Bacillus megaterium is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming rhizobacterium recognized for its high-efficiency solubilization of inorganic phosphate compounds. By producing organic acids and phosphatases, it enhances phosphorus bioavailability, promoting early crop establishment, accelerated phenological development, and improved root system architecture. In addition to nutrient mobilization, B. megaterium contributes to soil health by enhancing microbial diversity, facilitating organic matter decomposition, and improving soil structure. It also exhibits antagonistic activity against phytopathogens, supporting natural pest suppression and reducing reliance on chemical pesticides. Compatible with biofertilizers and biopesticides, B. megaterium integrates seamlessly into organic and integrated farming systems, contributing to increased nutrient-use efficiency, enhanced crop resilience, and sustainable yield improvement while enriching soil microbiome. < Microbial Species Bacillus megaterium Bacillus megaterium enhances phosphorus solubility by converting insoluble phosphate compounds into bioavailable forms, thereby increasing nutrient accessibility for plant uptake. This accelerates crop development , promotes deepe… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Accelerates Plant Growth Enhances the growth rate of plants, leading to earlier maturity and increased yield. Improves Soil Quality Enhances soil fertility and structure, promoting healthier root growth and nutrient uptake. Protects Against Pests and Diseases Helps in preventing various pests and diseases that can affect plant health. Environmentally Friendly Supports sustainable agriculture practices by reducing reliance on chemical inputs and improving overall soil health. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Scientific References Effect of Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum and L-Alpha Proline on Iron Content in Soil and Wheat Plants Demonstrates enhanced nutrient uptake and synergistic effect with nitrogen fertilization in wheat crops. Płaza et al., 2021 – Agronomy Using Bacillus megaterium as a Bio-fertilizer to Reduce P Fertilizer and Improve Cauliflower Yield Under Salt Stress Shows B. megaterium can reduce chemical fertilizer demand by up to 25% while improving crop resilience and nutrient absorption. Shalaby, 2023 – Journal of Plant Nutrition Development of a Biologically Based Fertilizer Incorporating Bacillus megaterium A6 Combining B. megaterium with synthetic P fertilizer enhanced both soil phosphorus levels and oilseed rape yield. Hu et al., 2013 – Canadian Journal of Microbiology The Application of Bacillus megaterium Alters Soil Microbial Community and Improves Nutrient Availability in Cucumber Demonstrates compatibility with reduced doses of chemical fertilizers and enhancement of soil health and yield. Zhao et al., 2021 – Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment Isolation, Characterization and Production of Biofertilizer from Bacillus megaterium Confirms phosphate solubilization and long-term viability of B. megaterium as a microbial inoculant in nutrient-rich formulations. Patel et al., 2016 – International Journal of Life-Sciences Scientific Research Sugar Beet and Barley Yields in Relation to Bacillus megaterium var. phosphaticum Inoculation Field trials show yield benefits from B. megaterium use, comparable to synthetic fertilizers. Çakmakçı et al., 1999 – Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science Mode of Action Mode of Action: Bacillus megaterium in Agriculture 1. Phosphate Solubilization Bacillus megaterium produces organic acids and enzymes like acid phosphatase and phytase that break down insoluble phosphorus compounds (e.g., tricalcium phosphate) into forms plants can readily absorb. This boosts phosphorus availability in the root zone and enhances overall nutrient efficiency. 📌 Supported by: Hu et al., 2013 , Patel et al., 2016 2. Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Hormone Production B. megaterium synthesizes plant growth hormones like indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which promotes root elongation and branching , leading to greater water and nutrient uptake. It also enhances nitrogen use efficiency when used alongside mineral N fertilizers, improving crop productivity even with reduced fertilizer doses. 📌 Supported by: Płaza et al., 2021 3. Soil Microbiome Stimulation Inoculating soil with B. megaterium enriches the microbial community structure and increases the bioavailability of phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients . This creates a healthier rhizosphere and improves plant-microbe interactions essential for sustainable crop growth. 📌 Supported by: Zhao et al., 2021 4. Enhanced Crop Yield and Stress Tolerance Field trials across crops like wheat, maize, onion, and cauliflower have shown that B. megaterium application improves plant vigor, chlorophyll content, and enzyme activity (e.g., phosphatase), leading to higher biomass, grain filling, and overall yield , even under suboptimal conditions like salinity or low fertility. 📌 Supported by: Shalaby, 2023 , Abdul-Hussein & Hassan, 2023 5. Sustainability and Fertilizer Reduction Through its nutrient solubilization and growth-promoting traits, B. megaterium enables partial replacement or reduction of chemical fertilizers . This supports low-input, sustainable agriculture and improves soil health without compromising yield. 📌 Supported by: Çakmakçı et al., 1999 Additional Info Compatibility Bacillus megaterium can be compatible with a wide range of agricultural inputs and have shown synergistic benefits when used alongside mineral fertilizers . Compatible with : Bio-pesticides, bio-fertilizers , and plant growth regulators Mineral and chemical fertilizers — Bacillus megaterium improves phosphorus solubilization and nutrient uptake when co-applied with NPK fertilizers. Studies show this combination enhances plant growth and reduces fertilizer requirements (Płaza et al., 2021), (Hu et al., 2013) , (Zhao et al., 2021) . Not recommended with : Synthetic chemical pesticides that may harm microbial viability (unless compatibility has been confirmed in formulation trials) Dosage & Application Application Methods for Bacillus megaterium in Agriculture To maximize the bioefficacy of Bacillus megaterium in agricultural systems, the following application strategies are recommended across key crop growth stages: 1. Seed Coating / Seed Treatment For enhanced early-stage vigor and phosphorus mobilization: Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry made by mixing 10 g of Bacillus megaterium and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water to create a uniform layer. Allow the coated seeds to air-dry in shade before sowing or broadcasting. This method enhances germination rates , promotes early root colonization , and initiates early phosphorus uptake , critical for crop establishment. 