Rhodopseudomonas viridis is an anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium widely studied for its well-characterized photosynthetic reaction center, which has provided critical insights into electron transfer and energy conversion processes. It plays a significant role in sulfur cycling by oxidizing reduced sulfur compounds and contributes to carbon cycling through CO₂ fixation and organic compound metabolism. These properties underline its ecological importance and potential for applications in bioenergy and synthetic biology. < Microbial Species Rhodopseudomonas viridis Rhodopseudomonas viridis is an anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium widely studied for its well-characterized photosynthetic reaction center, which has provided critical insights into electron transfer and energy… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Bioremediation Efficiency Effective in degrading various pollutants, including hydrocarbons and toxic compounds, aiding environmental cleanup. Nitrogen Fixation Capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen, enhancing soil fertility and promoting plant health. Photosynthetic Capability Utilizes light energy for growth, contributing to sustainable biomass production. Plant Growth Promotion Enhances nutrient availability in the soil, supporting healthier plant growth and improved crop yields. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

< Animal Health Lactomine Pro Lactomine Pro has specialty blend containing probiotics as well as essential minerals for healthy growth and development of the cattle Product Enquiry Benefits Enhances Fertility and Milk Production Improves reproductive efficiency, increases milk yield, and optimizes fat content in milk for better dairy performance. Promotes Healthy Growth and Pregnancy Encourages optimal weight gain, supports faster growth, and contributes to a healthy, stress-free pregnancy. Prevents Deficiency-Related Disorders Helps prevent conditions like milk fever and rickets while reinforcing immune function in cattle. Strengthens Bones, Muscles, and Immunity Supports skeletal and muscular health, boosts immunity, and accelerates wound healing for overall resilience. Component Amount per kg Bacillus Subtilis 2 × 10⁹ CFU Lactobacillus Acidophilus 1 × 10⁹ CFU Lactobacillus Casei 1 × 10⁹ CFU Bifidobacterium 1 × 10⁹ CFU Aspergillus Oryzae 1 × 10⁹ CFU Yeast Culture 10 Billion CFU Sodium 100 mcg Potassium 50 mcg Magnesium 50 mcg Vitamin A 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 30,000 IU Alpha Amylase 60,000 units Beta Glucanase 30,000 units Xylanase 60,000 Lysine 100 mcg Choline 150 mcg Methionine 150 mcg Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Stress Pro Camel Care Pro Cattle Care Max Cattle Care Pro Feed Pro Grass Mask Lactomix Mineral Max Pastocare Calf Pro More Products Resources Read all

Cellulomonas gelida is a cellulolytic bacterium that aids in the efficient decomposition of crop residues, contributing to effective compost production. By breaking down complex plant materials, it enhances nutrient cycling and improves soil fertility. This bacterium is instrumental in sustainable agricultural practices, supporting organic matter recycling and promoting healthier, more productive soils. < Microbial Species Cellulomonas gelida Cellulomonas gelida is a cellulolytic bacterium that aids in the efficient decomposition of crop residues, contributing to effective compost production. By breaking down complex plant… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Reduces composting odor This bacterium helps in minimizing unpleasant odors associated with composting processes. Accelerates composting efficiency Cellulomonas gelida enhances the speed at which organic materials decompose during composting. Environmentally friendly Cellulomonas gelida contributes to sustainable composting practices without adverse environmental impacts. Increases nutrient content It enriches the composted materials with higher nutrient levels beneficial for plant growth. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Aspergillus niger Aspergillus oryzae Cellulomonas carate Cellulomonas uda More Products Resources Read all

Leading Manufacturer & Exporter of Nano Molybdenum Fertilizer. Enhance crop growth with cutting-edge nano technology. Contact us for superior quality. < Nano Fertilizers Nano Molybdenum Nano molybdenum particles facilitating effective supplementation in plants, aiding molybdoenzyme activity and addressing internal deficiencies, crucial for plant metabolic processes. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Essential for Healthy Growth Molybdenum is essential for healthy plant growth and development. Key Role in Enzyme Activity Required for the synthesis and activity of nitrate reductase enzyme, crucial for nitrogen metabolism. Regulates ABA Levels Involved in ABA synthesis, influencing water relations and stomatal control in plants. Facilitates Nitrogen Fixation Vital for symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Rhizobia bacteria in legume root nodules. Components Composition (%) w/w Molybdenum as Mo 0.75 Citric Acid 0.05 Organic Carbon 0.75 Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Product Specifications Molybdenum Content: 0.75% (as Mo) Organic Carbon: 0.75% Reducing Agents: 0.05% Organic Acids: 0.05% Formulation: Nano-encapsulated molybdenum in organic matrix Particle Size: Nanoscale (<100 nm) for enhanced bioavailability Application Advantages Sustained Release Technology: Unlike conventional molybdate fertilizers that release molybdenum rapidly (often within 8 days), nano molybdenum provides sustained nutrient delivery for 40-50 days, ensuring consistent availability throughout critical growth periods.pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Enhanced Absorption Efficiency: Nano-encapsulation dramatically increases cellular uptake and translocation within plant tissues. The reduced particle size provides exponentially greater surface area for root absorption and foliar penetration compared to bulk molybdenum compounds.pubs.rsc+1 Soil pH Independence: Conventional molybdenum availability is highly pH-dependent, with severe deficiencies common in acidic soils (pH <5.5) where molybdenum becomes fixed and unavailable. Nano molybdenum formulations demonstrate superior performance across diverse pH ranges, maintaining bioavailability even in challenging soil conditions.dpi.nsw+3 Compatibility: Can be tank-mixed with other fertilizers and agricultural inputs. Compatible with integrated pest management (IPM) programs and organic production systems when certified formulations are used. Storage and Handling Store in cool, dry conditions away from direct sunlight Shelf life: 24 months when properly stored Shake well before application to ensure uniform suspension Use clean spray equipment to prevent nozzle clogging Crop Suitability Particularly beneficial for: Legumes: Soybeans, peas, beans, lentils, chickpeas, clover, lucerne/alfalfa Brassicas: Cauliflower, broccoli, cabbage, rapeseed/canola Vegetables: Tomatoes, lettuce, spinach Root Crops: Potatoes, carrots, turnips, beets Ornamentals: Poinsettias, primula, zinnias Field Crops: Wheat, maize, rice, cotton Environmental Benefits Reduces nitrogen fertilizer requirements by improving nitrogen use efficiency Decreases greenhouse gas emissions associated with synthetic nitrogen production Minimizes nutrient runoff and water pollution Supports sustainable intensification of agriculture Compatible with regenerative farming practices Why choose this product? Content coming soon! Key Benefits at a Glance Enhanced Nitrogen Metabolism Molybdenum is a critical cofactor for nitrogenase and nitrate reductase enzymes, which are essential for converting atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available forms and reducing nitrates to ammonia. Without adequate molybdenum, plants cannot efficiently utilize nitrogen, leading to protein synthesis deficiencies and nitrogen-deficiency-like symptoms even when nitrogen is present in the soil. Nano molybdenum particles provide highly bioavailable molybdenum that enhances these enzymatic processes, improving overall nitrogen use efficiency by up to 55%. omexcanada+3 Superior Nitrogen Fixation in Legumes Leguminous crops such as soybeans, peas, beans, clover, and lucerne require molybdenum for two critical functions: utilizing soil nitrates and fixing atmospheric nitrogen through symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria. Molybdenum is a key component of the nitrogenase enzyme complex within root nodules, featuring a molybdenum-iron cofactor at its active site that catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric N₂ into plant-available ammonia. Research demonstrates that molybdenum nanofertilizers can enhance biological nitrogen fixation and soybean yields by up to 30% compared to conventional molybdate fertilizers. The nano-formulation ensures sustained molybdenum release, maintains nitrogenase activity longer, delays nodule senescence, and protects nitrogen-fixing bacteria from oxidative stress. indogulfbioag+7 Optimized Enzyme Activation Molybdenum serves as a cofactor for multiple plant enzymes beyond nitrogenase and nitrate reductase, including xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase. These molybdoenzymes participate in crucial metabolic pathways including purine catabolism, abscisic acid biosynthesis, and sulfur metabolism. Nano molybdenum's enhanced bioavailability ensures optimal enzyme activation across these diverse biochemical processes, supporting comprehensive plant metabolic function. indogulfbioag+2 Improved Nutrient Uptake and Utilization Molybdenum enhances the absorption and utilization of other essential nutrients, particularly iron and phosphorus. It facilitates iron uptake and movement within plant tissues, improving iron utilization for chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthetic processes. Additionally, molybdenum improves phosphorus utilization efficiency, which is crucial for energy transfer, nucleic acid synthesis, and root development in tuber and root crops. This synergistic effect amplifies overall nutrient use efficiency beyond molybdenum's direct enzymatic roles. agro-tamkeen+1 Enhanced Stress Tolerance and Antioxidant Protection Nano molybdenum formulations provide superior stress tolerance through multiple mechanisms. The nanoparticles exhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity, protecting plant tissues from oxidative damage under abiotic stress conditions including drought, salinity, and heavy metal exposure. In soybeans, molybdenum nanoparticles enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase), reduced malondialdehyde levels (oxidative stress marker), and delayed nodule aging, maintaining nitrogen fixation capacity for extended periods. This multifunctional protection mechanism makes nano molybdenum particularly valuable for crops grown under challenging environmental conditions. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Increased Crop Yield and Quality Field applications of nano molybdenum fertilizers consistently demonstrate significant improvements in crop productivity and nutritional quality. Soybean yields increased by 30-46% with molybdenum nanoparticle treatment, accompanied by improvements in grain protein content, amino acid profiles, and mineral concentrations. The nano-formulation's sustained-release properties ensure optimal molybdenum availability throughout critical growth stages, maximizing yield potential while minimizing fertilizer waste. pubs.acs+2 Reduced Fertilizer Requirements and Environmental Impact Nano-technology substantially increases molybdenum bioavailability, reducing required application rates by 50-75% compared to conventional molybdenum fertilizers while maintaining or improving efficacy. The controlled-release mechanism minimizes nutrient losses through leaching and volatilization, reducing environmental pollution and groundwater contamination. This efficiency translates to cost savings for farmers and significantly reduced environmental footprint, supporting sustainable agricultural practices. pubs.rsc+1 Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Agriculture: 150–300ml in 200L water per acre in twosplit doses with a gap of 15 days FAQ What is the most common use of molybdenum? In agriculture, molybdenum's most common and critical use is as an essential micronutrient for nitrogen metabolism in plants . Molybdenum serves as a cofactor for nitrogenase and nitrate reductase enzymes, enabling plants to fix atmospheric nitrogen (in legumes) and convert soil nitrates into ammonia for protein synthesis. originsoilnutrition+2 For leguminous crops (soybeans, peas, beans, clover, lucerne), molybdenum is absolutely essential for biological nitrogen fixation by symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria in root nodules. The molybdenum-iron cofactor within the