvicare is designed to interfere with neurotransmitters of target pests, supporting effective pest management during sensitive crop stages. Helps Reduce Resistance Risk Its multi-action approach helps reduce the chances of resistance development when used as part of an integrated pest management program. Supports Crop Health and Productivity Larvicare helps plants manage pest-induced stress and supports healthier growth during vegetative and flowering stages. Foliar Application for Canopy Coverage Larvicare is applied as a foliar spray, allowing direct coverage of the crop canopy where pest activity and feeding damage occur. Safe Use Profile When used according to label directions, Larvicare is positioned as safe for beneficial organisms and humans. Dosage & Application Dosage: Use 250-300 ml/acre; apply as foliar application at vegetative and flowering stage. Add to mixing tank with half of the amount of water you wish to apply. Allow the solution to completely mix then add the remaining water to the tank. Recommended dosage is for guideline purpose only. More effective application rates may exist depending on specific circumstances. Related Products Trichoderma viride Beauveria bassiana Bloom Up Flyban Insecta Repel Mealycare Metarhzium Anisopliae Mitimax More Products Resources Read all

Pochonia Chlamydosporia is a beneficial fungus effective against parasitic nematodes. It colonizes nematode eggs, preventing their development, offering sustainable pest control solutions. < Microbial Species Pochonia chlamydosporia Pochonia Chlamydosporia is a beneficial fungus effective against parasitic nematodes. It colonizes nematode eggs, preventing their development, offering sustainable pest control solutions. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Sustainable Nematode Management Offers an environmentally friendly alternative to chemical nematicides, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. Targets and Parasitizes Nematode Eggs Prevents nematode development by parasitizing their eggs, effectively reducing nematode populations in the soil. Effective in Various Conditions Provides consistent nematode control across diverse soil types and climates. Enhances Soil Health Degrades nematode populations without leaving chemical residues, promoting healthier soil ecosystems. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Recent Research Publications Uthoff, L.K., et al. (2023). "Biological enhancement of the cover crop Phacelia tanacetifolia with the nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia to control the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla." Biological Control , demonstrating up to 95.6% reduction in nematode eggs. link .springer Hu, S., & Bidochka, M.J. (2025). "The endophytic fungi Metarhizium, Pochonia, and Trichoderma, improve salt tolerance in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)." PLoS ONE , showing enhanced plant stress resistance. journals.plos Shaliha, B., et al. (2024). "Bionomics and the role of antinemic metabolites of the nematophagous fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia in suppressing phytonematodes - A Comprehensive Review." Tamil Nadu Agricultural University . d197for5662m48.cloudfront Silva, A.R., et al. (2022). "Bacillus nematocida B16 Enhanced the Rhizosphere Colonization of Pochonia chlamydosporia ZK7." Microorganisms , revealing improved biocontrol efficiency through combined applications. mdpi Martínez-Medina, A., et al. (2019). "Pochonia chlamydosporia Induces Plant-Dependent Systemic Resistance against Meloidogyne incognita in tomato." Frontiers in Plant Science , demonstrating induced plant resistance mechanisms. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih López-Llorca, L.V., et al. (2002). "Pochonia chlamydosporia: Advances and Challenges to Improve Its Performance as Biocontrol Agent of Root-Knot Nematodes." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Esteves, I., et al. (2009). "Production of extracellular enzymes by different isolates of Pochonia chlamydosporia." Nematology , analyzing enzyme production patterns and parasitic mechanisms. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih Mode of Action Multi-Phase Biocontrol Mechanism Phase 1: Soil Colonization and Establishment Pochonia chlamydosporia establishes itself as a soil saprophyte and rhizosphere colonizer. The fungus demonstrates optimal growth at 25°C and maintains viability in soil for extended periods through chlamydospore formation. Rhizosphere colonization is enhanced by volatile organic compounds and root exudates, with colonization rates exceeding 90% in treated soils. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Phase 2: Nematode Detection and Attachment The fungus employs chemotaxis mechanisms to locate nematode eggs and females in the soil matrix. Fungal hyphae attach to egg surfaces within 24 hours of contact, guided by chemical signals from the nematode host. This process is facilitated by hydrophobic interactions and specialized attachment structures. d197for5662m48.cloudfront+1 Phase 3: Egg Penetration and Infection Appressorium formation occurs on the second day after initial contact, creating specialized infection structures. The fungus secretes a complex array of extracellular enzymes including: d197for5662m48.cloudfront Serine proteases (VCP1 and SCP1): Degrade eggshell proteins, with VCP1 showing host-specific activity nature+1 Chitinases (PCCHI44): Break down chitin components of the eggshell nature+2 Chitin deacetylases (CDA1 and CDA2): Convert chitin to chitosan, facilitating penetration nature Lipases and esterases: Degrade lipid barriers in the eggshell pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih Phase 4: Internal Colonization Complete colonization of eggs occurs by the fourth day, with fungal hyphae extensively colonizing internal egg contents. The process arrests nematode development at the gastrula stage, preventing juvenile formation. Chitosan formation is observed at penetration sites, indicating active chitin modification. nature+1 Phase 5: Endophytic Colonization and Plant Benefits Pochonia chlamydosporia functions as a facultative root endophyte, colonizing plant roots without causing damage. Endophytic colonization provides multiple benefits: journals.plos+1 Induced systemic resistance: Activates salicylic acid (PR-1 gene) and jasmonate (LOX D gene) pathways pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Plant growth promotion: Increases plant height and stem diameter by 6-13% through phosphate solubilization and IAA production ecorfan Stress tolerance: Enhances plant resistance to salinity and drought stress journals.plos Phase 6: Population Regulation The fungus exhibits density-dependent regulation , switching between saprophytic and parasitic lifestyles based on nematode population density. Optimal application density is 5 × 10³ propagules per cc soil, with fungal propagule lifespan lasting approximately 25 days. frontiersin Additional Info Target pests: Southern root-nematode, root-knot nematode, false root knot nematodes, burrowing nematodes, cyst nematodes, and root lesion nematodes Recommended Crops: Vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers, medicinal crops, orchards, and ornamentals Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 2 x 10⁶ CFU per gram Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Seasonal crops: First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting Second application: Three weeks after first application Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 10 g Pochonia Chlamydosporia + 10 g crude sugar Soluble Powder: 2 x 10⁶ CFU per gram Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Seasonal crops: First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting Second application: Three weeks after first application Soil application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 – 12.5 Kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 10g Pochonia Chlamydosporia + 10 g crude sugar Seed Dressing Method Mix Pochonia Chlamydosporia with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry. Coat seeds and dry in shade before sowing/broadcasting/dibbling in the field. Do not store treated/coated seeds for more than 24 hours. Soil Application Method Mix Pochonia Chlamydosporia at recommended doses with compost and apply during early crop stages along with other biofertilizers. Apply twice for seasonal crops like vegetables: First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting Second application: Three weeks after first application. Drip Irrigation: If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to the drip tank. Long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops: Dissolve Pochonia Chlamydosporia at recommended doses in sufficient water. Apply as a drenching spray near the root zone four times a year. First application should be before the onset of the main monsoon/rainfall/spring season, and the second application after the main monsoon/rainfall/autumn/fall season. Pochonia Chlamydosporia may be used along with Paecilomyces lilacinus as a very effective nematode control application. FAQ What is Pochonia chlamydosporia? Pochonia chlamydosporia is a beneficial nematophagous fungus belonging to the family Clavicipitaceae. Originally discovered in 1974 as a parasite of nematode eggs, it has become one of the most extensively studied biological control agents for plant-parasitic nematodes. The fungus exhibits multiple lifestyles as a soil saprophyte, root endophyte, and egg parasite, making it highly effective for sustainable nematode management. link.springer+2 What is the habitat of Pochonia chlamydosporia? Pochonia chlamydosporia has a worldwide distribution and thrives in diverse soil environments. The fungus naturally occurs in: pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Primary Habitats Agricultural soils: Particularly in nematode-suppressive soils where it parasitizes eggs naturally pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Rhizosphere environment: Colonizes the root zone of numerous plant species including Gramineae and Solanaceae pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Root endosphere: Lives inside plant roots as a beneficial endophyte without causing disease journals.plos+1 Environmental Preferences Temperature range: Optimal growth at 25°C, reduced effectiveness above 30°C pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Soil types: Adapts to various soil textures and pH levels, with enhanced colonization in organic-rich soils mdpi Moisture conditions: Requires adequate soil moisture for spore germination and hyphal growth pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Ecological Relationships Plant associations: Forms beneficial relationships with monocot and dicot hosts pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Soil microbiome: Coexists with beneficial bacteria like Bacillus species, often showing synergistic effects mdpi Nematode ecosystems: Specifically targets sedentary endoparasitic nematodes while preserving beneficial soil organisms pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih How long does Pochonia chlamydosporia remain active in soil? The fungus maintains biological activity for 25 days as active propagules in soil. However, it can survive much longer through chlamydospore formation, remaining viable for months to years in adverse conditions. Reapplication timing is recommended every 3 weeks during active growing seasons for optimal nematode control. frontiersin+1 Is Pochonia chlamydosporia safe for beneficial organisms? Yes, Pochonia chlamydosporia is highly selective and safe for non-target organisms. It specifically targets plant-parasitic nematodes while preserving: indogulfbioag Beneficial soil microbes and earthworms indogulfbioag Pollinators and beneficial insects indogulfbioag Mycorrhizal fungi and other plant symbionts indogulfbioag Free-living nematodes that contribute to soil health pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Can Pochonia chlamydosporia be combined with other biocontrol agents? Absolutely. Research shows excellent compatibility with other biological agents. Particularly effective combinations include: cambridge+1 Bacillus species: Enhanced rhizosphere colonization and improved biocontrol efficiency mdpi Arthrobotrys cladodes: Complementary action with predatory nematophagous fungi cambridge+1 Paecilomyces lilacinus: Synergistic effects for comprehensive nematode control indogulfbioag What crops benefit most from Pochonia chlamydosporia applications? The fungus is highly versatile and effective on numerous crops: indogulfbioag High-Value Crops Vegetables: Tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, and leafy greens Fruits: Bananas, grapes, citrus, and berry crops Ornamentals: Flowers, ornamental plants, and nursery crops Field Crops Cereals: Wheat, barley, and other grain crops Root crops: Potatoes, carrots, and sugar beets (with specific timing considerations) Industrial crops: Hemp, cotton, and other fiber crops journals.plos How does application timing affect Pochonia chlamydosporia effectiveness? Optimal timing is critical for maximum biocontrol efficacy: Seasonal Applications Spring application: Before planting or at sowing for establishing fungal populations Growing season: Three weeks after initial application for sustained control Perennial crops : Before monsoon onset and after monsoon for year-round protection indogulfbioag Crop-Specific Timing Short-season crops: Two applications sufficient for season-long control Long-duration crops: Multiple applications required for continuous protection Root vegetables: Early application preferred to avoid root deformation issues Sustainability Advantage Related Products Paecilomyces lilacinus Serratia marcescens Verticillium chlamydosporium More Products Resources Read all

Enhance soil health with Fulvic Acid from Indogulf BioAg. 100% organic, high-quality soil conditioner for improved nutrient absorption and plant growth. < Soil Conditioners Fulvic Acid Rich in carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups, it improves soil fertility by enhancing nutrient uptake and converting ineffective phosphorus into usable forms. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhanced Nutrient Uptake Promotes efficient absorption of essential minerals and micronutrients by plants. Plant Defense Enhancement Initiates enzymatic activity and boosts natural plant defenses against environmental stresses. Increased Yield and Quality Improves both the quantity and quality of produce through enhanced nutrient utilization. Improved Soil Structure Enhances soil structure, increasing water retention and aeration for healthier root development. Dosage & Application Additional Info Composition Dosage & Application Soil: Apply 5-10 L/ha once a month during the vegetation period. Foliar: Use 5 ml/L water every 15 days throughout the vegetation period. Seeds: Apply 0.5% or 500 ml per 100 kg of seed dressing based on thousand grain weight (T.G.W.). Hydroponics: Apply 1 to 2 ml per 100 L of nutrient solution during the cultivation cycle. These are standard recommendations that may vary based on soil properties, cultivated crop, and local conditions. Composition Components Amount Fulvic Acid 10% pH Value 6-7 Density 1.05-1.15 kg/L Additional Info Shelf Life & Packaging: Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Related Products Aminos Humistar Seaweed More Products Resources Read all