2. Seedling Root Dip Treatment Ideal for nursery-raised transplants (vegetables, rice, fruit crops): Prepare a suspension with 100 g of Bacillus megaterium in 10–15 L of clean water (per 1,000 seedlings). Dip seedling roots for 15–30 minutes before transplantation. This promotes rhizosphere colonization , improves root system architecture , and confers early protection against soil-borne pathogens . 3. Soil Application For pre-sowing or basal incorporation: Mix 3–5 kg/acre of Bacillus megaterium with 50–100 kg of well-decomposed organic manure or compost . Apply uniformly over the field and incorporate into the top 10–15 cm of soil. This improves soil microbial activity , increases available phosphorus (Olsen-P) , and enhances overall soil fertility and structure. 4. Fertigation / Irrigation Application To maintain microbial populations during crop growth: Dilute 3 kg/acre of Bacillus megaterium in 200–300 L of irrigation water. Apply through drip irrigation, furrow irrigation, or fertigation systems , preferably in the early morning or late afternoon. Ensures uniform microbial distribution , maintains rhizospheric colonization , and supports ongoing nutrient solubilization and mineralization throughout the crop cycle. Best Practices for Application Efficiency: Avoid application alongside chemical fungicides or bactericides within 5–7 days to prevent microbial inhibition. Ensure soil moisture is adequate post-application for optimal bacterial survival and activity. Can be co-applied with other biofertilizers such as Azotobacter , PSB , or mycorrhizae These application techniques ensure the biological performance and ecological integration of Bacillus megaterium in diverse farming systems. The result is enhanced crop performance , improved phosphorus-use efficiency , and long-term soil health , aligning with the goals of sustainable, regenerative agriculture . FAQ What is Bacillus megaterium , and why is it used in agriculture? Bacillus megaterium is a naturally occurring, beneficial soil bacterium known for its ability to solubilize phosphorus , produce plant hormones , and promote root development . It enhances nutrient uptake and improves crop vigor, making it a valuable input in sustainable agriculture. Read more . How does this biofertilizer improve plant growth? It acts through several mechanisms: Solubilizing insoluble phosphorus into forms that plants can absorb Producing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) , a natural auxin that promotes root elongation Enhancing soil microbial diversity and nutrient cycling Increasing availability of micronutrients such as iron and zinc Is Bacillus megaterium compatible with chemical fertilizers? Yes. Scientific studies confirm its compatibility with nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. In fact, co-application often leads to higher fertilizer use efficiency and improved crop yield , even when chemical inputs are reduced. Source: Hu et al., 2013 Can it reduce the need for chemical fertilizers? Yes. Field studies show that using B. megaterium with 50–75% of the standard fertilizer dose can achieve yields comparable to or better than full chemical fertilization, especially in phosphorus-deficient soils. Which crops can benefit from this product? It is suitable for a wide range of crops, including: Cereals & grains (wheat, maize, rice) Vegetables & fruits (onion, tomato, cauliflower, strawberry) Oilseeds & legumes (soybean, sunflower, beans) Orchards & plantation crops (banana, coconut, sugarcane) How is the product applied? It can be applied via: Seed treatment before sowing Soil drenching during planting or growth stages Fertigation systems in combination with irrigation Root zone application during transplanting Specific dosage and method should follow the product label or agronomist recommendation. What are the storage and shelf-life guidelines? Store in a cool, dry place , away from direct sunlight. When stored as directed, the product maintains efficacy for up to 12 months from the date of manufacture. Is it safe for humans, animals, and the environment? Yes. Bacillus megaterium is non-toxic, non-pathogenic , and environmentally safe . It is not classified as a hazardous microorganism and poses no risk to human health when used as directed. Can this product be used in organic farming? Yes, provided the formulation adheres to local organic certification standards. The bacterial strain and carrier materials are typically acceptable in organic and regenerative agriculture systems . Does it work in all soil types and climates? Yes, though results may vary depending on soil fertility, pH, moisture levels, and crop type . It is effective across a wide range of soils, including sandy, loamy, and saline-prone soils, and has been successfully tested in temperate and tropical climates. Related Products Aspergillus awamori Bacillus firmus Bacillus polymyxa Pseudomonas putida Pseudomonas striata More Products Resources Read all