nitrogenase enzyme catalyzes the conversion of atmospheric N₂ into plant-available ammonia—a process that can supply 100-300 kg N/ha per season and dramatically reduce synthetic fertilizer requirements. indogulfbioag+2 For non-legume crops , molybdenum enables the reduction of nitrate (NO₃⁻) to ammonium (NH₄⁺) through nitrate reductase, a critical step in nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis. Without adequate molybdenum, nitrates accumulate in plant tissues, causing nitrogen-deficiency symptoms despite adequate nitrogen availability in the soil. omexcanada+2 Beyond nitrogen metabolism, molybdenum serves as a cofactor for xanthine dehydrogenase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase , participating in purine metabolism, hormone biosynthesis, and sulfur metabolism. agro-tamkeen+1 What is the use of molybdenum in agriculture? Molybdenum serves multiple critical agricultural functions: Nitrogen Fixation Enhancement: Molybdenum is indispensable for biological nitrogen fixation in legume crops. It is a structural component of the nitrogenase enzyme complex that converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia within root nodules of soybeans, peas, beans, and forage legumes. Molybdenum nanofertilizers can enhance biological nitrogen fixation and grain yields by 30% compared to conventional fertilizers, while simultaneously improving seed nutritional quality. smartfertilisers+3 Nitrogen Use Efficiency: In all crops, molybdenum improves nitrogen use efficiency by enabling nitrate reduction to ammonia, the form of nitrogen used for amino acid and protein synthesis. This enzymatic function is particularly critical in crops receiving nitrate-based fertilizers, where molybdenum deficiency can cause nitrogen deficiency symptoms despite adequate nitrogen supply. dpi.nsw+2 Yield and Quality Improvement: Adequate molybdenum nutrition enhances crop yields through improved nitrogen metabolism, better pollen viability, enhanced grain set, and optimized protein synthesis. Research shows molybdenum applications can increase yields by 13-46% depending on crop and soil conditions. icl-growingsolutions+2 Stress Tolerance: Molybdenum, particularly in nano-formulations, enhances plant tolerance to abiotic stresses including drought, salinity, and oxidative stress through antioxidant enzyme activation and ROS scavenging. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Fertilizer Efficiency: Molybdenum applications allow significant reductions in synthetic nitrogen fertilizer requirements while maintaining or improving yields, supporting sustainable agriculture and reducing environmental impacts. smartfertilisers+1 What fertilizer has molybdenum? Several fertilizer products contain molybdenum: Dedicated Molybdenum Fertilizers: Sodium molybdate (Na₂MoO₄): The most common conventional molybdenum fertilizer, containing approximately 39% Mo Ammonium molybdate ((NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄): Contains about 54% Mo and provides both molybdenum and nitrogen Molybdenum trioxide (MoO₃): Contains approximately 66% Mo but less water-soluble than molybdates Nano molybdenum fertilizers (MoS₂ nanoparticles): Advanced formulations providing sustained molybdenum release with superior bioavailability and stress protection pubs.acs+1 Multi-Micronutrient Blends: Micromax and similar products: Comprehensive micronutrient mixtures containing zinc, iron, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, and boron encapsulated in biopolymer matrices indogulfbioag NPK fertilizers fortified with micronutrients: Complete fertilizers containing 0.2% molybdenum along with other trace elements rasayanjournal Liquid micronutrient formulations: Soluble concentrates for foliar or fertigation application Specialty Applications: Seed coating inoculants: Rhizobium inoculants for legumes often include molybdenum to enhance nodulation and nitrogen fixation Foliar sprays: Concentrated molybdenum solutions for rapid correction of deficiencies Organic-certified molybdenum products: Derived from approved sources for organic production systems The choice of molybdenum fertilizer depends on application method, crop requirements, soil conditions, and cost considerations. Nano-formulations offer superior efficiency and reduced environmental impact compared to conventional molybdate fertilizers. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 What happens if a plant has too much molybdenum? Molybdenum toxicity in plants is extremely rare under normal agricultural conditions. Most crops can tolerate tissue molybdenum concentrations of several thousand ppm without exhibiting toxicity symptoms. This remarkable tolerance occurs because plants do not actively accumulate excess molybdenum, and the amounts required for optimal growth are very small (typically <1 ppm in tissue). pthorticulture Rare Toxicity Symptoms: When molybdenum toxicity does occur (usually only under experimental conditions with excessive applications), symptoms may include: saltonverde+2 Golden-yellow leaf discoloration in some species Reduced growth and biomass at extremely high soil concentrations (>1000 mg/kg) nature Decreased germination rates and impaired root development under severe toxicity nature Induced copper deficiency through competitive inhibition of copper uptake Chromosomal abnormalities and cellular damage at toxic concentrations (>2000 mg/kg) nature Practical Considerations: In agricultural practice, molybdenum toxicity is virtually non-existent as a plant health issue. The greater concern is induced copper deficiency in grazing animals (cattle, sheep) consuming forages with elevated molybdenum levels (5-10 ppm in tissue), which can cause molybdenosis—a condition where excess molybdenum interferes with copper metabolism in ruminants. pthorticulture Application Safety: Recommended nano molybdenum application rates (150-300 ml/200L per acre) provide optimal nutrition without risk of toxicity. The sustained-release properties of nano-formulations prevent sudden molybdenum spikes that could theoretically cause issues, while ensuring consistent availability throughout the growing season. pubs.acs+1 How to add molybdenum to soil? Multiple methods effectively deliver molybdenum to crops: Soil Application: Broadcast and incorporate: Mix molybdenum fertilizer into the topsoil before planting at 50-200 g Mo/ha depending on soil deficiency severity dpi.nsw+1 Band placement: Apply concentrated molybdenum near the seed row or planting zone for immediate root access Soil pH adjustment: In acidic soils (pH <5.5), liming to pH 6.0-6.5 dramatically improves molybdenum availability and may eliminate the need for molybdenum fertilization atpag+2 Organic matter incorporation: Compost, manure, and crop residues contain small amounts of molybdenum and improve soil molybdenum retention Seed Treatment: Seed coating: Apply molybdenum solution (50-100 g Mo/100 kg seed) directly to seeds before planting, particularly effective for legumes originsoilnutrition+1 Pelleted inoculants: For legumes, use Rhizobium inoculants fortified with molybdenum to enhance both nodulation and nitrogen fixation smartfertilisers Advantages: Minimal molybdenum required, ensures immediate availability to emerging seedlings, cost-effective Foliar Application: Spray application: Apply nano molybdenum at 150-300 ml/200L water per acre in split doses with 15-day intervals (as per product specifications) Timing: Apply during vegetative growth stages for maximum uptake and translocation Advantages: Rapid correction of deficiencies, bypasses soil pH limitations, uniform distribution Considerations: Molybdenum is relatively immobile in plants, so foliar applications should be repeated during active growth Fertigation: Irrigation injection: Dissolve water-soluble molybdenum fertilizers in irrigation water for drip, sprinkler, or furrow systems Application rate: 50-150 g Mo/ha split across multiple irrigation events Advantages: Even distribution, minimal labor, integration with routine irrigation management Application Guidelines: Soil and tissue testing guide appropriate rates Legumes require 2-3 times more molybdenum than non-legumes due to nitrogen fixation demands dpi.nsw+1 Acidic soils require higher application rates or pH correction Nano-formulations require 50-75% lower rates than conventional molybdate fertilizers due to superior bioavailability pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Importance of molybdenum in Agriculture Molybdenum holds exceptional importance in agricultural production despite being required in trace amounts: Essential for Sustainable Nitrogen Management: Molybdenum enables biological nitrogen fixation—nature's most important pathway for converting atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available forms. Well-nodulated legumes can fix 100-300 kg N/ha annually, eliminating synthetic fertilizer requirements while enriching soil nitrogen for subsequent crops. This biological process, entirely dependent on molybdenum-containing nitrogenase, provides both economic benefits (reduced fertilizer costs) and environmental advantages (lower greenhouse gas emissions, reduced energy consumption). indogulfbioag+3 Critical for Nitrogen Use Efficiency: Beyond legumes, molybdenum is essential for all crops to efficiently utilize soil and fertilizer nitrogen through nitrate reductase activity. Without adequate molybdenum, plants cannot convert nitrates to ammonia for protein synthesis, resulting in nitrogen deficiency symptoms even when nitrogen is abundant. Improving nitrogen use efficiency through adequate molybdenum nutrition can increase nitrogen uptake by 33-56% while reducing fertilizer requirements. omexcanada+3 Yield and Quality Enhancement: Molybdenum deficiency causes significant yield losses—often 20-50% in sensitive crops like cauliflower, legumes, and leafy vegetables. Adequate molybdenum nutrition improves grain set, pollen viability, protein content, and overall crop quality. Research demonstrates yield increases of 13-46% from molybdenum applications in deficient soils. atpag+5 Economic Significance: Molybdenum fertilization offers exceptional return on investment. Application costs are minimal (typically $2-10/ha), while yield and quality improvements can generate returns of 10:1 to 50:1 in molybdenum-deficient soils. For legumes, enhanced nitrogen fixation can save $150-300/ha in nitrogen fertilizer costs annually. indogulfbioag+1 Environmental Sustainability: By enabling efficient biological nitrogen fixation and improving nitrogen use efficiency, molybdenum contributes to reduced reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers—one of agriculture's largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution. Nano molybdenum formulations further enhance sustainability through reduced application rates, minimized leaching losses, and improved nutrient use efficiency. indogulfbioag+4 What does molybdenum do for plants? Molybdenum performs several vital physiological functions: Nitrogen Fixation (Legumes): Molybdenum is the metallic component of nitrogenase, the enzyme complex that converts atmospheric N₂ into ammonia in root nodules of leguminous plants. The molybdenum-iron cofactor at the nitrogenase active site catalyzes the exceptionally energy-intensive process of breaking nitrogen's triple bond, enabling symbiotic bacteria to provide 80-100% of the legume's nitrogen requirements. indogulfbioag+3 Nitrate Reduction (All Plants): Molybdenum is a cofactor for nitrate reductase, which catalyzes the reduction of nitrate (NO₃⁻) to nitrite (NO₂⁻), the first step in converting soil nitrates into ammonia for protein synthesis. This function is essential for all plants to utilize nitrogen, whether from biological fixation, organic matter mineralization, or synthetic fertilizers. originsoilnutrition+2 Sulfur Metabolism: Molybdenum is required for sulfite oxidase, which converts sulfite to sulfate—a critical step in sulfur metabolism and synthesis of sulfur-containing amino acids (cysteine, methionine). agro-tamkeen+1 Hormone Biosynthesis: Molybdenum-containing aldehyde oxidase participates in abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, influencing plant stress responses, stomatal regulation, and developmental processes. omexcanada Phosphorus and Iron Utilization: Molybdenum enhances phosphorus metabolism and iron absorption, improving overall nutrient use efficiency and supporting photosynthesis, energy transfer, and chlorophyll synthesis. agro-tamkeen+1 Antioxidant Protection: Nano molybdenum formulations provide ROS scavenging capacity, protecting plants from oxidative stress under drought, salinity, and other environmental challenges. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 What are the symptoms of molybdenum deficiency in plants? Molybdenum deficiency symptoms vary by crop type: Non-Legume Crops (General Symptoms): icl-growingsolutions+2 Interveinal chlorosis: Yellowing between leaf veins while veins remain green, initially appearing on older leaves Marginal necrosis: Leaf edges turn brown and die as deficiency progresses Stunted growth: Reduced plant height and overall biomass Pale green to yellow-green leaves: Mimics nitrogen deficiency since molybdenum is required for nitrogen utilization Reduced flowering and fruit set: Poor pollen viability and reproductive development "Nitrogen deficiency" appearance: Plants show nitrogen-deficiency symptoms despite adequate soil nitrogen due to inability to utilize nitrates Brassicas (Cauliflower, Broccoli, Cabbage): icl-growingsolutions+2 "Whiptail" disorder: Characteristic symptom where leaf midrib develops normally but leaf blade fails to form properly, creating narrow, strap-like distorted leaves Heart leaf death: Small inner leaves die, preventing head formation Leaf margin cupping and distortion Legumes (Soybeans, Peas, Beans, Clover): smartfertilisers+2 Poor nodulation: Reduced number and size of root nodules White or ineffective nodules: Nodules lack the pink-red color indicating active nitrogen fixation Severe nitrogen deficiency symptoms: Stunting, uniform yellowing, reduced growth resembling plants without nodules "Scald" in beans: Interveinal chlorosis followed by marginal necrosis in nitrogen-fertilized beans Tomatoes and Solanaceous Crops: icl-growingsolutions+1 Leaf curling and thickening Upward cupping of leaf margins Mottled chlorosis Diagnostic Challenges: Molybdenum deficiency is often misdiagnosed as nitrogen, calcium, or magnesium deficiency. Key distinguishing features: saltonverde+2 Vs. Nitrogen deficiency: Nitrogen deficiency starts at bottom and moves upward; molybdenum deficiency typically affects mid-level leaves with greater distortion Vs. Manganese deficiency: Manganese deficiency shows similar interveinal chlorosis but with wider green areas along veins Confirming diagnosis: Tissue testing showing <0.1 ppm Mo confirms deficiency; soil pH <5.5 strongly suggests molybdenum unavailability originsoilnutrition+1 How to add molybdenum to soil? [See comprehensive answer provided earlier in FAQ section] What happens if a plant has too much molybdenum? [See comprehensive answer provided earlier in FAQ section] What are the symptoms of manganese deficiency in plants? Manganese deficiency produces distinct visual symptoms: Primary Symptoms: indogulfbioag+2 Interveinal chlorosis: Yellowing or pale green areas between leaf veins while veins and immediately adjacent tissue remain dark green, creating a characteristic "fishbone" or "netting" pattern Wide green veins: Distinguishes manganese deficiency from iron deficiency, which shows finer vein patterns Older leaf expression: Symptoms typically appear first on recently mature to older leaves, as manganese has limited mobility within plants Progressive Symptoms: yara+1 Necrotic spots: Small tan, gray, or brown dead spots develop in chlorotic areas Marginal necrosis: Leaf edges turn brown and die Leaf distortion: Leaves may be contorted, twisted, or reduced in size Stunted growth: Overall plant development slows Premature leaf drop: Severely affected mature leaves die and fall Crop-Specific Manifestations Cereals (Wheat, Oats, Barley): saskatchewan Interveinal chlorosis appearing as stripes "Grey speck" on oats—oval necrotic lesions on leaves Excessive tillering but poor grain filling Delayed maturity and prolonged flowering period Soybeans: hort.ifas.ufl Interveinal chlorosis on upper leaves Reduced pod set and seed fill Lower yields Vegetables (Tomatoes, Beans, Peas): hort.ifas.ufl Mottled or spotted chlorotic leaves Reduced fruit set and quality Leaf crinkling or cupping Ornamentals (Roses, Azaleas, Gardenias): hort.ifas.ufl Pronounced interveinal chlorosis Poor flowering General decline in plant vigor Distinguishing from Other Deficiencies Vs. Iron deficiency: Iron deficiency affects young leaves with finer vein reticulation; manganese deficiency affects older leaves with wider green zones along veins Vs. Magnesium deficiency: Magnesium deficiency shows interveinal chlorosis starting at leaf margins and progressing inward; manganese shows more uniform interveinal chlorosis Vs. Molybdenum deficiency: Molybdenum causes more severe leaf distortion and marginal necrosis; manganese shows distinctive wide green veins Factors Causing Manganese Deficiency: saskatchewan+1 High soil pH: Alkaline soils (pH >7.0) drastically reduce manganese availability High organic matter: Can chelate and immobilize manganese Sandy soils: Naturally low in manganese Over-liming: Excessive lime application raises pH and reduces manganese solubility Cool, wet soils: Reduce manganese uptake efficiency Correction Methods Soil acidification: Lower pH to 5.5-6.5 to increase manganese availability Foliar sprays: Manganese sulfate (MnSO₄) at 500-1750 ml/ha provides rapid correction indogulfbioag Soil application: Apply manganese sulfate at recommended rates based on soil testing Nano manganese fertilizers: Enhanced bioavailability and efficiency with reduced application rates indogulfbioag Related Products Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron Nano Potassium More Products Resources Read all

Multi-Bio is a double action bio-fertilizer recipe, formulated by the research team at Indogulf BioAg. Suppliers & Manufacterers USA PRODUCT OVERVIEW MULTI-BIO is a double action bio-fertilizer recipe, formulated by the research team at Indogulf BioAg . It is primarily mycorrhiza based, and hence provides all the goodness to the root of the plant through mycorrhiza fungi. Additionally, multi-bio also contains all essential nutrients which the plant needs to grow healthy and strong. This double advantage which MULTI-BIO provides work together indigenously as the soil receives essential nutrients organically and the root system of the plant is enhanced due to the mycorrhiza fungi which is present in the recipe. Features & Benefits Pollution-free and eco-friendly. Fast Seed Germination, Flowering, and Maturity in Crop. Restore natural Fertility. Increase yield by 20% to 25%. Has no harmful effect on Soil Fertility and Plant growth. Provide Positive residual effect for Subsequent Crops. Powder Composition Per 100gms & Liquid Water Soluble Composition per 100 ml Mode of Action PGPR facilitates plant growth and development both directly and indirectly. Direct stimulation includes providing plants with fixed nitrogen, phytohormones, iron that has been sequestered by bacterial siderophores, and soluble phosphate, while indirect stimulation of plant growth includes preventing phytopathogens (biocontrol) and thus, promote plant growth and development. Perform these functions through specific enzymes, which provoke morphological and physiological changes in plants which enhance plant nutrient and water uptake. Dosage and Method of Application Powder Usage Mix 40 grams MULTI-BIO powder in 500 Ltrs of water and mix in a drip irrigation system or use in a Spray for one acre of Crop. Preferably used before the use of any anti-weed, anti-fungal products. Liquid Usage Mix 40ml of MULTI-BIO liquid in 500 Liters of water for one acre of crop. Preferably used before the use of any anti-weed, anti-fungal products. Liquid Dosage Seed Treatment: Cereals – Paddy, Wheat, Maize, Barley, Oats, Millets, etc., Mix 20 ml of Multi-Bio Liquid in 500 ml of water thoroughly. With this mix 15kgs of seeds till all the seeds are uniformly coated. Dry the seeds in Shade before sowing. Root Dip Treatment: Mix 40 ml of Multi-Bio Liquid in 5 Liters of water and dip the roots before planting for 1 acre. Or prepare a small bed in the field and add 40ml of Multi-Bio Liquid with water ½ inch depth. Dip the roots of the plants to be planted for 1 acre in this suspension for 8 to 12 hours before planting. Main Field Application: Mix 40 ml in 20 Liters and treat soil via drip system for 1 acre of land. Application Frequency: For main field application, treat the soil before sowing and once again at the flowering stage. Recommended Crops Cotton, Sugarcane, Rice, Tea, Coffee, Carrot, lettuce, Tomato, Pepper, Legumes, Lettuce, Carrot, Peanuts Shelf Life & Packaging Storage: Store in a cool dry place at Room Temperature. Shelf life: 24 Months from date of manufacture. Packaging: Powder 1 Kg Pouch & 1 Litre bottle. The presence of mycorrhizal fungi is a part as vital to sustainable agricultural production as our own intestinal flora is to our nutrition. Mycorrhizal fungi, alongside beneficial bacteria, form the basis of the soil ecosystem and are the first organisms that really break down the nutrients present there into a form that is truly available for plants to use them. [Read more ] Downloads Product Information Label Information Click here for Product Enquiry Related Articles Four principles of organic agriculture (3/4): Fairness Unfairness is unsustainable, and organic agriculture aims for sustainability: it must, consequently, be fair. Even if it is not a part of... Organic agriculture significantly reduces greenhouse gas emissions, according to 23 years of data. According to the most recent data on the subject, no less than a quarter of all the world’s greenhouse gas emissions come from... Could mycorrhizal fungi serve as a defense barrier against climate change? The presence of mycorrhizal fungi is a part as vital to sustainable agricultural production as our own intestinal flora is to our nutrition. Mycorrhizal fungi, alongside beneficial bacteria, form the basis of the soil ecosystem and are the first organisms that really break down the nutrients present there into a form that is truly available for plants to use them. But recent research shows that they can also do more: they could be our first line of defense against climate ch

Looking for mycorrhizal fungi products supplier & manufacturer company in USA? Stop Searching.. Contact +1 437 774 3831 or send email biosolutions@indogulfgroup.com Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi | Trusted Manufacturer & Exporter Even though this idea could seem counter-intuitive, the truth is that the radicular system of a healthy plant does not end with its roots. Not with its own roots, at least. Beyond the roots of the plant itself, a network of fungi expands and brings from the deepest parts of the soil all of the necessary nutrients for the plant’s tasks of producing food and sustaining itself. This type of fungi is called mycorrhizal fungi, from the Greek words ‘mýkes’ and ‘rhiza’; ‘fungus’ and ‘root’ respectively, and these mycorrhizal fungi and plants maintain a mutualistic relationship that goes back millions of years. A symbiotic association between mycorrhiza fungi liquid and plants is established at the root level. To allow two-way nutrition exchange, these mycorrhiza liquids envelop and, in some cases, penetrate the structure of plant roots. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi use their mycelium to expand the roots of the plants they interact with, making it easier for them to obtain nutrients, minerals, and water from a greater distance. Photosynthesized sugars are given to the fungus by the mycorrhizal plant in exchange. Some arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi examples are ectomycorrhiza (the fungi responsible for a lot of the mushrooms that can be found in a forest), orchid mycorrhiza (those help orchids and similar plants obtain nutrients from the air), and arbuscular mycorrhiza. Arbuscular mycorrhizal is the most widespread type, occurring in over 85% of all plant families and throughout most crop species. What are the benefits of mycorrhizal associations? Extending the reach of the plant’s roots (often doubling and triplicating them, under favorable conditions) thus increasing not only the depth they can reach but also the amount of surface covered by root mass. Stimulating the absorption of all important nutrients (nitrogen, potassium, iron, manganese, magnesium, copper, zinc, boron, sulphur and molybdenum) by enhancing their availability. Particularly improving the rate of uptake and mobilization of phosphate across all crops, thus reducing phosphorus fertilization requirements. Outcompeting harmful pathogens by rapidly colonizing the roots of the plants, creating a protective barrier against root diseases. Mycorrhizal soil is much harder for pests to colonize, simply because there’s no space for them. Generating an immune response in the plant that, while not killing mycorrhizal fungi, increases the resistance of the plant to future fungal diseases, thus serving as something akin to a ‘plant vaccine’. Producing chemical compounds that attract pest predators when a plant is under attack by pests, mirroring the processes that the plant uses to produce such compounds and boosting predator attraction. Dramatically increasing plant resistance to changing climate and soil conditions such as drought, heat, and even salinity increase. Water absorption, in particular, is enhanced by the mycelia of mycorrhizal fungi serving as root hairs for this purpose. Increasing the overall yield of your plants, by the combined functions of improved nutrient and water absorption and increased resistance to disease and climate conditions. Reducing soil erosion through the production of glomalin by the mycorrhizal fungi, which serves as a binding agent that improves soil structure and increases carbon content. When applied to soil mycorrhizal fungi will produce this protein to coat their hyphae, beneficially releasing it into the ground when they die. A case in practice: mycorrhizal inoculation in corn crops For a simple answer to the question of what are mycorrhizal fungi (and, above all, why do they matter), in the image at left it is possible to see a graphic depiction of how well corn responds to a mycorrhizal fungi inoculation. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi grow from within the cells of the roots themselves, serving as ‘branches’ for the expansion of the root system. The fungi associate themselves with the cellular structure of the roots, and begin expanding their hyphae through the soil, bringing nutrients and water to the plant and increasing their reach as their plant host grows stronger and larger. This increases the efficiency with which the plant absorbs the nutrients present in the soil, reducing nutrient runoff and fertilization requirements, as well as improving resistance to drought and disease; ultimately increasing yields and overall plant health. Methods of application of mycorrhizal fungi: The following table provides a basis for how to use arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in different scenarios, detailing, in particular, the doses required according to each method and to the type of plant being grown (annuals vs. perennials): 1. Application by seed dressing: In an appropriate container for the volume of product required, mix the mycorrhizal inoculant with crude sugar at a proportion of two parts of sugar for one part of mycorrhizal inoculant (for 20-100 kilograms of seed, 100 grams of sugar per 50 grams of mycorrhizal inoculant) insufficient water to make a slurry. Use this liquid preparation to coat the seeds, and allow them to dry in the shade before sowing, casting or dibbling them in the field. Do not store the coated seeds for more than 24 hours before planting. 2. Application directly into soil: Mycorrhizal fungi can be directly applied into the soil through several different strategies, detailed next. Mix the mycorrhizal inoculant with compost at the required dosages, and apply this mixture directly into the soil at the early life stages of the plants, along with any other biofertilizers that may be used. Mix the mycorrhizal inoculant with water at the required dosages, and apply this mixture directly into the soil at the early life stages of the plants, along with any other biofertilizers that may be used. Apply the mycorrhizal inoculant mixed with water under a drip irrigation scheme, filtering out the solution before adding it to the drip tank if any insoluble particles are noticed during its preparation. Use mycorrhizal fungi to boost the continued growth of perennial plants by dissolving the mycorrhizal inoculant in water at the adequate dosage, and drenching the soil where the roots are (for trees, use the drip line as a reference) twice a year. It is recommended to make a first application of this mixture before the onset of the spring, rainfall season or first monsoon, and the second application after the end of the main monsoon, rainfall season or spring season. 3. Application of mycorrhizal fungi as spray. It is recommended that mycorrhizal fungi are applied as close as possible to the roots they will colonize, to ensure maximum effectivity and inoculation rate. If applying as a spray, mix the mycorrhizal liquid at a proportion of 5 milliliters per liter of water, and spray at the drip line of the canopy of the plant. The total volume of the mycorrhizal mixture required may vary depending on the canopy size (and its corresponding drip line). Shelf life and packaging: Shelf life: The product is best before 24 months. Store at room temperature, away from sunlight, heat and humidity. Packaging: The product arrives in a one-kilogram pouch. Relative to plants and their roots, mycorrhizal fungi tend to have a wider temperature tolerance, which may reflect their ability to produce protective compounds. [Read more ] Downloads Product Information Label Information Click here for Product Enquiry Related Articles Let’s take a moment to appreciate the importance of soil inoculants for an organic future It’s no secret that conventionally-cultivated soils tend to become, by themselves, poor. They’re often managed under exploitative... Could mycorrhizal fungi serve as a defense barrier against climate change? The presence of mycorrhizal fungi is a part as vital to sustainable agricultural production as our own intestinal flora is to our nutrition. Mycorrhizal fungi, alongside beneficial bacteria, form the basis of the soil ecosystem and are the first organisms that really break down the nutrients present there into a form that is truly available for plants to use them. But recent research shows that they can also do more: they could be our first line of defense against climate ch

Leading manufacturer & exporter of Nano Copper Fertilizers, enhancing plant growth with innovative, eco-friendly solutions. Boost your yield with us! < Nano Fertilizers Nano Copper Nano-sized copper particles encapsulated in a water suspension, effective in controlling plant pathogenic diseases like downy mildew in grapes, compliant with organic farming standards. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Universal Fungal Disinfectant Effectively disinfects against a wide range of fungi, enhancing plant health. Versatile Use Can be applied to disinfect plant debris, plants, and pruned materials, reducing pathogen spread. Compatibility Works well with chemical pesticides, fertilizers, micronutrients, and plant growth regulators (PGRs). Safe and Non-Toxic Does not contain hazardous components like hydrogen peroxide, making it safe for plants and users. Component Concentration Function Copper Sulfate 2.00% Active antifungal agent PEG 6000 2.00% Humectant; improves spreading Ascorbic Acid 1.00% Antioxidant; stabilizes copper Sodium Borohydride 0.20% Reduces copper to nano-scale Biopolymer 10.00% Encapsulation matrix Aqua q.s. Suspension medium Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Physical Properties: Form : Water suspension Copper concentration : 50 ppm (when mixed at 5 ml/L) Particle size : 1-100 nanometers pH : 6.0-6.5 Stability : 2+ years in cool conditions Shelf-life : Stable; maintains suspension without significant settling Related Products For Integrated Disease Control: Trichoderma Harzianum (Biofungicide) : Use 1 week after Nano Copper Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens (Biofungicide) : Apply after 7-day interval Neem Oil (Botanical Fungicide) : Rotation partner for resistance management For Nutrient & Growth Support: Nano Calcium : Reduces fruit drop; improves crop quality Nano Iron : Corrects iron deficiency; enhances plant health For Comprehensive Crop Health: Plant Growth Promoters : Synergize with nano-copper delivery systems Why choose this product? Nano Copper represents a paradigm shift in fungal disease management, combining the proven efficacy of copper with cutting-edge nanotechnology to deliver superior performance in modern agriculture. Unlike conventional copper-based fungicides, Nano Copper's nano-scale formulation (water suspension with 2.00% Copper Sulfate and 10.00% Biopolymer) offers enhanced bioavailability, reduced environmental accumulation, and organic farming compliance. The proprietary encapsulation technology ensures stable delivery of copper ions precisely where needed—at the site of pathogenic infection—while maintaining safety for beneficial soil organisms and food crops. Key Benefits at a Glance Superior Disease Control Highly effective against downy mildew in grapes, cucurbits, and other crops Demonstrated efficacy against powdery mildew, bacterial spot, and fungal leaf spots Broad-spectrum antifungal activity across diverse crop pathogenic fungi Works at lower copper concentrations than conventional fungicides Nanotechnology Advantages 50-100x higher surface area than conventional copper particles Enhanced penetration into fungal cell membranes and spore structures More uniform distribution on leaf surfaces Reduced particle settling—maintains suspension stability longer Environmental & Health Safety Approved for organic agriculture systems globally Reduces cumulative soil copper residue compared to traditional formulations Lower toxicity risk to non-target organisms (earthworms, beneficial insects) Rapid degradation in soil without bioaccumulation Safer than soluble copper sulfate forms (less phytotoxic) Economic Efficiency Lower application rates required due to increased bioavailability Reduced frequency of reapplication cycles Better value per unit of active copper Minimizes spray drift and runoff losses Practical Application Easy mixing at 50ppm concentration Compatible with most organic pest management programs No mixing restrictions with biological fungicides (wait 1 week after spray) Effective in diverse climate conditions Sustainability Advantage Nano Copper embodies sustainable agriculture principles by enabling "precision copper delivery" through nanotechnology. This approach represents a fundamental evolution beyond conventional blanket-spray fungicide strategies: Reduced Environmental Copper Load Conventional copper fungicides (Cu(OH)₂, copper oxychloride, Bordeaux mixture) leave cumulative soil residues that can accumulate to 1500-3000 mg Cu/kg soil after decades of use, potentially requiring land-use conversion. Nano Copper's enhanced bioavailability allows effective disease control at substantially lower total copper application rates, reducing long-term environmental persistence and soil copper saturation. Lower Phytotoxicity & Higher Crop Safety Nano-formulated copper exhibits significantly lower phytotoxic effects compared to highly soluble copper sulfate (CuSO₄), which can cause leaf burn and tissue damage. The encapsulated nano-particles release copper ions gradually and spatially at fungal infection sites, rather than creating high local concentrations that damage plant tissue. Field trials show improved plant health and yield compared to traditional copper formulations. Ecological Compatibility Studies demonstrate that copper nanoparticles cause less disruption to soil microbial communities than conventional copper forms. When properly formulated (as in Nano Copper with its biopolymer carrier), soil microbes adapt more readily to the nanoparticle presence. This preserves beneficial nutrient-cycling bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi, and soil fauna that support long-term soil health and productivity. Organic Certification Alignment As a nano-formulated copper hydroxide suspension, Nano Copper meets EU Regulation 2018/1981 and OMRI (Organic Materials Review Institute) standards for approved substances in organic production. Its compliant composition supports organic certification while delivering modern disease control efficacy that minimizes the need for multiple spray rotations. Precision Application Strategy By combining early detection scouting with nano-copper application, growers can implement "targeted disease management" rather than calendar-based preventive spraying. This reduces total pesticide volume, protects beneficial organisms in untreated areas, and minimizes non-target impacts. Biodegradation & Residue Profile Nano Copper's biopolymer carrier matrix biodegrades under soil microbial action and UV exposure, releasing copper ions that are then sequestered by soil minerals or incorporated into microbial biomass. This contrasts with persistent organic pesticides or metallic residues that resist decomposition. Studies confirm negligible copper residues in harvested produce when application rates and pre-harvest intervals are followed. Dosage & Application Foliar Application (Spray): Mix Nano Cu at a rate of 5 ml per liter of water to achieve 50ppm copper concentration. Spray Application Timing: Apply at first sign of disease or when conditions favor disease Repeat application after one week if disease pressure continues Cease sprays 14-21 days before harvest Soil Application (Drench/Irrigation): For soil-borne pathogens: Apply 2.5 liters per acre during sowing or transplantation Mix into soil at 2-4 inches depth Provides season-long disease suppression Application Restrictions & Precautions: Do not mix with chemical pesticides : Compromises formulation stability and efficacy Microbial inoculant timing : Wait minimum 1 week after application before introducing beneficial microbes Copper ions can reduce microbial inoculant viability After 7 days, copper residues diminish and microbial colonization proceeds Weather