Citrobacter freundii is a facultative anaerobic bacterium with significant roles in bioremediation, agriculture, and wastewater treatment. Known for its ability to reduce nitrates and detoxify heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and chromium, it is widely used in mitigating environmental pollution. In agriculture, C. freundii contributes to nutrient cycling by breaking down organic matter, enhancing soil fertility. It also aids in wastewater treatment by degrading complex organic compounds, reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD), and improving water quality. With its metabolic flexibility and environmental resilience, C. freundii is a valuable tool in sustainable environmental management and industrial processes.. < Microbial Species Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter freundii is a facultative anaerobic bacterium with significant roles in bioremediation, agriculture, and wastewater treatment. Known for its ability to reduce nitrates and detoxify heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, and chromium, it is widely used in mitigating environmental pollution. In agriculture, C. freundii contributes to nutrient cycling by breaking down organic matter, enhancing soil fertility. It also aids in wastewater treatment by degrading complex organic compounds, reducing chemical oxygen demand (COD), and improving water quality. With its metabolic flexibility and environmental resilience, C. freundii is a valuable tool in sustainable environmental management and industrial processes.. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Biodegradation of Pollutants Contributes to the degradation of industrial chemicals and hydrocarbons, supporting environmental cleanup efforts. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

Nomuraea Rileyi is a beneficial fungus used as a biological pest control agent targeting lepidopteran insects. It results in an outbreak in the insect host population. < Microbial Species Nomuraea rileyi Nomuraea Rileyi is a beneficial fungus used as a biological pest control agent targeting lepidopteran insects. It results in an outbreak in the insect host population. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits High specificity Targets moths, cutworms, and armyworms. Environmentally friendly Safe for the environment and non-target species. Long-term efficacy Provides sustainable pest control without inducing resistance. Effective mode of action Infects pests through contact, leading to population reduction. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Kepler RM, Humber RA, Bischoff JF, Rehner SA. Clarification of generic and species boundaries for Metarhizium and related fungi through multigene phylogenetics. Mycologia , 2014;106(4):811–829. DOI: 10.3852/13-319 Kumar V, Singh GP, Kumar V, Babu AM, Datta RK. SEM study on the invasion of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) on silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn. causing green muscardine. Mycopathologia , 1997;139(3):141–144. DOI: 10.1023/A:1006800231647 Liu S, Yuan Z, Zhang X, Hao X, Guo X, Yang J. Toxicity assessment and transcriptomic analysis of Metarhizium rileyi (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): identification of tyrosol as a key quorum sensing regulator of pathogenicity. Journal of Economic Entomology , 2025;118(4):1565–1578. DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaf144 Zhong K, Liu ZC, Wang JL, Liu XS. The entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi impairs cellular immunity of its host Helicoverpa armigera . Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology , 2017;96(1). DOI: 10.1002/arch.21402 Kiuchi M, Yasui H, Hayasaka S, Kamimura M. Entomogenous fungus Nomuraea rileyi inhibits host insect molting by C22-oxidizing inactivation of hemolymph ecdysteroids. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology , 2003;52(1):35–44. DOI: 10.1002/arch.10060 Fan L, Li X, Li H, Li B, Wang J, He L, Wang Z, Lin Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis to unveil genes affecting the host cuticle destruction in Metarhizium rileyi . Current Genetics , 2023;69(4-6):253–265. DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01274-2 Faria M, Souza DA, Sanches MM, Schmidt FGV, Oliveira CM, Benito NP, Lopes RB. Evaluation of key parameters for developing a Metarhizium rileyi -based biopesticide against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize: laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. Pest Management Science , 2021;78(3):1146–1154. DOI: 10.1002/ps.6729 Ramos Y, Pineda-Guillermo S, Tamez-Guerra P, Orozco-Flores AA, Figueroa de la Rosa JI, Ramos-Ortiz S, Chavarrieta-Yáñez JM, Martínez-Castillo AM. Natural prevalence, molecular characteristics, and biological activity of Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) larvae in Mexico. Journal of Fungi , 2024;10(6):416. DOI: 10.3390/jof10060416 Ramos Y, Pineda-Guillermo S, Tamez-Guerra P, Valle-Mora JF, Figueroa-de la Rosa JI, Ramos-Ortiz S, Palma-Castillo LJ, Martínez-Castillo AM. Biocontrol of fall armyworm larvae by selected Mexican Metarhizium rileyi isolates under greenhouse and small-scale field conditions in maize. Insects , 2025;16(7):706. DOI: 10.3390/insects16070706 Gundreddy RR, Reddy BS, Jayanth BV, Shashikala M, Saw G, Udaykumar E, Kamil D, Alzahrani FA, Udavant RN, Ashraf S, Paul B. Molecular identification and virulence assessment of Metarhizium rileyi isolates against fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ). Archives of Microbiology , 2025;207(12):313. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-025-04506-w Acharya R, Lee JY, Hwang HS, Kim MK, Lee SY, Jung HY, Park I, Lee KY. Identification of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi infested in fall armyworm in the cornfield of Korea, and evaluation of its virulence. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology , 2022;111(4):e21965. DOI: 10.1002/arch.21965 Barros SKA, de Almeida EG, Ferreira FTR, Barreto MR, Lopes RB, Pitta RM. Field efficacy of Metarhizium rileyi applications against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize. Neotropical Entomology , 2021;50(6):976–988. DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00903-0 Lopes RB, Faria M, Souza DA, Sosa-Gómez DR. Potential impact of chemical fungicides on the efficacy of Metarhizium rileyi and the occurrence of Pandora gammae on caterpillars in soybean crops. Microbial Ecology , 2022;86(1):647–657. DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02102-9 Perinotto WMS, Terra ALM, Angelo IC, Fernandes ÉKK, Golo PS, Camargo MG, Bittencourt VREP. Nomuraea rileyi as biological control agents of Rhipicephalus microplus tick. Parasitology Research , 2012;111(4):1743–1748. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3018-3 Vivekanandhan P, Kamaraj C, Alharbi SA, Ansari MJ. Novel report on soil infection with Metarhizium rileyi against soil-dwelling life stages of insect pests. Journal of Basic Microbiology , 2024;64(8):e2400159. DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400159 Grijalba EP, Espinel C, Cuartas PE, Chaparro ML, Villamizar LF. Metarhizium rileyi biopesticide to control Spodoptera frugiperda : stability and insecticidal activity under glasshouse conditions. Fungal Biology , 2018;122(11):1069–1076. DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.08.010 Song Z, Yin Y, Jiang S, Liu J, Chen H, Wang Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis of microsclerotia development in Nomuraea rileyi . BMC Genomics , 2013;14:411. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-411 Licona-Juárez KC, Andrade EP, Medina HR, Oliveira JNS, Sosa-Gómez DR, Rangel DEN. Tolerance to UV-B radiation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi . Fungal Biology , 2023;127(7-8):1250–1258. DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.04.004 Vega-Aquino P, Sanchez-Peña S, Blanco CA. Activity of oil-formulated conidia of the fungal entomopathogens Nomuraea rileyi and Isaria tenuipes against lepidopterous larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 2009;103(3):145–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.12.002 Park JA, Kim Y. Phospholipase A₂ inhibitors in bacterial culture broth enhance pathogenicity of a fungus Nomuraea rileyi . Journal of Microbiology , 2012;50(4):644–651. DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2108-3 Devi PSV, Prasad YG, Chowdary DA, Rao LM, Balakrishnan K. Identification of virulent isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (F) Samson for the management of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura . Mycopathologia , 2003;156(4):365–373. DOI: 10.1023/b:myco.0000003578.38483.34 Withers AJ, Rice A, de Boer J, Donkersley P, Pearson AJ, Chipabika G, Karangwa P, Uzayisenga B, Mensah BA, Mensah SA, Nkunika POY, Kachigamba D, Smith JA, Jones CM, Wilson K. The distribution of covert microbial natural enemies of a globally invasive crop pest, fall armyworm, in Africa: enemy release and spillover events. Journal of Animal Ecology , 2022;91(9):1826–1841. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13760 Chen H, Yin Y, Feng E, Xie X, Wang Z. Thioredoxin peroxidase gene is involved in resistance to biocontrol fungus Nomuraea rileyi in Spodoptera litura : gene cloning, expression, localization and function. Developmental and Comparative Immunology , 2013;44(1):76–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.012 Chen H, Yin Y, Feng E, Xie X, Wang Z. Structure and expression of a cysteine proteinase gene from Spodoptera litura and its response to biocontrol fungus Nomuraea rileyi . Insect Molecular Biology , 2014;23(2):255–268. DOI: 10.1111/imb.12078 Svinningen AE, Jegathambigai V, Mikunthan G. Nomuraea rileyi : a plausible fungi selectively controlling lepidopteron, Paraponyx stratiotata L. damaging queen palm ( Livistona rotundifolia L.). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences , 2010;75(3):279–293. PMID: 21539246 Peer-reviewed sources were located via PubMed. Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info What this organism is Nomuraea rileyi is an entomopathogenic fungus — a fungus whose natural hosts are insects — used as a microbial ingredient in biological insecticide products targeting caterpillar pests (Lepidoptera). It occurs naturally in soil and in caterpillar populations and is best known as the cause of "green muscardine disease," named for the pale green conidial coat that covers an infected, mummified larva once the fungus sporulates externally (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). A name that has changed — read alongside FAQ 1 This organism has been reclassified in current mycological taxonomy. A 2014 multigene phylogenetic study resolved the boundaries of the genus Metarhizium and found that it should absorb the green-spored Nomuraea species, among others, because Metarhizium has priority as the earliest available name for this group of fungi (Kepler et al. 2014, DOI ). Under that framework, the current name is Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber. Current peer-reviewed literature uses both names, often together (for example, " Metarhizium rileyi (Nomuraea rileyi)"), and applied entomology and the biopesticide trade have been slower to adopt the new name than the mycological literature. IndoGulf BioAg retains Nomuraea rileyi as the name in the current approved product specification, reflecting this taxonomic update rather than changing the label name without notice. Documented host range Evidence is concentrated in noctuid moth larvae, with fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) the most heavily studied target in current literature because of its global invasive spread since 2016 (Withers et al. 2022, DOI ). Pest Crop context Evidence Fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) Maize The dominant subject of current research; natural infection rates of 23–90% were recorded across five Mexican maize-growing locations, and 24 isolates tested against second-instar larvae caused 70–98.7% mortality (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ) Tobacco cutworm ( Spodoptera litura ) Cotton, tobacco, vegetables Subject of extensive host-immune-response research in China; a Korean field strain caused 89% mortality of fourth-instar larvae seven days after treatment when tested on a related noctuid, oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata ) (Acharya et al. 2022, DOI ) Cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) Cotton Documented host in immune-suppression and isolate-screening studies (Devi et al. 2003, DOI ) Velvetbean caterpillar ( Anticarsia gemmatalis ) and soybean looper ( Chrysodeixis includens ) Soybean Naturally occurring and applied biocontrol target in Brazilian soybean systems, alongside another naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus, Pandora gammae (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ) Silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) Sericulture Not a pest-control target — this is the classic host in which the infection process and "green muscardine" disease were first characterized in detail, and a natural disease risk in silk-producing regions (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ) Comprehensive transcriptome work describes this organism as capable of parasitizing more than 40 distinct insect species, predominantly within Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). Host range is not unlimited outside Lepidoptera. Tested against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus , efficacy varied sharply by isolate and life stage, and the authors concluded the organism "does not appear to be a remarkable biological control agent" for that target (Perinotto et al. 2012, DOI ). Susceptibility has to be established for the specific pest you are targeting, and claims should stay within the Lepidoptera-focused evidence base above. Why strain identity matters — and why IndoGulf develops its own Isolate-to-isolate variability in this species is unusually wide even by entomopathogenic-fungus standards. A screen of eleven Indian isolates against fall armyworm found LC₅₀ values ranging from 1.0 × 10⁶ to 3.8 × 10¹⁰ conidia/mL — more than four orders of magnitude apart (Gundreddy et al. 2025, DOI ). UV-B tolerance also varies substantially by isolate: of fourteen isolates tested, one maintained above 80% germination after two hours of UV-B exposure while several others fell well below that threshold under the same conditions (Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ). Published results for one isolate do not establish the same performance for another; this is why IndoGulf develops and stabilizes its own proprietary strain in-house rather than relying on a generic isolate. How infection develops The infection sequence is a multi-stage biological process, not a single toxic event: Attachment and penetration. Conidia attach to the larval cuticle and