Bacillus Mycoides is a soil inoculant capable of solubilizing silica in the soil, making it available for plant utilization. By utilizing silica, it protects the plant against pathogens and environmental stressors. < Microbial Species Bacillus mycoides Bacillus Mycoides is a soil inoculant capable of solubilizing silica in the soil, making it available for plant utilization. By utilizing silica, it protects the… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Pathogen Protection By utilizing an efficient amount of silica, Bacillus Mycoides helps fortify plant defenses against pathogens. Stress Resistance Bacillus Mycoides aids plants in coping with various environmental stressors, enhancing plant resilience to drought conditions. Improved Plant Recovery When plants are under stress, Bacillus Mycoides promotes faster recovery and growth, ensuring quicker recuperation from adverse conditions. Enhanced Soil Silica Utilization Bacillus Mycoides effectively solubilizes silica content in the soil, making it readily available for plant uptake. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Dressing 1kg Wettable Powder: 10g Bacillus Mycoides + 10g crude sugar Soluble Powder: 1g Bacillus Mycoides + 10g crude sugar Seed Dressing Method Mix Bacillus Mycoides with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry. Coat seeds and dry in shade. Sow/broadcast/dibble in the field immediately. Do not store treated/coated seeds for more than 24 hours. Note: Do not store Bacillus Mycoides solution for more than 24 hours after mixing it in water. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Bacillus spp. More Products Resources Read all

< Crop Kits Root Knot Nematodes Root knot nematodes cause galls on roots, affecting nutrient uptake and stunting growth. Soil management and resistant varieties are vital. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Additional Info Related Products Aminomax SP Annomax BioProtek Biocupe Neem Plus Seed Protek Silicomax Dates Pro More Products Resources Read all

Pseudomonas syringae is associated with various plant species and is recognized for its potential beneficial effects on plant growth and health in specific contexts. Certain non-pathogenic strains exhibit plant growth-promoting traits, including the production of bioactive compounds, nutrient solubilization, and competitive exclusion of harmful pathogens. These attributes can enhance plant resilience and productivity, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. In addition, P. syringae plays a role in the natural cycling of nutrients and microbial dynamics in plant-associated ecosystems, contributing to overall soil and plant health. These properties make it a focus of research for eco-friendly crop management strategies and environmental restoration. < Microbial Species Pseudomonas syringae Pseudomonas syringae is associated with various plant species and is recognized for its potential beneficial effects on plant growth and health in specific contexts. Certain… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Soil Health Promotion Enhances nutrient availability and soil quality, supporting plant growth and ecosystem health. Plant Pathogen Control Acts as a biocontrol agent against various plant pathogens, promoting healthier crops. Bioremediation Potential Capable of degrading organic pollutants, contributing to the remediation of contaminated environments. Ice Nucleation Enhances ice formation, which can be beneficial in certain agricultural applications and influencing weather patterns. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

< Crop Kits Army Worms Army worms (Spodoptera spp.) damage rice by feeding on leaves and stems, causing defoliation and yield loss. Timely pest control is vital. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Additional Info Related Products Aminomax SP Annomax BioProtek Biocupe Neem Plus Seed Protek Silicomax Dates Pro More Products Resources Read all

Pediococcus pentosaceus is a Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium widely recognized for its dual role as a probiotic and as a biofungicide in agriculture. It produces lactic acid and a suite of antimicrobial peptides known as pediocins, which inhibit a broad spectrum of plant pathogens. Beyond pathogen suppression, it promotes plant growth through nutrient solubilization and induction of systemic resistance. < Microbial Species Pediococcus pentosaceus Pediococcus pentosaceus is a Gram-positive lactic acid bacterium widely recognized for its dual role as a probiotic and as a biofungicide in agriculture. It produces… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Plant Growth Promotion Stimulates plant growth by producing growth-promoting substances and enhancing nutrient uptake. Nutrient Cycling Enhances nutrient cycling in soil by breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients for plants. Biocontrol Agent Acts as a biocontrol agent against various plant pathogens, helping to reduce disease incidence. Soil Health Improvement Improves soil health by contributing to soil aggregation and enhancing microbial diversity. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Antibacterial and antifungal activity of crude and freeze-dried BLIS produced by Pediococcus pentosaceus. Frontiers in Microbiology (2020). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Antifungal and zearalenone inhibitory activity on Fusarium graminearum . Frontiers in Microbiology (2016). frontiersin Beneficial features of Pediococcus: from starter cultures to probiotic applications. Frontiers in Microbiology (2022). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Bacterial and fungal biocontrol agents for plant disease protection. PMC (2023). pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih EFSA Panel on Additives, “Pediococcus pentosaceus (NCIMB 30068) for all species.” EFSA Journal (2014). efsa.europa Mode of Action Rhizosphere Colonization Rapid root surface attachment facilitated by exopolysaccharide production allows P. pentosaceus to outcompete pathogens for nutrients and niches. Organic Acid Production Lactic acid and acetic acid lower soil pH, solubilizing insoluble phosphate and micronutrient complexes, and creating an inhospitable environment for many pathogens. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Pediocin and BLIS Secretion Heat-stable antimicrobial peptides bind to target cell membranes, forming pores that lead to ion leakage and cell death. Activity remains effective between pH 3–8 and temperatures up to 60 °C. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Hydrolytic Enzymes Secretion of β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase degrades fungal cell walls, inhibiting spore germination and hyphal penetration. frontiersin Systemic Resistance Induction Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) from P. pentosaceus elicit ISR, priming plants for faster and stronger defense responses upon subsequent pathogen attack. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Additional Info Target pests: light, Leaf spots, Fruit canker, Rotting diseases, Soft rot, Root rot Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 10 g Pediococcus Pentosaceus + 10 g crude sugar Foliar application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 1 g Pediococcus Pentosaceus + 10 g crude sugar Foliar Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing Method: Mix Pediococcus Pentosaceus with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry and coat seeds. Dry in shade and sow / broadcast / dibble in the field. Do not store treated / coated seeds for more than 24 hrs. Soil Application Method: Mix at recommended doses with compost and apply at early life stages of crop along with other biofertilizers. First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting. Second application: Three weeks after first application. Mix Pediococcus Pentosaceus at recommended doses in sufficient water and drench soil at early leaf stage / 2-4 leaf stage / early crop life cycle. Drip Irrigation: If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to drip tank. For long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops: Dissolve Pediococcus Pentosaceus at recommended doses in sufficient water and apply as a drenching spray near root zone twice a year. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Foliar Application Method: Mix Pediococcus Pentosaceus at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on soil during the off-season. Apply twice a year for long duration crops. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Note: Do not store Pediococcus Pentosaceus solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. FAQ Which crops benefit most from P. pentosaceus? Vegetables (tomato, pepper, cucumber), fruits (strawberry, banana), cereals (wheat, maize), pulses (soybean, chickpea), and ornamentals all show improved health and yield. efsa.europa+1 Can it be tank-mixed with other bioinputs? Yes. Compatible with other biofertilizers (Azospirillum, Trichoderma), mycorrhizal inoculants, and plant growth regulators. Avoid mixing with copper- or sulfur-based fungicides or high-salt fertilizers. indogulfbioag Is there any phytotoxicity risk? No phytotoxic effects have been observed at recommended doses. Seed germination tests in maize and rice show >98% germination rates post-treatment. How do I prepare the seed treatment slurry? Mix 10 g P. pentosaceus (1×10⁸ CFU) with 10 g crude sugar in 100 mL water. Coat 1 kg seeds uniformly, air-dry in shade, and sow within 24 hours. indogulfbioag What is the shelf life and storage? Stable for 12 months at 25 °C; refrigeration (4 °C) extends viability to 18 months. Avoid temperatures above 35 °C and direct sunlight. indogulfbioag Any safety concerns? GRAS-status for food applications and approved by EFSA for all animal species. No adverse effects on non-target organisms, including pollinators and soil fauna. efsa.europa Related Products Ampelomyces quisqualis Bacillus subtilis Bacillus tequilensis Chaetomium cupreum Fusarium proliferatum Lactobacillus plantarum Pseudomonas spp. Trichoderma harzianum More Products Resources Read all

< Crop Kits Plant Hopper Plant hoppers feed on rice sap, causing yellowing and wilting. They can also transmit viral diseases, needing integrated pest management. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Additional Info Related Products Aminomax SP Annomax BioProtek Biocupe Neem Plus Seed Protek Silicomax Dates Pro More Products Resources Read all

Bifidobacterium breve aids in digestion, enhances immune function, and promotes gut health in infants and children, ensuring healthy growth and development. < Microbial Species Bifidobacterium breve Bifidobacterium breve aids in digestion, enhances immune function, and promotes gut health in infants and children, ensuring healthy growth and development. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Anti-Inflammatory Effects It helps reduce inflammation in the gut, contributing to overall gut health and potentially alleviating symptoms of inflammatory bowel conditions. Weight Management Support It may aid in weight management by influencing fat metabolism and reducing fat accumulation in the body. Immune System Boost This strain enhances immune function by stimulating the production of immune cells and improving the body’s defense against infections. Digestive Health Enhancement This probiotic improves digestive health by supporting a balanced gut microbiota and alleviating symptoms of constipation and diarrhea. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Key Features All microbial strains are characterized using 16S rDNA. All products are non-GMO. No animal-derived materials are used. The typical shelf life is 2 years. All strains are screened in-house using high-throughput screening methods. We can customize manufacturing based on the required strength and dosage. High-resilience strains Stable under a wide pH range Stable under a broad temperature range Stable in the presence of bile salts and acids Do not show antibiotic resistance Packaging Material The product is packaged in a multi-layer, ultra-high barrier foil that is heat-sealed and placed inside a cardboard shipper or plastic drum. Shipping Shipping is available worldwide. Probiotic packages are typically transported in insulated Styrofoam shippers with dry ice to avoid exposure to extreme high temperatures during transit. Support Documentation Certificate of Analysis (COA) Specifications Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) Stability studies (18 months) Certifications ISO 9001 ISO 22000 HACCP Halal and Kosher Certification (for Lactobacillus strains) FSSAI Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Bifidobacterium animalis Bifidobacterium bifidum Bifidobacterium infantis Bifidobacterium longum Clostridium butyricum Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus bulgaricus Lactobacillus casei More Products Resources Read all