considerations : Avoid high heat (above 85°F/29°C) Apply during cool morning or evening hours Ensure adequate leaf wetness Crop-specific precautions : Test on small area for sensitive cultivars Young trees/vines: Use half-strength (2.5 ml/L) Avoid application during bloom and early fruit development Regional compliance : EU maximum: 6 kg Cu per hectare per year Check destination country residue limits Verify organic certifier approval FAQ What is Nano Copper Good For? Nano Copper is a precision fungicide specifically formulated to manage a broad spectrum of fungal diseases affecting high-value crops. Its primary applications include: Grape & Vineyard Protection Downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) : The primary target disease. Nano Copper provides preventive and early curative activity, reducing disease incidence by 70-90% when applied at the first sign of disease pressure Powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) : Effective with proper application timing, especially during high humidity periods Field trials : Confirm Nano Copper efficacy comparable to traditional copper-based fungicides but with reduced application frequency Cucurbit Crops (Cucumbers, Melons, Watermelons, Squash) Downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) : Highly destructive pathogen; Nano Copper provides 65-85% control when preventive applications begin before disease establishment Powdery mildew : Common foliar disease; responsive to nano-copper treatment with 70%+ control efficacy Fruit & Vegetable Crops Bacterial spot (Xanthomonas spp.) : Particularly effective on citrus, peppers, and tomatoes Anthracnose (Colletotrichum spp.) : Direct antifungal activity against spore germination and mycelial growth Fungal leaf spots : Including Septoria, Alternaria, and Cercospora species Specialty & High-Value Crops Stone fruits (peaches, plums, nectarines) : Prevention of brown rot and leaf curl Pome fruits (apples, pears) : Supplementary control of various fungal diseases Berry crops (strawberries, blueberries) : Management of gray mold and powdery mildew Application Contexts Preventive/Prophylactic : Applied before disease appearance when weather conditions favor pathogen development Early curative : Applied within 48-72 hours of first disease symptom detection Integrated disease management : Used as component of multi-strategy disease control What are the Benefits of Copper Nanoparticles? Copper nanoparticles, particularly when properly formulated as in Nano Copper, offer transformative advantages over conventional copper-based fungicides: Enhanced Antifungal Efficacy The nanoparticles' ultrafine dimensions (typically 1-100 nm) dramatically increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio to 50-200 m²/g, compared to microscale copper particles at 0.1-1 m²/g. This expanded surface area provides: Increased contact points : More reactive sites interact with fungal cell membranes simultaneously Accelerated penetration : Smaller particle size enables deeper embedding into fungal spore walls and hyphal structures Enhanced ion release : Gradual dissolution within acidic fungal microenvironments (pH 3-5) provides sustained copper ion availability Research evidence : Studies demonstrate 81.9% growth inhibition of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides at 500 mg/mL copper nanoparticles versus 56% for conventional copper oxide Antifungal Mechanism of Action Copper nanoparticles employ multiple simultaneous mechanisms: Contact-killing disruption : Cell membrane damage and rupture Leakage of cellular contents Swelling and deformation of hyphal structures Loss of filamentous integrity Oxidative stress induction : Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) Hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals Hydroxyl radicals attacking cellular proteins and DNA Mitochondrial dysfunction Protein and DNA damage : Inhibition of respiratory chain proteins Disruption of cytochrome c oxidase DNA and RNA synthesis interference Spore germination prevention : Prevents appressorium formation Blocks germ tube elongation Cell viability reduction of 76.8-77.7% at 200-500 mg/mL Improved Bioavailability & Stability The nano-formulation (containing 10% Biopolymer carrier) provides: Sustained release : Gradual copper ion liberation over hours to days Targeted delivery : Preferential delivery to leaf surfaces where pathogenic spores germinate Improved adhesion : Enhanced sticking to hydrophobic leaf wax surfaces Photostability : Reduced photodegradation compared to unencapsulated copper compounds pH buffering : Ascorbic acid maintains optimal pH for antifungal activity Lower Phytotoxicity & Plant Safety Unlike soluble copper sulfate which causes severe leaf burn, nano-copper delivers copper ions gradually: Reduced leaf necrosis : Gradual ion release prevents concentrated copper damage Better crop safety : Field trials show improved plant vigor compared to copper hydroxide formulations Optimal concentration delivery : Provides fungistatic concentrations without toxic plant-tissue levels Compatibility : Safe for use on sensitive crop stages Reduced Environmental Accumulation Lower total copper application : 30-50% reductions in total copper per season possible Reduced soil persistence : Doesn't accumulate to problematic levels seen with conventional copper Biopolymer degradation : Organic matrix biodegrades; copper sequestered by soil minerals Microbial compatibility : Soil microbial communities tolerate nano-copper better than conventional forms Compatible with Beneficial Organisms Earthworm safety : Iron nanoparticle-coated copper: 0% mortality versus 50% for copper oxychloride Pollinator safety : Low toxicity to bees and beneficial insects Mycorrhizal compatibility : Root-symbiotic partners tolerate nano-copper exposure Bacterium preservation : Soil bacterial populations maintain diversity and nutrient cycling activity Synergistic Effects Combination efficacy : Copper nanoparticles + chitosan carriers show 98% powdery mildew inhibition Integration with biologicals : Compatible with Trichoderma and Bacillus species (maintain 1-week interval) OMRI compliance : Works with certified organic inputs What is Nano Copper for Agriculture? Nano Copper represents a revolutionary approach to copper-based fungal disease management in agriculture, leveraging nanotechnology to overcome conventional copper limitations while maintaining organic certification compliance. Agricultural Disease Management Role Nano Copper fills a critical gap as a high-efficacy, low-residue alternative to conventional copper fungicides . In regions with strict copper regulations (EU, parts of Asia, Americas), where annual limits restrict traditional use, Nano Copper enables equivalent or superior disease control at 30-50% reduced copper rates. Organic Agriculture Integration For certified organic farmers: OMRI & EU Regulation 2018/1981 compliant : Approved for organic production Regulatory acceptance : Pre-approval eliminates registration barriers Reduced chemical load : Enables disease control without relying solely on sulfur or resistant varieties Preventive capability : 70-90% disease reduction when applied at pressure onset Precision Agriculture Implementation Weather-triggered application : Predictive models based on leaf wetness, temperature, humidity Scouting-based deployment : Applied only when action thresholds reached Drone & UAV application : Fine particle size suits precision technologies Geospatial mapping : Target disease hotspots through remote sensing Crop-Specific Agricultural Applications Viticulture (Grape Production) Downy mildew causes 30-50% crop losses without management Preventive sprays during high-risk periods Reduces total fungicide rotations per season Maintains wine quality by avoiding excessive residues Compatible with IPM strategies High-Value Vegetable Production In intensive cucurbit, pepper, tomato production Early-season preventive applications Reduces secondary disease complex management costs Maintains market-quality produce Tropical & Subtropical Agriculture High-humidity continuous fungal pressure regions Enhanced bioavailability allows fewer spray cycles Reduces environmental copper load (critical in high-residue regions) Compatible with frequent rainfall patterns Specialty Crop Production (Berries, Stone Fruits, Citrus) Zero-tolerance disease strategies Combines with exclusionary tactics Reduces reliance on multi-component synthetic fungicide programs Prevents resistance development Sustainability & Environmental Agriculture Soil Health Preservation Maintains beneficial microbial communities Prevents copper accumulation forcing land abandonment Preserves earthworm populations and soil fauna Reduced Chemical Footprint Enables fungal disease control without synthetic DMI fungicides Avoids QoI fungicides associated with resistance Complements biological control strategies Water Quality Protection Reduces spray drift to non-target areas Biopolymer carrier influences particle settling Lower application rates reduce copper aquatic loading Resistance Management Nano Copper contributes through: Single-site independent mechanism : Multi-target action means resistance virtually impossible (unlike DMI, QoI fungicides) Rotation strategy : Enables effective rotations with mode-of-action-diverse products Long-term sustainability : 100+ years of copper use without clinically significant resistance Economic Value Cost efficiency : Lower rates and reduced spray frequency Yield protection : Preventive control maintains quality and marketability Risk mitigation : Organic premiums of 15-50% justify investment Reduced application costs : Fewer spray rotations needed Future Agricultural Role Maintains productivity as global regulations tighten Bridges technology gap until new biotech solutions available Preserves organic agriculture systems Supports sustainable intensification on existing land Related Products Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Iron Nano Potassium Nano Magnesium More Products Resources Read all

Dates Pro - Grow king-sized dates using our specialized cannabis organic fertilizer, with a 50% higher yield. For more information contact us @ +1 437 774 3831 PRODUCT OVERVIEW DATES PRO is an organic growth elixir that we have prepared for crop cultivation. An organic alternative to Urea, DATES PRO is a 360 degree plant food recipe which will provide each and every essential nutrient which the plants need to grow healthier, stronger and ultimately increase output. Features 360 degrees plant food recipe covers each and every essential nutrient in organic form Helps cell division, cell elongation, tillering and vegetative growth Helps in stress tolerance and withstand adverse abiotic conditions Imparts better organoleptic qualities Induces better flowering and reduces flower dropping Helps better grain formation, better fruiting and yield Maintains the integrity of the soil Mode of Action DATES PRO consists of bioactive humic and fulvic substances of vermicompost origin. It consists of cytokinins, auxins, betaines and gibberellins that are derived from seaweed fermentation. It consists of biologically derived N,P,K and trace elements from vermi compost and seaweed which aid in better root and shoot growth and supplement the plant with essential nutrients at critical stages of crop growth. Free from Salmonella, Shigella , E.Coli. DATES PRO is compatible with fertilisers Pesticides Fungicides Dosage and method of application Drip system : Take 12 liters of DATE PRO and mix thoroughly with plain water and apply drip area planting 1 hectare. Apply once at planting and again at flowering stage. Drenching System : Apply DATE PRO dropwise to the main source of water for planting. Let normal water up to 10 minutes and then start the soaked DATE PRO. Dosage : 12 Liters / Hectare Apply once at planting time or another flowering stage. Shelf Life & Packaging Shelf life : Best before 24 months, Stored in room temperature. Packaging : 1 Liter Bottle. All cover crops should be cut down and used before they get to make seeds or fruits, but after they begin to flower. Still, this doesn’t mean that they can’t feed you as well, or that you can’t get at least a bite out of them in the process. [Read more ] Downloads Product Information Label Information Click here for Product Enquiry Related Articles Organic fertilizers lend a hand in the fight against overfertilization Even though it sounds like everything but a problem for many farmers and gardeners who have to face the increasing nutrient depletion of a lot of the world’s soils, over-fertilization is a serious threat to sustainable agricultural practices and the environment everywhere. Not only by causing nutrient runoff into nearby rivers and lakes (with its well-known destabilizing and eventually deadly effects in the life of these ecosystems), but also by increasing the acidity of the An introduction to the main techniques of biological pest control Every year, millions of gallons of synthetic pesticides are applied to crops worldwide, with a well-known negative effect on the quality of the final product as well as on the quality of the surrounding ecosystems. The reasons behind their intensive use are the same behind the usage of synthetic fertilizers: convenience (real or assumed), a lack of viable alternatives, and a strong cultural and educational bias in favor of their use. But this is all changing, and changing fas Five Edible Cover Crops that Provide Food While Building the Soil The advantages of using cover crops to protect the soil and produce green manure are known to be many: nutrient scavenging in poor soils, soil protection from erosion, nitrogen fixation ( can’t get enough legumes in a garden, can’t you? ), generation of organic matter to incorporate it into the soil and weed control, among several others. But could these crops also be more like mainstream crops, a source of food? Theoretically, all cover crops should be cut down and used (ei