penetrate it using appressoria and a set of hydrolytic enzymes; transcriptome analysis identifies these cuticle-destroying processes as central to how the fungus establishes infection (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). An internal, non-pathogenic phase. Once inside the host, the fungus initially persists in a yeast-like (blastospore) form that does not actively kill the insect, before switching to a mycelial, pathogenic form. Recent transcriptomic work identified tyrosol as a quorum-sensing molecule that regulates this pathogenic switch (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). Suppression of the host's immune response. The fungus impairs the caterpillar's cellular immune defenses — phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation — apparently through cytotoxic compounds released into the hemolymph, rather than through direct destruction of immune cells alone (Zhong et al. 2017, DOI ). Host insects mount a measurable countering response, including upregulated antioxidant and immune-related genes (Chen et al. 2013, DOI ; Chen et al. 2014, DOI ). Disruption of molting. In a distinct and separately documented mechanism, the fungus secretes an enzyme that chemically inactivates the host's own molting hormone (ecdysteroids) by oxidizing it, blocking larval molt and normal metamorphosis (Kiuchi et al. 2003, DOI ). Death, mummification and external sporulation. The host dies, its body is fully colonized by fungal mycelium, and — under sufficiently humid conditions — the fungus sporulates on the cadaver's surface, producing the pale green conidial coat that gives the disease its common name and allowing the cycle to repeat (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Non-target and soil considerations Unlike a strictly foliar-active organism, this fungus has documented activity against soil-dwelling life stages: it caused 61–90% mortality of Spodoptera litura pupae and 46–73% mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda pupae in soil bioassays. In the same study, exposure produced no measurable sublethal effect on the non-target earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae or on brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ), including no discernible histopathological damage to earthworm gut tissue (Vivekanandhan et al. 2024, DOI ). This is species-level literature, not IndoGulf trial-specific data. Formulation and storage Formulations: wettable powder (1 × 10⁸ CFU/g) and soluble powder (1 × 10⁹ CFU/g) for field use; a 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g technical powder is also available as a bulk/manufacturing-grade input, not a direct field-application product (see Dosage & Application) Packaging: tailor-made to customer requirement Shelf life: 2 years from date of manufacture, under the recommended storage conditions below. A formulated emulsifiable-concentrate study on a related isolate maintained >85% conidial viability for 12 months under refrigeration and more than 3 months at 18°C (Grijalba et al. 2018, DOI ), which is consistent background context but is isolate- and formulation-specific, not a substitute for IndoGulf's own batch-release and end-of-shelf-life testing. Storage: cool, dry conditions, out of direct sunlight, away from fungicides and disinfectants; do not store prepared spray solution for more than 24 hours Because this is a living, fastidious organism, storage and transport conditions directly determine how many viable propagules reach the field. Commercialization of this species has historically been complicated by its fastidious growth and sporulation requirements (Song et al. 2013, DOI ), which is part of why formulation quality and cold-chain handling matter more for this organism than for some other microbial actives. Where it fits Nomuraea rileyi is used as a component of an integrated pest-management program for caterpillar pests, alongside monitoring, cultural practice, and — where appropriate — other control tactics on a resistance-management schedule. It is not positioned as a stand-alone replacement for every insecticide application, and its field performance is conditional on larval stage, application placement, humidity and formulation, as set out above. Dosage & Application Application rates Formulation Potency Foliar rate Soil application Water volume Frequency Wettable powder 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g 2 kg/acre (5 kg/hectare) 2–5 kg/acre (5–12.5 kg/hectare) Sufficient for full coverage of the infested plant part Twice per season for long-duration crops (pre- and post-monsoon) Soluble powder 1 × 10⁹ CFU/g 200 g/acre (500 g/hectare) 200–500 g/acre (500 g–1.25 kg/hectare) Sufficient for full coverage of the infested plant part Twice per season for long-duration crops Technical powder 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g Not applicable — see note below Not applicable — — A note on the 1×10¹⁰ CFU/g grade: this is a technical-grade powder, not a field-application formulation. It is a high-concentration input generally supplied for further formulation, downstream manufacturing, or private-label/bulk use rather than direct field application at that concentration. No foliar or soil field rate applies to it. Rates on registered labels are set per market, crop and pest; the table above carries forward the rate structure already published on the site, not a substitute for the approved label in your target market. When to apply Nomuraea rileyi — now generally classified as Metarhizium rileyi in current fungal taxonomy (see FAQ 1) — is a living fungus. It has to land on the caterpillar, germinate, and penetrate the cuticle before it does anything, so timing is a decision about larval stage and weather, not a fixed calendar date. Target young larvae, not late instars. Laboratory work on fall armyworm found third-instar larvae markedly more susceptible than fourth-instar larvae (LC₅₀ of 3.15 × 10⁷ conidia/mL versus 1.04 × 10⁸ conidia/mL) (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). Most published efficacy trials against fall armyworm use second-instar larvae, before the caterpillar has burrowed into the whorl (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ). Scout for young larvae and apply before the population moves into concealed feeding sites. Direct the spray at the actual feeding site, not just the canopy. In maize, conventional broadcast spraying of unformulated conidia produced only 27–31% larval mortality in field trials, while spraying the same conidia directly into the whorl — where fall armyworm larvae actually feed — raised mortality to roughly 59% when combined with a second biological agent (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Coverage of the pest's actual location, not the plant as a whole, is the single biggest lever on field performance. Spray into humid conditions and avoid peak sunlight. Germination and cuticle penetration were studied under 80% relative humidity at 24°C in the classic infection-sequence description of this organism (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ), and UV-B exposure measurably damages conidia: across fourteen isolates, germination fell below 40% after three hours of UV-B exposure for most isolates tested (Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ). Early morning or evening application, avoiding the midday sun, gives the conidia the best chance to establish. A dedicated field study correlating natural rainfall patterns with N. rileyi epizootic onset was not located in this research pass. Do not expect a fast knockdown. In the classic description of infection in silkworm, conidia