In agriculture Azospirillum lipoferum is used to promote root development and nitrogen fixation in various crops, leading to enhanced growth and higher agricultural productivity. < Microbial Species Azospirillum lipoferum In agriculture Azospirillum lipoferum is used to promote root development and nitrogen fixation in various crops, leading to enhanced growth and higher agricultural productivity. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Disease Suppression Suppresses soil-borne pathogens through competition for nutrients and production of antimicrobial compounds, enhancing plant health and reducing disease incidence. Plant Growth Promotion Produces plant growth-promoting substances like auxins and cytokinins, stimulating root growth and overall plant development. Phosphate Solubilization Releases phosphate bound in the soil, making it available for plant uptake, thereby improving phosphorus nutrition. Nitrogen Fixation Converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, enhancing soil fertility and reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References 1. Azospirillum, a free-living nitrogen-fixing bacterium closely associated with grasses: genetic, biochemical and ecological aspects URL: https://academic.oup.com/femsre/article/24/4/487/510690 Journal : FEMS Microbiology Reviews (2000) 2. Azospirillum: benefits that go far beyond biological nitrogen fixation URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5935603/ Journal : PMC - PubMed Central (2018) 3. Field-based assessment of the mechanism of maize yield enhancement by Azospirillum lipoferum CRT1 URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-07929-8 Journal : Scientific Reports - Nature (2017) 4. Posttranslational regulation of nitrogenase activity in Azospirillum brasilense URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC196782/ Journal : Journal of Bacteriology 5. Molecular Mechanisms Determining the Role of Bacteria from the Genus Azospirillum in Plant Growth Promotion URL: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10252715/ Journal : International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2023) Mode of Action Biological Nitrogen Fixation Mechanism Azospirillum lipoferum converts atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonium (NH₄⁺) under microaerobic conditions through the nitrogenase enzyme complex . This complex consists of two essential components: the dinitrogenase protein (MoFe protein, NifDK) containing a molybdenum-iron cofactor where N₂ reduction occurs, and the dinitrogenase reductase protein (Fe protein, NifH) that transfers electrons to the nitrogenase protein. The efficiency of nitrogen fixation in A. lipoferum reaches 48 mg total nitrogen per gram glucose consumed at late log phase, with approximately 25% of fixed nitrogen recovered in culture supernatants . This bacterium demonstrates a unique hydrogenase system - an active uptake hydrogenase that increases during glucose limitation and serves as an oxygen protection mechanism for the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase. Molecular Regulation Systems Transcriptional Control The nitrogen fixation process is regulated by multiple nif genes including the nifHDK operon encoding nitrogenase components and nifA as the transcriptional activator. Expression is controlled by the general nitrogen regulatory system involving NtrBC proteins and the alternative sigma factor σ⁵⁴ (RpoN). Post-translational Regulation A. lipoferum employs reversible ADP-ribosylation of the nitrogenase iron protein mediated by DraT (ADP-ribosyltransferase) and DraG (activating glycohydrolase) enzymes. This mechanism provides rapid response to environmental changes - nitrogenase becomes inactive when ADP-ribosylated in the presence of ammonium or anaerobic conditions, and reactivated when ADP-ribosyl groups are removed. Plant Growth Promotion Mechanisms Phytohormone Production A. lipoferum synthesizes multiple plant hormones through distinct biosynthetic pathways. The bacterium produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) via the indole-3-pyruvate (IPyA) pathway using the key enzyme indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase encoded by ipdC . It also demonstrates capacity for gibberellin metabolism , effectively hydrolyzing GA₂₀-glucosyl conjugates and performing 3β-hydroxylation to convert GA₂₀ to the bioactive GA₁. The bacterium expresses ACC deaminase which hydrolyzes the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate , reducing plant ethylene levels and promoting growth. Additional hormones include cytokinins through octaprenyl diphosphate synthase activity. Root System Architecture Modification Inoculation with A. lipoferum results in altered root morphology characterized by increased lateral root formation and enhanced root hair development. This root system expansion allows plants to explore larger soil volumes for nutrient and water acquisition. Field studies demonstrate that these morphological changes occur early in plant development and correlate with improved photosynthetic potential and reduced glucose content in ascending sap. Root Colonization and Plant Interaction Attachment Mechanisms A. lipoferum employs a two-step colonization process . Initial adsorption is mediated by the polar flagellum , whose flagellin protein is a glycoprotein essential for motility-dependent attachment. The subsequent anchoring phase involves unidentified surface polysaccharides that facilitate stable root surface colonization. Energy taxis plays a crucial role in root colonization, with bacteria navigating toward metabolizable compounds in root exudates. This chemotactic response contributes to the broad host range observed in Azospirillum -plant associations. Mineral Nutrition Enhancement A. lipoferum demonstrates phosphate solubilization ability , though weaker than specialized phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. The mechanism involves organic acid production (primarily acetic acid) that reduces medium pH and releases soluble phosphate from calcium phosphate complexes . Coimmobilization with other phosphate-solubilizing bacteria like Bacillus megaterium significantly enhances phosphate availability. The bacterium also participates in iron nutrition through potential siderophore production and iron chelation mechanisms , though specific iron acquisition systems require further characterization. Agricultural Applications and Field Performance Commercial Inoculant Effectiveness Field studies with commercial strain A. lipoferum CRT1 demonstrate variable but significant yield enhancement across different agricultural sites. The bacterium's effectiveness depends on soil characteristics and environmental conditions , with survival on maize roots limited to approximately 57 days post-inoculation . Research indicates that A. lipoferum inoculation can substitute for 50% of nitrogen fertilizer applications without yield reduction , demonstrating potential for sustainable agriculture practices. The bacterium shows particular efficacy when applied as seed coating formulations. Stress Tolerance Mechanisms A. lipoferum confers drought tolerance through multiple mechanisms including abscisic acid synthesis , osmotic adjustment , and antioxidant enzyme activation . The bacterium induces expression of stress-related genes and enhances water use efficiency in treated plants. Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Azospirillum Lipoferum and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Dry the coated seeds in shade before sowing or broadcasting in the field. Seedling Treatment: Dip seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams of Azospirillum Lipoferum with sufficient water. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Azospirillum Lipoferum with organic manure or fertilizers. Incorporate into the soil during planting or sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Azospirillum Lipoferum in water and apply through drip lines. FAQ What physiological mechanisms underlie the benefits of Azospirillum lipoferum in crops? Azospirillum lipoferum is a diazotrophic bacterium that colonizes the rhizosphere and endorhizally associates with plant roots. Through biological nitrogen fixation via the nitrogenase enzyme complex, it converts atmospheric N₂ into bioavailable ammonia, enhancing plant nitrogen nutrition. Additionally, it synthesizes phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellins) that modulate root architecture—promoting lateral root proliferation and root hair elongation—thereby increasing absorptive surface area and nutrient uptake efficiency. How is Azospirillum lipoferum formulated and applied in agronomic practice? Seed Inoculation: Prepare a peat-based carrier formulation containing ≥10⁸ CFU/g. Coat seeds at 10 g inoculant per kg seed, ensuring uniform adhesion with an adhesive such as sterile sucrose solution. Air-dry for 30–60 minutes prior to sowing. Seedling Root Dip: Suspend 100 g of inoculum in 10 L of sterile water and dip root systems of nursery seedlings for 15 minutes before transplanting. Soil Amendment: Incorporate 3–5 kg inoculant per hectare into the top 10 cm of soil, preferably mixed with well-decomposed organic manure. Liquid Delivery: Dissolve 3 kg inoculant in 1,000 L of irrigation water and apply via drip or furrow irrigation systems to distribute cells throughout the rhizosphere. Which agronomic crops demonstrate optimal responsiveness to Azospirillum lipoferum inoculation? Field and greenhouse trials indicate significant yield and biomass improvements in Poaceae (wheat, maize, rice, sorghum), Fabaceae (pulses), Brassicaceae (oilseeds), Solanaceae (tomato, pepper), and Cucurbitaceae (cucumber, melon). Enhanced root development and N-use efficiency have been documented across cereals, legumes, oilseeds, horticultural, and fiber crops. What compatibility and biosafety considerations apply to Azospirillum lipoferum applications? Azospirillum lipoferum formulations are biosafe, exhibiting no pathogenicity to plants, humans, or animals. The bacterium is compatible with organic amendments, biofertilizers, and select biopesticides. Physical or chemical incompatibilities may arise when co-applied with high concentrations of synthetic fertilizers or broad-spectrum biocides; sequential rather than simultaneous application is recommended to maintain cell viability. What are the recommended storage conditions and shelf life parameters for Azospirillum lipoferum inoculants? Maintain formulations at 4–10 °C in moisture-proof, opaque packaging. Under these conditions, viable cell counts remain ≥10⁷ CFU/g for 9–12 months post-manufacture. Prolonged exposure to temperatures above 25 °C or high relative humidity reduces survival rates and inoculum efficacy. By what mechanisms does Azospirillum brasilense enhance plant growth and stress tolerance? Azospirillum brasilense is a facultative endophyte that fixates atmospheric nitrogen via nitrogenase activity and secretes a suite of phytohormones (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins). It also produces exopolysaccharides that improve soil aggregation and water retention. Through phosphorus solubilization (organic acid secretion) and induced systemic tolerance—mediated by modulation of stress-responsive gene expression—A. brasilense ameliorates abiotic stresses such as drought and salinity. What application methodologies are employed for Azospirillum brasilense in crop production? Seed Coating: Utilize a carrier-based formulation (≥10⁸ CFU/g) at 10 g per kg of seed, combined with a polymeric sticker to ensure uniform adhesion. Soil Application: Distribute 3–5 kg inoculant per hectare by broadcasting or banding, integrating with organic fertilizer or compost. Irrigation Integration: Infuse 3 kg inoculant into 1,000 L irrigation solution and apply through drip or sprinkler systems to achieve homogeneous microbial delivery. Which crop species exhibit pronounced yield responses to Azospirillum brasilense? Empirical studies demonstrate yield enhancements in cereals (wheat, maize, rice), legumes (soybean, chickpea), oilseeds (canola, sunflower), and various vegetables (tomato, eggplant) when inoculated with A. brasilense under both irrigated and rainfed conditions. How does Azospirillum brasilense interact at the molecular level with host plants? Upon root colonization, A. brasilense secretes signaling molecules—N-acyl homoserine lactones and lipo-chitin oligosaccharides—that trigger root gene networks involved in nutrient transport and stress responses. The bacterium’s nitrogenase complex reduces N₂, while secreted indole-3-acetic acid influences auxin-responsive transcription factors, collectively fostering root proliferation and enhanced nutrient assimilation. Are there any safety or environmental risks associated with Azospirillum brasilense use? A. brasilense poses negligible biosafety risks; it is non-pathogenic to non-target organisms and does not persist as a pollutant in soil ecosystems. Compatibility with most agrochemicals is high, though cell viability may decrease in the presence of potent oxidizing agents or extreme pH conditions. Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium japonicum Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus More Products Resources Read all