Bradyrhizobium elkanii a bacterium that forms symbiotic relationships with legume roots, significantly improving nitrogen availability in the soil, which is essential for leguminous crop production. < Microbial Species Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium elkanii a bacterium that forms symbiotic relationships with legume roots, significantly improving nitrogen availability in the soil, which is essential for leguminous crop production. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nitrogen Fixation Bradyrhizobium elkanii forms symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, fixing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which enhances soil fertility and plant growth. Enhanced Nutrient Availability It enhances the availability of essential nutrients such as phosphorus and iron to the host plant, contributing to improved plant health and yield. Stress Tolerance Bradyrhizobium elkanii produces stress-protective compounds like exopolysaccharides, aiding plants in coping with environmental stresses such as drought and salinity. Biocontrol Agent It competes with pathogenic microorganisms in the rhizosphere, helping to suppress plant diseases and promote healthier plant growth. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Scientific References and Molecular Mechanisms of Symbiosis (2025 Update) Overview of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Symbiotic Signaling The establishment of B. elkanii-legume symbiosis is a sophisticated molecular dialogue involving plant-derived signals (flavonoids), bacterial Nod factors (NFs), Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors, and host-encoded resistance proteins. This intricate regulatory network determines host specificity, nodule organogenesis, and nitrogen fixation efficiency. 1. Molecular Signaling Initiation Flavonoid-Mediated Activation Host-to-Bacterium Signal:Legume roots experiencing nitrogen starvation exude flavonoid compounds (e.g., genistein, daidzein, luteolin) into the rhizosphere. These flavonoids penetrate the B. elkanii cell membrane and bind to the NodD regulatory protein, a member of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. Key Research Findings: Flavonoid concentrations as low as 10⁻⁸ M activate nod gene expression in B. elkanii Different legume species exude distinct flavonoid profiles, contributing to host specificity Transcription of the nodYABCSUIJnolMNOnodZ operon is directly dependent upon NodD-flavonoid complexes TtsI (transcriptional activator of T3SS) is also responsive to flavonoids and coordinates both Nod factor and T3SS expression Regulatory Architecture The B. elkanii regulatory circuit involves: NodD: LysR-type regulator controlling nod gene expression NodW: Regulatory protein modulating flavonoid recognition TtsI: Transcriptional regulator of T3SS genes, activated by plant flavonoids Coordination of these regulators ensures spatiotemporal expression of symbiotic genes 2. Nod Factor Biosynthesis and Host Recognition Structure and Function Nod Factors (NFs):Nod factors are lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) comprising a backbone of 3–5 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units with a long-chain fatty acyl group (C16–C18) attached to the non-reducing terminus. Nod Gene Clusters in B. elkanii: nodA: Encodes N-acetyl transferase; transfers the acyl chain to the GlcNAc backbone nodB: N-acetyl lyase; removes N-acetyl group from the non-reducing terminus nodC: Chitin synthase; synthesizes the GlcNAc backbone nodS, nodU, nodI, nodJ: Involved in modification and transport of Nod factors nodZ: Encodes a glucosidase involved in Nod factor modification for B. elkanii-specific legume recognition Nod Factor Modification B. elkanii produces modified Nod factors unique to this species: Acetyl substitution patterns differ between strains Host-specific decorations on the oligosaccharide backbone determine compatibility with legume receptors (NFRs: Nod Factor Receptors) Molecular recognition is highly specific; B. elkanii NF structure triggers nodulation in soybean (Glycine max), but not in hosts compatible with other rhizobia Structural Variations and Host Specificity B. elkanii genomes harbor extensive nodulation gene repertoires: Multiple nod gene variants on symbiotic islands allow synthesis of a spectrum of Nod factor structures Comparative genomic analysis reveals gene duplications and deletions affecting Nod factor decoration These variations contribute to the competitive nodulation phenotype of B. elkanii and its ability to nodulate multiple legume hosts at variable efficiency 3. Type III Secretion System (T3SS) and Effector Proteins T3SS Architecture The T3SS is a molecular syringe-like apparatus embedded in the bacterial cell envelope that delivers effector proteins (Nops: nodulation outer proteins) directly into host plant cells. T3SS Components in B. elkanii: RhcJ: Outer membrane channel protein RhcV: Inner membrane channel protein RhcQ: ATPase providing energy for protein secretion RhcC, RhcD, RhcE, RhcF: Basal body proteins FlhA, FliK, FliP: Apparatus assembly proteins Transcriptional Control: T3SS gene expression is controlled by TtsI (transcriptional activator) TtsI is activated by plant flavonoids, creating a coordinated response with Nod factor synthesis The T3SS is activated only in the presence of compatible plant roots, preventing wasteful energy expenditure in the soil T3SS Effector Proteins and Functions NopL: Key Determinant for Nodule Organogenesis Function: NopL is among the most critical T3SS effectors, particularly for B. elkanii USDA61 symbiosis with certain legume species (e.g., Vigna mungo). NopL-deleted mutants form infection threads on Vigna mungo roots but fail to establish nodules, indicating its essential role in nodule primordia formation NopL is exclusively conserved among Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium genera, suggesting ancient evolutionary origin Phylogenetic analysis indicates NopL diverged from the canonical T3SS lineage, suggesting specialized symbiotic function Mechanism: NopL enters host cell nuclei and likely interacts with plant transcription factors Suppresses host immune responses that would otherwise block infection Triggers expression of early nodulation genes required for meristem initiation Bel2-5: NF-Independent Nodulation Effector Dual Functions: In some legumes (e.g., soybean nfr1 mutants), Bel2-5 can trigger nodulation independently of Nod factors In soybean carrying the Rj4 allele (dominant resistance gene), Bel2-5 acts as a virulence factor, triggering immune responses that prevent infection Structural Features: Contains ubiquitin-like protease (ULP) domain Two EAR (ethylene-responsive element-binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression) motifs for transcriptional regulation Nuclear localization signal (NLS) enabling entry into plant cell nuclei Internal repeat sequences with unknown function Shares structural similarity with XopD from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Domain-Function Correlation: The C-terminal ULP domain and upstream regions are critical for Bel2-5-dependent nodulation phenotypes Mutations in EAR motifs abolish nodulation ability Deletion of NLS impairs nuclear targeting and symbiotic function InnB: Strain-Specific Symbiotic Modulator Host-Specific Effects: InnB promotes nodulation on Vigna mungo cultivars InnB restricts nodulation on Vigna radiata cv. KPS1 This differential phenotype reflects distinct recognition mechanisms in different legume species Expression and Localization: innB expression is flavonoid-dependent and TtsI-regulated InnB protein is secreted via T3SS and translocated into host cells Adenylate cyclase assays confirm T3SS-dependent translocation into nodule cells NopM: Ubiquitin Ligase Triggering Senescence Function: NopM triggers early senescence-like responses in incompatible hosts (e.g., Lotus species). Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase domain and leucine-rich-repeat domain Acts similarly to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in pathogenic bacteria Mediates ubiquitination of host target proteins, leading to degradation and immune responses Results in browning of nodules and disrupted symbiosis Phylogenetic Conservation: NopM homologs are found in both pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria, highlighting the evolutionary relatedness of virulence and symbiotic mechanisms NopF: Infection Thread Inhibitor Role in Host Specificity: NopF triggers inhibition of infection thread formation in Lotus japonicus Gifu Represents a post-recognition checkpoint for host-pathogen compatibility Allows alternative legume accessions (L. burttii, L. japonicum MG-20) to proceed with symbiosis, despite presence of NopF NopP2: Fine-Tuning Symbiotic Efficiency Function: NopP2 fine-tunes symbiotic effectiveness with Vigna radiata. Located within the symbiotic island near the nif cluster Differential effects depending on host genotype and strain background Contributes to variable nodulation phenotypes among B. elkanii strains 4. Host Specificity and Rj Gene-Mediated Resistance The Rj Gene System in Soybean Soybean (Glycine max) possesses a dominant host resistance system controlled by Rj (Rejection) genes that restrict nodulation by specific Bradyrhizobium strains. Rj4 Gene: Encodes a thaumatin-like protein (TLP), a member of the pathogenesis-related (PR-5) protein family Structurally similar to plant anti-fungal proteins Restricts nodulation by many B. elkanii strains, particularly Type B strains (e.g., USDA61) Soybean cultivars carrying Rj4 are incompatible with B. elkanii but compatible with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 Rj2 Gene: Encodes a TIR-NBS-LRR protein (Toll-interleukin receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat) Represents a receptor-like immune protein structurally similar to plant R proteins for pathogen resistance Critical amino acid I490 (isoleucine) in Rj2 determines incompatibility with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA122 Restricts specific rhizobial strains but allows infection by compatible strains Rj3 Gene: Restricts B. elkanii Type B strains (e.g., BLY3-8, BLY6-1, USDA33) despite allowing nodulation by B. japonicum USDA110 T3SS and its effectors are critical for Rj3-mediated incompatibility Mutations in T3SS components (TtsI, RhcJ) overcome Rj3 restriction, confirming T3SS involvement Gene-for-Gene Model of Symbiotic Specificity The B. elkanii-soybean system exemplifies a gene-for-gene interaction: Bacterial avirulence gene (avr): T3SS effector genes (e.g., nopL, bel2-5, nopM) function as avirulence determinants Plant resistance gene (R): Soybean Rj genes encode receptors recognizing effector-triggered immune responses Incompatibility occurs when bacterial effector matches soybean R gene recognition specificity Compatibility requires bacterial effectors that evade or suppress Rj-mediated immunity 5. Infection and Nodule Development Infection Thread Formation Stages: Pre-infection: Nod factors bind to NFR1/NFR5 receptors on legume root epidermis, activating early symbiotic signaling Infection initiation: B. elkanii invades through root hair curling (Nod factor-dependent) or via crack entry (T3SS-dependent in certain genotypes) Intercellular infection: Bacteria travel through infection threads (wall-bound tubular structures) into the cortex Release and bacteroid formation: Bacteria are released into cortical cells and enclosed within plant-derived peribacteroid membranes Role of T3SS in Infection Nod factor-independent nodulation: B. elkanii T3SS effectors (particularly Bel2-5) can trigger nodulation of soybean nfr1 mutants lacking functional Nod factor receptors Infection thread progression: T3SS suppresses plant defense responses (ROS production, ethylene synthesis) that normally block infection thread elongation Bacterial release: T3SS effectors facilitate bacterial