attached and began penetrating within 24–36 hours, the larva died at 6–7 days, and external sporulation (the diagnostic green conidial coat that gives "green muscardine" disease its name) appeared only at 9–10 days (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Assess results roughly a week after application, not the next day. Repeat applications as monitoring data requires. Field trials in maize used sequential sprays through the season rather than a single application (Barros et al. 2021, DOI ). Mixing and spray preparation Prepare the spray fresh and use it within 24 hours of mixing. Keep the spray tank out of direct sun while mixing and during application. Agitate continuously so the suspension does not settle. Treat fungicides with caution. In a study on soybean fungicides used against soybean rust, two fungicide combinations (azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr; trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole) reduced conidial germinability on treated leaf surfaces in laboratory testing, and none of the formulations tested protected the conidia from this effect; larval mortality due to the fungus fell by 30–40% compared with fungicide-free treatment. In field trials over two seasons, however, a single fungicide application at the field-recommended rate did not measurably reduce the fungus's natural infection rate over time (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). The laboratory finding is the more conservative one to plan around: avoid tank-mixing with fungicides, and leave an interval between a fungicide application and this product, unless compatibility has been confirmed for the specific products and conditions in use. Oil-based formulation is a documented option for this organism: conidia suspended in vegetable (canola, soybean) or mineral oil performed at least as well as, and in some trials better than, a water + surfactant suspension against Spodoptera species, with the fastest kill (LT₅₀ of 2.5–4.7 days) obtained in mineral-oil formulations (Vega-Aquino et al. 2010, DOI ). Confirm this applies to the specific commercial formulation before recommending it. Check spray-water pH, hardness and residual chlorine against the label requirements. Coverage Fall armyworm and other noctuid larvae feed concealed in the whorl, leaf folds or soil, not on exposed leaf surfaces. Direct the spray at the actual larval feeding site — the whorl in maize, the leaf underside on broadleaf crops — rather than a general canopy pass. This is the single factor most clearly shown in the literature to separate a strong laboratory result from a weak field one (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Before scale-up Any rate not printed on a registered label for your market is a starting point for controlled trial design, not a registered label recommendation. Confirm compatibility, viability after mixing, plant safety and performance on a small block before commercial use. Results may vary with pest species, larval stage, crop, canopy, climate, application method, water quality and management. Use only in accordance with the current product label and local requirements. FAQ Is Nomuraea rileyi now known as Metarhizium rileyi? In current mycological taxonomy, yes, in most published treatments. A 2014 multigene phylogenetic study of the genus Metarhizium and its relatives found that Metarhizium — which has priority as the earliest available name for this group — should absorb the green-spored species previously placed in the separate genus Nomuraea , among others (Kepler et al. 2014, DOI ). Under that framework, the correct name is Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber, and recent peer-reviewed papers frequently cite it that way, often noting the older name in parentheses. Practical note: naming in applied entomology and the biopesticide trade lags behind formal mycological revisions, and both names remain in active use in the current literature. IndoGulf BioAg retains Nomuraea rileyi as the name in the current approved product specification. Is Nomuraea rileyi effective against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)? Fall armyworm is the most extensively studied target for this organism in current literature, driven by its status as a major invasive pest across Africa and Asia since 2016 (Withers et al. 2022, DOI ). Results are genuinely strong under controlled conditions and genuinely mixed under field conditions, and both facts matter. Under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, results have been favorable: one isolate killed more than 95% of larvae within eight days at a low concentration in the laboratory, and greenhouse whorl applications produced 88–96% mortality (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Natural infection rates of 23–90% were recorded across Mexican maize fields, and two dozen isolates tested against second-instar larvae caused 70–98.7% mortality in bioassay (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ). Under conventional field spraying, results have been considerably more modest — 27–31% mortality in one multi-year field trial, rising to roughly 59% only when the spray was directed into the maize whorl and combined with a second biological agent (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ); a separate small-scale field trial found the fungus achieved a mortality proportion of 0.49 against a chemical-insecticide comparator's 0.72 (Ramos et al. 2025, DOI ). See FAQ 9 on why this gap exists and how to manage it. Which caterpillar pests are most commonly infected by Nomuraea rileyi? Primarily noctuid moth larvae. The best-documented targets in current literature are fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) in maize, tobacco cutworm ( Spodoptera litura ) and cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) in cotton and vegetable systems, oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata ) in cereals, and velvetbean caterpillar ( Anticarsia gemmatalis ) and soybean looper ( Chrysodeixis includens ) in soybean (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ; Acharya et al. 2022, DOI ; Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). Transcriptome-level characterization work describes the species as capable of parasitizing more than 40 distinct hosts overall, predominantly within Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). Boundary: this is species-level literature across many named isolates, crops and geographies — not a claim that IndoGulf BioAg's specific formulation has been trial-tested against every pest listed. Which larval stages of armyworms are most susceptible to Nomuraea rileyi? Younger instars are consistently more susceptible than older ones. In fall armyworm, third-instar larvae had an LC₅₀ roughly three times lower than fourth-instar larvae of the same isolate (3.15 × 10⁷ versus 1.04 × 10⁸ conidia/mL) (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). Consistent with that finding, published isolate-screening trials against fall armyworm typically standardize on second-instar larvae as the test stage (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ). Practical implication: scout for and time applications to young larvae. Older larvae are both harder to kill and harder to reach, since later instars burrow into the whorl or stalk. The organism has also been shown to infect the soil-dwelling pupal stage of both fall armyworm and tobacco cutworm, an additional susceptible stage beyond the actively feeding larva (Vivekanandhan et al. 2024, DOI ). How does Nomuraea rileyi infect and kill caterpillar pests? By a