Nano Fertilizers - Our biological products are globally registered and certified in several countries including the United States and UK. Organically certified by Indocert. Nano Fertilizers Precision Nutrition Through Advanced Nano Fertlizers Revolutionize plant nutrition with IndoGulf BioAg’s nano-fertilizer platform—delivering nutrients in a stabilized nano-scale matrix for enhanced uptake, reduced losses, and sustained efficiency across all crop types. Contact us IndoGulf BioAg’s nano-fertilizers use a next-gen nano-scale matrix to deliver ionized nutrients efficiently, enhancing uptake, movement, and metabolic use in plants. Developed in-house, this advanced nano-fertilizer technology overcomes the limitations of conventional fertilizers by improving delivery precision while reducing environmental losses. It stabilizes nutrients in a charged, nano-dispersed form using biocompatible carriers made from amino acids, enzymes, and polymeric complexes. These particles, each under 100 nanometers in size, remain suspended in a colloidal phase to ensure uniform dispersion, targeted absorption, and long-lasting nutrient availability in plants. Core Technology Benefits Controlled, Demand-Driven Release The encapsulation matrix facilitates gradual nutrient availability in response to plant metabolic activity, reducing risks of leaching, fixation, or toxicity due to over-saturation. Charged Nano-Particles for Active Mobility Nutrients remain in plant-available ionic form and are sufficiently small to move systemically via xylem and phloem, reaching high-demand zones with minimal metabolic conversion loss. Multimodal Absorption Penetration occurs through multiple entry points—stomata, cuticle microchannels, and root epidermis—ensuring uptake even under suboptimal root conditions or abiotic stress. Agronomic Benefits Non-Phytotoxic Foliar Application Unlike conventional salt-based foliar fertilizers that risk phytotoxicity, especially under high solar radiation or heat, IndoGulf’s nano-formulations exhibit no leaf burn or tissue damage. The encapsulated form acts as a buffer, preventing rapid osmotic shifts and surface crystallization. Enhanced Nutrient Use Efficiency (NUE) Due to the combination of improved solubility, systemic mobility, and reduced loss, nutrient use efficiency is significantly higher—often reducing total application volumes by up to 50% while maintaining or enhancing yield and quality. No Residue, No Sedimentation The colloidal structure ensures complete solubility and dispersion in water, leaving no residue on foliage and avoiding clogging of spray equipment or drip systems—critical for precision delivery and modern farm logistics. Resilience Under Stress Conditions Nano-delivered nutrients are absorbed even during stomatal closure or drought-induced metabolic slowdown, supporting growth and recovery where conventional inputs fail. This is particularly beneficial in arid, saline, or compacted soil environments. Environmental Stewardship The technology minimizes nutrient runoff into waterways, reduces volatilization (notably of nitrogen forms), and aligns with global goals for sustainable agriculture and regenerative soil management. Formulation Versatility Compatible with most biostimulants, pesticides, and micronutrients. Can be integrated into mixed tank programs without destabilizing other agro-inputs. Fertilize Your Soil for Bountiful Harvests Experience the next generation of fertilization with our nano fertilizers, delivering nutrients at the molecular level for maximum efficiency and minimal environmental impact. Our formulations enhance soil fertility, optimize plant nutrition, and support sustainable farming. What is Nano Fertilizer Types of Nano Fertilizer Why Choose Nano Fertilizer? FAQ FAQ Q.1 Types Of Nano Fertilizer Nano fertilizers include nanoscale nitrogen (Nitromax), NPK blends (Anpeekay NPK), micronutrient mixtures (Micromax), and specialty products like nano silica, iron, boron, and chitosan. Q.2 What is the difference between nano fertilizer and conventional fertilizer? Nano fertilizers consist of nanoparticles (1–100 nm) that enable controlled release and targeted delivery, achieving up to 80% nutrient use efficiency. Conventional fertilizers release nutrients non-selectively, with significant losses through leaching and volatilization 1 . Q.3 What is the difference between nano DAP and NPK? Nano DAP (di-ammonium phosphate) provides nitrogen and phosphorus as nanoparticles for rapid uptake. Nano NPK includes nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in a single nanoparticle matrix for balanced, multi-nutrient delivery. Q.4 What are the benefits of Nanosilica fertilizer? Nano silica enhances water-use efficiency, reduces transpiration, increases chlorophyll content, and fortifies plant cell walls against pests and abiotic stresses, leading to healthier, more resilient crops Types of Nano Fertilizer Nano Urea (Nitromax): Controlled-release nitrogen, replacing up to 25 kg of conventional urea with 1 L nano urea. Nano NPK (Anpeekay NPK): Encapsulated N, P, K with colloidal amino acids for balanced nutrition. Nano Micronutrients (Micromax): Blend of Zn, Fe, Mn, Mo, and B in chitosan biopolymer for improved micronutrient uptake. Why Choose Nano Fertilizer? Enhanced Nutrient Efficiency: Up to 80% nutrient use efficiency vs. 30–50% for conventional fertilizers 1 . Environmental Sustainability: Reduced runoff, leaching, and greenhouse gas emissions. Precision Agriculture: Targeted nutrient delivery tailored to crop growth stages and soil conditions. What is Nano Fertilizer? Nano fertilizers are advanced agricultural inputs that contain essential macro- and micronutrients in nanoparticle form (1–100 nm). These small particles improve nutrient absorption, reducing waste and environmental pollution. By delivering nutrients directly to plant cells, nano fertilizers support stronger roots, healthier foliage, and higher yields. Our Products Explore our range of premium Nano Fertilizers tailored to meet your agricultural needs, delivering nutrients at the nano level for enhanced plant uptake and growth. Hydromax A comprehensive liquid nutrient solution containing essential elements such as N, P, K in ionic form, devoid of elements like chlorine found in mineral salts. View Product Anpeekay NPK A non-phosphite phosphorous and potash nutrient, embedded in a matrix of colloidal