transition from infection threads into cortical cells for bacteroid development Nodule Organogenesis and Development Transcriptional Reprogramming: B. elkanii T3SS effectors and Nod factors activate soybean early nodulation genes: ENOD40, ENOD93, NIN (Nodule Inception), NSP1, NSP2 These plant genes activate meristem-like programs in cortical cells, initiating nodule primordia Coordinated T3E activity (NopL, Bel2-5, NopP2) is essential for primordia formation Nodule Maturation: Infected cells undergo endoreduplication (multiple rounds of DNA replication without cell division) Cortical cells expand to accommodate dividing bacterial cells Peribacteroid membranes establish nutrient exchange compartments Gibberellin Role: B. elkanii synthesizes gibberellin precursor (GA₉) via cytochrome P450 monooxygenase Host soybean expresses GA 3-oxidases (GA3ox) within nodules, converting GA₉ to bioactive GA₄ GA₄ regulates nodule size, influences meristem bifurcation, and modulates senescence Higher GA levels correlate with increased nodule size and bacterial progeny, providing selective advantage to GA-producing strains 6. Nitrogen Fixation Biochemistry Nitrogenase Enzyme Complex Components: Component I (MoFe protein): Contains molybdenum and iron clusters Component II (Fe protein): Contains iron-sulfur cluster; transfers electrons to Component I Electron donors: Bacteroid respiration provides reducing power; organic acids (malate, α-ketoglutarate) drive electron transport Catalytic Reaction:[ \text{N}_2 + 8 e^- + 16 \text{ATP} \to 2 \text{NH}_3 + \text{H}_2 + 16 \text{ADP} + 16 P_i ] Key Features: Requires strictly anaerobic conditions (oxygen sensitivity) Demands substantial ATP input (~16 molecules ATP per N₂ molecule fixed) B. elkanii bacteroids express oxygen-scavenging mechanisms including leghemoglobin synthesis Oxygen Management in Nodules Oxygen Gradient: Outer nodule layers maintain aerobic respiration for ATP generation Interior nodule zones remain anaerobic for nitrogenase activity B. elkanii respiration consumes oxygen in bacterial layers, maintaining hypoxia in nitrogenase-active compartments Oxygen-Protective Mechanisms: Leghemoglobin (plant-encoded, bacteroid-synthesized iron-containing protein) buffers oxygen at nanomolar levels, preventing nitrogenase inactivation Bacteroid differentiation produces enlarged, polyploid cells with reduced permeability to oxygen Expressed late nodulation proteins (Nols) contribute to oxygen protection Metabolic Integration Carbon-Nitrogen Balance: Host plants provide carbohydrates (photosynthetically-derived organic acids) to bacteroids B. elkanii oxidizes organic acids via citric acid cycle and electron transport chains, generating ATP and reducing equivalents for nitrogenase Efficient strains (e.g., B. elkanii USDA76) show higher enzyme levels for Nod factor synthesis and metabolic integration Ammonia Utilization: Ammonia fixed by nitrogenase is rapidly assimilated via glutamine synthetase (GS) in bacteroids However, much ammonia is excreted to host cells, where plants incorporate it into amino acids (glutamine, aspartate) Plant cells return nitrogen to bacteroids as amino acids and organic compounds, establishing exchange equilibrium 7. Regulatory Networks and Gene Expression NifA-RpoN Regulatory Circuit NifA: Sigma-54-dependent transcriptional activator controlling expression of nitrogen fixation (nif) and related genes Activates nifHDK genes encoding nitrogenase structural proteins Responsive to oxygen levels; activated under microoxic conditions characteristic of nodule interiors Coordinates temporal expression of nif genes with nodule development progression RpoN: Sigma-54 RNA polymerase recognizing NifA-bound promoters Directs transcription from nif promoters bearing NifA-binding sites Links nitrogen fixation gene expression to nodule maturation stage GlnR Regulatory Protein Function: Controls nitrogen assimilation genes and cross-talks with symbiotic signaling Represses genes for nitrogen scavenging (e.g., ABC transporters) when ammonia is abundant Releases repression when ammonia becomes limiting, activating alternative nitrogen acquisition pathways Prevents metabolic conflict during high nitrogen fixation rates AdeR (Adenine Deaminase Regulator) Role: Modulates purine metabolism and symbiotic efficiency Controls genes involved in nucleotide synthesis Adjusted expression enables rapid bacterial replication in nodules while supporting biosynthesis of symbiotic proteins 8. Comparative Genomics: Symbiotic Island Architecture Symbiotic Island Composition B. elkanii genomes contain low GC-content regions (symbiotic islands) harboring symbiosis-essential genes: Island A (Main symbiotic island): ~690 kb Contains nod cluster: nodABC, nodD, nodZ, regulatory sequences Contains nif cluster: nifHDK, nifENX, fixABCX Contains fix genes (flavoproteins, cytochromes) for electron transport Island B (Small region): ~4–44 kb Variable across strains; minimal genes Island C: ~200–518 kb Contains additional metabolic and regulatory genes Variable gene content among B. elkanii strains Lateral Gene Transfer and Evolutionary Plasticity Pangenome Analysis: Bradyrhizobium pangenome: 84,078 gene families across species Core genome: 824 genes (essential cell processes) Accessory genome: 42,409 genes (including symbiotic, metabolic, stress response functions) B. elkanii genomes are moderately stable compared to highly plastic genomes of some Sinorhizobium species Genetic Variations: SNPs and indels in symbiotic islands correlate with symbiotic phenotype differences Polymorphisms in nif, fix, and nodulation regulatory genes drive intraspecific variation Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) facilitate horizontal transfer of symbiotic genes between Bradyrhizobium strains 9. Stress Response and Environmental Adaptation Osmotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms: Production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and trehalose Upregulation of osmolyte synthesis under salt stress Maintenance of cell membrane integrity under water deficit Acid-Soil Adaptation pH Tolerance: Many B. elkanii strains tolerate pH 4.5–6.5, though optimal nodulation occurs at pH 6.0–7.5 Expression of acid-tolerance proteins enables survival in acidic soils Selection pressure in Brazilian Cerrado soils (naturally acidic) has generated acid-adapted B. elkanii strains Mode of Action Step-by-Step Nodulation Process Phase 1: Recognition and Signaling (Hours 0–12) Host root exudation of flavonoids B. elkanii perception and chemotaxis toward root Activation of nod gene transcription via NodD-flavonoid interaction Synthesis and secretion of Nod factors Nod factor recognition by plant NFR1/NFR5 receptors Initiation of early nodulation gene expression in plant Phase 2: Infection (Days 1–3) Root hair curling and bacterial microcolony formation Infection thread invasion through root epidermis T3SS-mediated suppression of plant defense responses Intercellular infection thread progression toward cortex Bacterial translocation into cortical cells Phase 3: Nodule Organogenesis (Days 3–7) Induction of cortical cell mitosis (meristem activation) Differentiation of nodule tissues (vascular bundle, infection zone) Bacterial release from infection threads Formation of peribacteroid membranes Nodule structure maturation Phase 4: Bacteroid Differentiation and Nitrogen Fixation (Days 7–21) B. elkanii endoreduplication and morphological differentiation Expression of nitrogenase (nif) and iron-sulfur cluster synthesis genes Establishment of microaerobic environment Initiation of nitrogen fixation Nitrogen transfer to host plant Phase 5: Sustained Symbiosis (Weeks 3–Harvest) Peak nitrogen fixation rates Continuous nitrogen supply to plant Bacterial maintenance and reproduction within nodules Age-dependent nodule senescence in late pod-fill stages Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Crop Recommendations and Compatibility Compatible Legumes for B. elkanii Primary Hosts: Soybean (Glycine max) – highest efficiency and most extensively studied Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) – excellent nodulation; SEMIA 6144 strain widely used Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) – strain-dependent compatibility (USDA61 is incompatible with some cultivars) Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata) – variable efficiency depending on strain Secondary Hosts (with strain-specific compatibility): Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Yard-long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) Black Gram (Vigna mungo) – USDA61 strain shows exceptional specificity Broad Host Range (Associated Legumes): Various Vigna species Certain Vicia species Select native legume species Non-Host Associations (Growth Promotion Without Nodulation) B. elkanii can colonize grass roots and promote growth through: Production of plant growth hormones (IAA, gibberellins) Enhanced root development and mineral uptake Demonstrated effects on: white oats, black oats, ryegrass Associated References: Similar to Paenibacillus azotofixans, which also promotes non-legume growth through PGPR mechanisms, B. elkanii exhibits plant growth-promoting properties beyond nodulation. Compatibility with Agricultural Inputs Input Type Compatibility Notes Bio-Pesticides Compatible Use with caution; avoid simultaneous application with broad-spectrum fungicides Bio-Fertilizers Compatible Synergistic effects with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) observed Plant Growth Hormones Compatible Enhanced effects when combined with IAA or gibberellin-producing organisms Chemical Fertilizers Incompatible Avoid high rates of urea; inhibit nodule formation and nitrogen fixation Fungicides (Broad-Spectrum) Incompatible Fungicides reduce bacterial viability; use selective agents or pre-inoculation strategies Herbicides Compatible (Selective) Most herbicides compatible; avoid herbicides with antimicrobial activity Insecticides Compatible (Most) Compatibility varies by class; pyrethroids and neonicotinoids generally safe Shelf Life and Storage Shelf Life: Stable for up to 1 year from manufacturing date under proper conditions Storage Temperature: Cool, dry conditions; maintain 4–15°C for extended viability Light Protection: Store away from direct sunlight (UV light reduces viability) Humidity: Keep in sealed containers to prevent moisture loss Monitoring: Check for discoloration, odor, or contamination before use; discard if compromised Dosage and Application Methods Seed Coating/Seed Treatment Protocol: Prepare slurry: Mix 10 g of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with 10 g crude sugar in sufficient water Coat 1 kg of seeds evenly with slurry mixture Dry coated seeds in shade before sowing (allow 2–3 hours) Sow treated seeds immediately or store in cool, dry conditions for up to 60–90 days (viability maintained with proper storage) Advantages: Simple, cost-effective, ensures bacterium-seed contact, minimal equipment Seedling Treatment (Nursery Application) Protocol: Mix 100 g of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with sufficient water Dip seedling roots into inoculant slurry for 5–10 minutes Transplant seedlings into field immediately Applications: Nursery-raised legumes (peanut, some vegetables); labor-intensive but ensures high infection rates Soil Application (Broadcasting) Protocol: Mix 3–5 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with organic manure or vermicompost Distribute mixture uniformly across field during land preparation Incorporate into soil by plowing or harrowing 2–3 weeks before sowing Alternatively, apply close to seeding for rapid root colonization Advantages: Builds soil population; benefits residual inoculum for crop rotations Rate: 3–5 kg/acre optimal for establishment of ~10⁷–10⁸ CFU/g soil Irrigation/Fertigation Application Protocol: Mix 3 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium elkanii in water (1:10 ratio) Pass through 100-mesh filter to remove particles Apply via drip lines or sprinkler irrigation system Best applied in evening to reduce UV exposure Advantages: Reaches established root systems; applicable post-emergence; supports nodule maintenance Timing: Early vegetative stages (V2–V4) for maximum nodule formation FAQ General Biology and Function What makes Bradyrhizobium elkanii different from free-living nitrogen fixers like Paenibacillus azotofixans? Bradyrhizobium elkanii is a symbiotic nitrogen fixer that forms intimate associations with legume roots and establishes specialized nitrogen-fixing nodules. In contrast, Paenibacillus azotofixans is a free-living nitrogen fixer that operates independently in soil without forming nodules. B. elkanii achieves higher nitrogen fixation rates (100–300 kg N/ha/season) through symbiotic cooperation with host plants, whereas P. azotofixans supplies more modest benefits (20–50 kg N/ha depending on conditions). B. elkanii cannot infect non-legume hosts, while