multi-stage biological process, not a single toxic event. Conidia attach to the larval cuticle and penetrate it using appressoria and hydrolytic enzymes (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). Once inside, the fungus initially persists in a non-pathogenic, yeast-like form before switching to an actively pathogenic, mycelial form — a transition recently linked to the molecule tyrosol acting as a quorum-sensing signal (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). The fungus then suppresses the caterpillar's cellular immune defenses, including phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation (Zhong et al. 2017, DOI ), while the host mounts a countering oxidative-stress and immune response of its own (Chen et al. 2013, DOI ). A separately documented mechanism adds a second layer: the fungus secretes an enzyme that chemically inactivates the host's molting hormone (ecdysteroids), blocking normal molt and metamorphosis independent of tissue destruction (Kiuchi et al. 2003, DOI ). The host eventually dies and is fully colonized internally; under humid conditions the fungus then sporulates externally on the cadaver, producing the pale green conidial coat that gives "green muscardine disease" its name and allowing spores to disperse to new hosts (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Why are humidity and rainfall important for natural Nomuraea rileyi outbreaks? Every step of infection — conidial attachment, germination and cuticle penetration — is a moisture-dependent process occurring on an exposed larval surface or in the soil. The foundational description of the infection sequence in this organism was carried out under 80% relative humidity at 24°C, conditions under which germination occurred within 24 hours and cuticle penetration within 36 hours (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Conversely, sunlight is directly damaging to the conidia: across fourteen isolates tested for UV-B tolerance, germination fell below 40% after three hours of exposure for most isolates, and only the most tolerant isolate maintained germination above 80% after two hours (Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ). A note on the evidence: a field study specifically correlating rainfall patterns with the onset of natural N. rileyi epizootics was not located in this research pass, so no rainfall-triggered-outbreak figure is quoted here. The humidity and UV-sensitivity mechanisms above are well established and support the general statement that this organism performs best under humid conditions and is degraded by prolonged direct sun exposure. On which crops is Nomuraea rileyi commonly studied for biological pest control? Maize is by far the most heavily represented crop in current (2018–2025) literature, driven by fall armyworm and oriental armyworm research (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ; Barros et al. 2021, DOI ; Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ; Ramos et al. 2025, DOI ; Gundreddy et al. 2025, DOI ; Acharya et al. 2022, DOI ; Grijalba et al. 2018, DOI ). Soybean is the second major crop context, targeting velvetbean caterpillar and soybean looper (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). Cotton and vegetable systems appear through cotton bollworm and tobacco cutworm mechanistic research, much of it laboratory-based (Devi et al. 2003, DOI ; Zhong et al. 2017, DOI ). An older case study also documents use against a root-boring caterpillar pest of ornamental queen palm (Svinningen et al. 2010, PMID 21539246). Boundary: this list reflects the crops most represented in current peer-reviewed literature on this organism. IndoGulf's product may be used more broadly within an integrated pest-management program wherever the target caterpillar pests are present, in line with the approved product label for your market. Can Nomuraea rileyi be integrated with Bt, Beauveria or chemical insecticides? Direct, published tank-mix or rotational compatibility trials specifically combining N. rileyi with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or with Beauveria bassiana products were not located in this research pass. Both organisms are studied as parallel biocontrol options against the same pests (for example, both N. rileyi and Bt were used as comparative infection challenges in the same tobacco cutworm immune-response study), but that is not evidence that combining them in a single application is compatible or beneficial. What direct evidence does exist: this fungus has been successfully co-applied with a different type of biological control agent — a nucleopolyhedrovirus ( Spodoptera frugiperda baculovirus, SfMNPV) — with whorl-directed combined application in maize achieving roughly double the field mortality of conventional spraying of either agent alone (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Separately, metabolites from two entomopathogenic bacteria ( Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus temperata ) suppressed the host's immune response and measurably enhanced this fungus's pathogenicity in both laboratory and field assays (Park and Kim 2012, DOI ) — evidence that some biological combinations can be synergistic, though this involves different bacterial species than Bt. Against chemical insecticides , one direct field comparison exists: this fungus achieved lower fall armyworm mortality than the chemical insecticide spinetoram (49% versus 72%), but spinetoram significantly reduced populations of natural enemies and non-target insects while the fungal treatment did not (Ramos et al. 2025, DOI ) — relevant to rotation strategy, not to tank-mix compatibility. Against fungicides , treat as incompatible by default: laboratory testing found two soybean-rust fungicide combinations reduced this fungus's germinability and reduced resulting larval mortality by 30–40%, although in the same study a single field-recommended-rate fungicide application did not measurably reduce the fungus's natural field infection rate over two seasons (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). Until product-specific testing says otherwise, avoid tank-mixing with fungicides and separate applications in time. What factors cause Nomuraea rileyi to perform differently in laboratory and field conditions? Several factors, most identifiable in the literature and most manageable through application practice: Application placement. The clearest documented driver. Conventional broadcast spraying in maize produced only 27–31% larval mortality, while directing the same conidia into the whorl where fall armyworm actually feeds nearly doubled effective mortality when combined with a second agent (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Isolate identity. LC₅₀ values across isolates of this species have spanned more than four orders of magnitude in a single screening study (1.0 × 10⁶ to 3.8 × 10¹⁰ conidia/mL) (Gundreddy et al. 2025, DOI ). Humidity and sunlight. Germination and penetration require high humidity, and UV-B exposure measurably damages conidia within hours (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ; Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ) — conditions that are far more variable and less controllable in an open field than in a laboratory bioassay or greenhouse trial. Larval stage at exposure. Younger instars are markedly more susceptible than older ones (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ), and field timing is harder to hit precisely than a standardized laboratory bioassay stage. Formulation and fastidious production requirements. This species has historically been difficult to mass-produce and formulate for consistent field stability, a documented commercialization constraint distinct from its biological efficacy (Song et al. 2013, DOI ; Grijalba et al. 2018, DOI ). Co-occurring natural mortality factors. In the field, this fungus operates alongside other natural enemies — parasitoid wasps, tachinid flies and other entomopathogenic fungi — that also kill the same caterpillar pests, which can make it difficult to attribute field-observed mortality to this organism alone (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). The practical reading: this organism rewards attention to isolate quality, application placement and timing far more than most conventional insecticides do. A grower who sprays it like a contact chemical, broadcast over the canopy regardless of where the pest actually is, should expect the field end of this evidence range, not the laboratory end. Sustainability Advantage Related Products Beauveria bassiana Hirsutella thompsonii Isaria fumosorosea Lecanicillium lecanii Metarhizium anisopliae More Products Resources Read all