amino acids and encapsulated using a biopolymer, replacing chemical fertilizers like urea, DAP, and potash. View Product Nano Boron Nano Boron represents a revolutionary advancement in agricultural micronutrient delivery, utilizing cutting-edge nanotechnology to deliver boron as nano-encapsulated particles smaller than 100 nanometers for dramatically enhanced bioavailability and plant uptake efficiency. This sophisticated formulation addresses critical boron deficiency challenges affecting crop productivity worldwide, delivering this essential micronutrient involved in over twelve vital plant physiological processes including cell wall formation, carbohydrate metabolism, pollination, and stress resistance. The innovative nano-encapsulation technology ensures immediate plant availability, enhanced transport through plant tissues, and sustained nutrient release throughout critical growth phases, with research demonstrating yield increases of 20-40% while improving fruit quality and disease resistance. Particularly crucial for boron-sensitive crops including apples, coffee, cabbage, cotton, sunflower, and citrus, this precision nutrition solution ensures optimal nutrition even under challenging environmental conditions where conventional boron sources become ineffective. One liter of Nano Boron is equivalent to 1.6kg of conventional sodium octaborate, providing concentrated nutrition with reduced application volumes and enhanced environmental sustainability. View Product Nano Calcium Nano-sized calcium particles encapsulated by a chitosan-based biopolymer, facilitating bioavailability and addressing soil calcium availability issues, vital for plant growth and function. View Product Nano Chitosan Extracted from natural sources, a linear polysaccharide derived from chitin, possessing phytotonic, fungistatic, and bacteriostatic properties, beneficial for plant health and disease control. View Product Nano Copper Nano-sized copper particles encapsulated in a water suspension, effective in controlling plant pathogenic diseases like downy mildew in grapes, compliant with organic farming standards. View Product Nano Iron Nano iron particles encapsulated by a chitosan-based biopolymer, offering bioavailable iron for crucial biological functions in plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and enzyme activities. View Product Nano Potassium A form of potassium essential for plant growth, presented in a bioavailable state, vital for plant, microbial, and animal growth, obtained from soil solution and vital for respiration in plants. View Product Nano Magnesium Magnesium is a vital macronutrient for plants, serving as the central component of chlorophyll and playing a crucial role in photosynthesis, enzyme activation, and energy metabolism. It supports protein synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and overall plant development. Additionally, magnesium is essential for the efficient uptake and utilization of potassium (K), another crucial nutrient responsible for water regulation, enzyme activation, and disease resistance in plants. A deficiency of potassium can lead to stunted growth, leaf chlorosis, weak stems, and reduced resistance to environmental stressors. Nano Mg by IndoGulf BioAg utilizes advanced nano-encapsulation technology, ensuring enhanced nutrient bioavailability and efficient uptake by plants. This technology allows for controlled release and targeted delivery of magnesium, minimizing nutrient loss and improving absorption at the cellular level. With magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄) in nanoscale form, Nano Mg optimizes chlorophyll production, photosynthetic efficiency, and stress resilience, ultimately leading to healthier crops and higher yields while indirectly supporting potassium utilization and overall nutrient balance. View Product Nano Manganese Nano manganese particles, essential for plant growth and enzyme functions, offering a high surface area for efficient absorption, promoting optimal plant development. View Product Nano Molybdenum Nano molybdenum particles facilitating effective supplementation in plants, aiding molybdoenzyme activity and addressing internal deficiencies, crucial for plant metabolic processes. View Product Nano Phosphorous Nano phosphorus encapsulated within a chitosan-based biopolymer delivers highly bioavailable phosphorus, a critical nutrient for photosynthesis and respiration in plants. This innovative formulation effectively overcomes phosphorus availability limitations, enhancing nutrient uptake and promoting optimal plant growth and metabolic function. View Product Nano Potassium Nitrate A soluble white solid, providing potassium and nitrate, essential for plant growth, compliant with organic farming standards, replacing inorganic phosphate and potassium supplements. View Product Nano Potassium Phosphate Enters encapsulated, preventing antagonisms. Its organic P and K content replace ten times the inorganic supplements, ensuring optimal crop yield. It replaces dicalcium phosphate and phytase in animal feeds. View Product Nano PUFA Nano polyunsaturated fatty acid particles derived from flaxseed oil, encapsulated in a chitosan-based biopolymer, offering bioavailable lipids for metabolic energy and plant growth. View Product Nano Silica Nano-sized silica particles providing bioavailable silica for plant strength, resilience against stress, and improved resistance to pests and diseases, essential for plant health and vigor. View Product Nano Zinc Nano zinc particles offering bioavailable zinc, crucial for optimal plant growth and development, addressing zinc deficiencies, particularly beneficial in early plant growth stages. View Product Nitromax A nanotechnology-based nitrogen fertilizer enhancing nutrient availability and plant growth, providing sustainable solutions for smart agriculture and climate change adaptation. View Product Micromax A nano micronutrient mixture containing zinc, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, and boron encapsulated in a chitosan-based biopolymer, ensuring bioavailability and plant nutrient uptake. View Product 1 1 ... 1 ... 1 Resources Read all For tailored guidance on nano-formulations suited to your crops and conditions, contact our technical team for expert support. Contact us 1 2 3 ... 100 1 ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 ... 100