Leading Manufacturer & Exporter of Nano Chitosan Fertilizer. Enhance crop yields with advanced nano technology. Premium quality, global supply. < Nano Fertilizers Nano Chitosan Extracted from natural sources, a linear polysaccharide derived from chitin, possessing phytotonic, fungistatic, and bacteriostatic properties, beneficial for plant health and disease control. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhanced Product Quality Increases organoleptic properties, prolongs shelf life of produce, and ensures environmental safety with biodegradability. Stress Resistance Acts as a defense elicitor, priming defense mechanisms to combat both biotic and abiotic stresses effectively. Improved Nutrient Uptake Enhances nutrient uptake and facilitates chelation of minerals and nutrients for better absorption. Enhanced Plant Physiology Improves various aspects of plant physiology such as germination, photosynthesis, growth, blossom, vigor, and yield. Components Composition (%) w/w Acetic Acid 1.60 Chitosan 0.40 Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Strength: 3,500ppm Compatibility: Compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides Shelf life: Best before 24 months when stored at room temperature Packaging: 5 Ltx2/Corrugated Cardboard Box Symptoms of Chitosan Deficiency: Reduced plant vigor Increased susceptibility to diseases and pests Poor root development Decreased nutrient uptake Why choose this product? Content coming soon! Key Benefits at a Glance Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Dosage & Application To be used in agriculture as a natural fungicide:Seed Soaking: Dilute with water at a ratio of 1:120 for vegetable seeds.Seed Dressing: Use 75–150ml diluted with 10L of water for every 100kg of field seed.Root Dipping: Dilute with water at a ratio of 1:100–200.Foliar application on crops:Preventive: Apply 1L per acre, conducting 1 to 2 rounds with a one-week gap between sprays.Curative: Apply 1.5L per acre, conducting 2 to 3 rounds with a one-week gap between sprays.To preserve harvested fruits and vegetables:Spray 0.5–1L diluted with 1–2L water over 100kg, depending on surface area. FAQ How does chitosan benefit agriculture? Chitosan acts as both a biostimulant and a biopesticide in crops. It enhances seed germination, root development, and chlorophyll synthesis, leading to increased biomass and yield. Additionally, chitosan induces systemic acquired resistance in plants, inhibiting fungal and bacterial pathogens and improving stress tolerance. omexcanada Are chitosan supplements suitable for vegetarians? Most commercial chitosan is derived from crustacean shells (shrimp, crab), making it unsuitable for strict vegetarians. However, chitosan can also be extracted from fungal sources (mushrooms), offering a vegetarian-friendly alternative. scindeks.ceon How is nano chitosan made? Chitosan nanoparticles (ChNPs) are commonly synthesized via ionotropic gelation (polyelectrolyte complexation) using tripolyphosphate, or through emulsification–crosslinking, nanoprecipitation, and spray-drying. These methods produce particles ranging from ~100 nm to 1 µm, enabling tailored size and release profiles. wikipedia What are the applications of chitosan in medicine? Chitosan’s biocompatibility and mucoadhesive properties make it ideal for wound dressings, drug delivery (oral, nasal, ocular), tissue engineering, and hemostatic agents. ChNPs enhance drug solubility, protect bioactives, and enable controlled release for therapies in cancer, infections, and gene delivery. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih What are the benefits of chitosan nanoparticles? ChNPs offer: Enhanced bioactivity: Improved antimicrobial, antioxidant, and elicitor functions due to higher surface area. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Controlled release: Sustained delivery of nutrients or drugs. Targeted delivery: Mucoadhesion and cell penetration in medical and agricultural contexts. Improved solubility: Overcoming chitosan’s poor solubility at physiological pH. wikipedia What is chitosan supplement used for? Consumers use chitosan as a dietary fiber to bind fats in the digestive tract, potentially aiding weight management. It is also promoted for cholesterol reduction and as a prebiotic to support gut health. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Related Products Nano Urea Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Copper Nano Iron Nano Potassium More Products Resources Read all

Bacillus macerans is a facultative anaerobic bacterium known for its ability to degrade complex carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch. This activity makes it highly effective in organic decomposition processes, such as composting and agricultural residue management, contributing to improved soil health and nutrient cycling. In industrial applications, B. macerans produces valuable enzymes like cellulases and amylases, which are used in biofuel production, paper processing, and textile industries. Its role in breaking down organic polymers also supports bioremediation efforts, helping manage agricultural and industrial waste sustainably.. < Microbial Species Bacillus macerans Bacillus macerans is a facultative anaerobic bacterium known for its ability to degrade complex carbohydrates such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch. This activity makes it highly effective in organic decomposition processes, such as composting and agricultural residue management, contributing to improved soil health and nutrient cycling. In industrial applications, B. macerans produces valuable enzymes like cellulases and amylases, which are used in biofuel production, paper processing, and textile industries. Its role in breaking down organic polymers also supports bioremediation efforts, helping manage agricultural and industrial waste sustainably.. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Polysaccharide Degradation Produces enzymes that break down complex polysaccharides, aiding in the decomposition of organic waste. Cellulose Breakdown Efficiently degrades cellulose, contributing to the recycling of plant materials and organic matter. Bioremediation of Wastewater Helps treat industrial and agricultural wastewater by breaking down contaminants. Soil Health Improvement Enhances soil fertility by promoting organic matter decomposition, supporting plant growth and sustainable agriculture. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Citrobacter braakii Citrobacter freundii More Products Resources Read all