P. azotofixans benefits a broad range of crop species through general PGPR mechanisms. For legume cultivation, B. elkanii is the preferred choice due to superior nitrogen fixation efficiency. How does Bradyrhizobium elkanii survive in different soil conditions? B. elkanii survives through multiple strategies. As a non-spore-forming bacterium, it depends on competitive fitness and metabolic flexibility rather than dormancy. B. elkanii tolerates: Acidic soils (pH 4.5–6.5): Acid-adapted strains (e.g., from Brazilian Cerrado) have evolved acid-tolerance proteins Drought: Produces exopolysaccharides (EPS) and osmolytes for osmotic balance Salinity: Synthesizes antioxidant molecules and ionic homeostasis proteins Temperature fluctuations: Expresses heat-shock proteins and cold-adaptation proteins Nutrient starvation: Metabolic versatility supports survival on minimal carbon and nitrogen sources Survival in soils is enhanced by host plant association, which supplies carbohydrates and maintains favorable microenvironments within root nodules. Can Bradyrhizobium species work synergistically with other soil bacteria? Yes, synergistic effects are well-documented: Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB): Co-inoculation with PSB (e.g., Bacillus megaterium) enhances phosphorus availability, improving B. elkanii nodule formation and nitrogen fixation Azospirillum species: Co-inoculation of B. elkanii with Azospirillum brasilense produces superior soybean growth through complementary IAA production; IAA stimulates root growth, improving rhizobial infection Bacillus subtilis: Co-inoculation in saline-alkali soils increased soybean yield by 18% compared to B. elkanii alone Biofilm formation: In consortia, rhizobia establish biofilms on root surfaces, enhancing competition with native rhizobia and pathogenic microbes What is the optimal soybean genotype for B. elkanii nodulation? Optimal genotypes depend on strain compatibility with soybean Rj genes: Best compatibility: Non-Rj genotypes and Rj4-gene carriers (with compatible B. elkanii strains, but not USDA61) Poor compatibility: Rj3-genotype cultivars generally incompatible with B. elkanii Type B strains Strain-specific: B. elkanii strains vary in effectiveness with different cultivars USDA76, SEMIA 587, SEMIA 5019: Good nodulation on most soybean genotypes USDA61: Excellent on soybean but incompatible with Rj4 genotypes Elite strains (e.g., ESA 123): Superior performance in drylands Recommendation: For maximum nitrogen fixation, select cultivars without restrictive Rj genes and pair with adapted strain Agricultural Applications and Management Which crops benefit most from Bradyrhizobium elkanii application? All legume crops benefit, but effectiveness varies: Highest benefit: Soybean, peanut, mung bean (90–300 kg N/ha fixation) Good benefit: Black-eyed pea, groundnut, yard-long bean (100–200 kg N/ha) Situational benefit: Native legumes, forage legumes (highly variable) No benefit: Non-legume crops (though limited growth promotion observed with some grasses) Factors maximizing benefit: Presence of native rhizobial population <10⁴ CFU/g soil Absence of antagonistic soil microbes Compatible soybean genotype (for soybean) Adequate soil pH (5.5–7.5) Highest ROI crops: Soybean in virgin soils; peanut in semi-arid regions with drought-adapted strains How quickly can farmers expect to see results from Bradyrhizobium elkanii inoculation? Timeline: 1–2 weeks post-inoculation: Infection thread formation; root colonization progresses 2–4 weeks: Visible nodule appearance; initiation of nitrogen fixation 4–8 weeks: Peak nodulation and nitrogen fixation rates established 8–16 weeks (R1–R5 stages in soybean): Cumulative nitrogen benefit becomes apparent in plant biomass Harvest: Final yield difference becomes quantifiable Field observations: Early-inoculated plants show accelerated growth compared to uninoculated controls Root development superior within 3–4 weeks Leaf color and vigor improvements evident by 6–8 weeks Yield increase: 5–60% depending on initial soil population and environmental conditions Maximum benefit: Observed at crop maturity; early-season nodulation establishes sustained nitrogen supply for pod fill and grain development Is Bradyrhizobium elkanii compatible with other agricultural inputs? Compatibility Summary: ✓ Bio-pesticides: Compatible (exclude broad-spectrum fungicides) ✓ Bio-fertilizers & PSB: Highly compatible; synergistic effects ✓ Plant hormones (IAA, GA): Compatible; enhanced effects ✓ Herbicides: Most compatible; avoid antimicrobial formulations ✗ Chemical fertilizers: High nitrogen rates inhibit nodulation ✗ Broad-spectrum fungicides: Lethal to B. elkanii; use selective or post-inoculation application ✗ Chemical nematicides: Many reduce viability Recommendation: Apply B. elkanii as early as possible (seed or pre-plant soil); avoid fungicides during first 4–6 weeks post-inoculation. Nitrogen fertilizers should be minimal (<50 kg N/ha) to avoid suppression of nitrogen fixation. Environmental Impact and Sustainability Does Bradyrhizobium elkanii have any environmental risks? Safety Profile: Naturally occurring soil bacterium; non-pathogenic to plants and animals No environmental accumulation; subject to normal soil microbial turnover Approved for organic farming systems (non-GMO) Reduces synthetic fertilizer use, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions Environmental Benefits: Replaces ~100–300 kg N/ha of synthetic fertilizer per crop season Synthetic fertilizer production accounts for ~2% of global energy use; B. elkanii reduces this footprint Decreases soil contamination risk from excess nitrate leaching Improves soil carbon sequestration through enhanced root exudation and organic matter Potential concerns (minimal): If non-competitive strains displace native rhizobia (rare; native populations typically recover) Nodule senescence releases carbon; however, net soil carbon often increases due to residual legume biomass Overall: B. elkanii inoculation is environmentally sound and beneficial to soil ecosystems How does Bradyrhizobium elkanii contribute to sustainable farming? Sustainability Contributions: Nitrogen cycle restoration: Reduces dependence on Haber-Bosch synthetic nitrogen Soil health: Improves biological activity, organic matter, and aggregate stability Crop rotation benefits: Legume crops (with B. elkanii) replenish nitrogen for subsequent cereal crops; reduces fertilizer for following season by 30–50% Carbon footprint reduction: Avoids emissions from fertilizer production (~0.5 kg CO₂ per kg N eliminated) Resilience to climate variability: Nitrogen fixation continues under drought (strain-dependent) better than relying on soil nitrogen pools Economic sustainability: Inoculant cost (~$2–5 per hectare) << synthetic nitrogen fertilizer cost (~$15–40 per hectare) Broader implications: Integration of B. elkanii inoculation into farming systems supports UN Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and Goal 13 (Climate Action) Can Bradyrhizobium elkanii help with climate change mitigation? Direct contributions: Reduced N₂O emissions: Elite strains carrying N₂O reductase (nos genes) reduce soil N₂O emissions by ~70% compared to standard strains Fertilizer reduction: Each kilogram of synthetic nitrogen avoided saves ~5 kg CO₂ equivalent from production and transport Soil carbon sequestration: Enhanced root exudation and legume residue decomposition increases soil carbon stocks Example calculation: Soybean field (50 ha) with B. elkanii inoculation Replaces 100 kg N/ha with biological fixation Avoids: 5,000 kg CO₂ equivalent (from fertilizer production), 100 kg N₂O equivalent (20 kg CO₂ equivalent), 250 kg CO₂ (from transport/application) Total mitigation: ~5,370 kg CO₂ equivalent per season Product Selection and Application Strategies How should Bradyrhizobium elkanii products be stored? Storage Conditions: Temperature: 4–15°C (cool, dry storage) Light: Darkness (UV light reduces viability by ~50% per week) Humidity: Sealed containers; humidity <70% Duration: Up to 1 year from manufacturing date Storage best practices: Keep in original sealed containers Store in dedicated cool storage (not with agrochemicals or fertilizers) Avoid direct sunlight, heat exposure Do not refrigerate below 4°C (cold stress reduces viability) Check for discoloration, foul odor, or contamination before use Discard products exceeding shelf life or showing signs of degradation Pre-application checks: Verify CFU concentration (should be ≥10⁸ CFU/g) Confirm expiration date Check for clumping or separation (sign of degradation) What is the optimal application timing for Bradyrhizobium elkanii? Timing Strategy: Best: Seed treatment 3–14 days before sowing (allows infection thread formation before water stress from germination) Good: At-planting seed treatment (simultaneous with sowing) Acceptable: Soil application 2–3 weeks before sowing (establishes soil population) Last resort: Early V2–V4 application (later than ideal but still effective) Seasonal considerations: Spring planting: Warmer soils favor infection; apply when soil temperature ≥15°C Monsoon crops: Ensure good soil drainage; waterlogged soils reduce nodulation Dry seasons: Apply post-irrigation or pre-monsoon for optimal soil moisture Sequential plantings: If crop residue is retained (no-till), residual soil population often supports second-year crops; re-inoculation beneficial only if populations fall below 10⁴ CFU/g soil Can organic farmers use Bradyrhizobium elkanii? Organic Certification Status: Yes, fully approved for certified organic production Bradyrhizobium elkanii is a naturally occurring, non-GMO soil bacterium Meets IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) standards Complies with organic certification requirements (USDA National Organic Program, EU Organic Regulation, others) Organic system benefits: Eliminates synthetic nitrogen fertilizer requirement Supports crop rotation strategies Improves soil biological diversity Aligns with organic philosophy of biological nutrient cycling Recommendations for organic farmers: Use seed treatments rather than synthetic fungicide combinations Apply biological inoculants early (seed or pre-plant) Avoid synthetic fungicides during critical nodulation period (first 4–6 weeks) Incorporate into comprehensive organic management (crop rotation, adequate organic matter, proper pH) Connecting B. elkanii and P. azotofixans While Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Paenibacillus azotofixans represent distinct nitrogen-fixing strategies, both contribute to agricultural sustainability: Characteristic B. elkanii P. azotofixans Nitrogen fixation strategy Symbiotic (nodulation) Free-living soil Host range Legumes (highly specific) Broad host range (all crops) Nitrogen contribution 100–300 kg N/ha/season 20–50 kg N/ha/season Nodule formation Yes; essential No PGPR functions Limited (nodulation-focused) Multiple (IAA, GA, biocontrol) Best use Legume crops Non-legumes and supplementary legume inoculation Interaction Can compete for nodule occupancy Complementary; enhances B. elkanii effectiveness via IAA production Integrated Approach: In diversified farming systems, B. elkanii inoculant for legume crops followed by P. azotofixans for non-legume crops creates a comprehensive biological nitrogen management strategy. Conclusion Bradyrhizobium elkanii represents a cornerstone microorganism for sustainable legume production. Its sophisticated molecular mechanisms for host recognition, infection, and nitrogen fixation, combined with practical agricultural benefits, make it indispensable for modern sustainable agriculture. With proper strain selection, timing, and integration with complementary practices, B. elkanii inoculation can significantly improve crop yields, reduce fertilizer dependency, and enhance soil health across diverse agroecosystems. Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium japonicum Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus More Products Resources Read all

Nitrobacter alkalicus is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium specializing in the oxidation of nitrite (NO₂⁻) to nitrate (NO₃⁻), a key step in the nitrogen cycle. This species is particularly adapted to thrive in alkaline environments, such as high-pH soils and wastewater systems, where it contributes to nitrogen transformation and nutrient availability for plants. Its activity supports soil fertility by enhancing nitrate levels, which are readily absorbed by crops. Additionally, N. alkalicus plays a significant role in wastewater treatment processes, helping to manage nitrogen levels and prevent harmful nitrite accumulation. Its resilience in high-pH conditions makes it essential for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental management. < Microbial Species Nitrobacter alcalicus Nitrobacter alkalicus is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium specializing in the oxidation of nitrite (NO₂⁻) to nitrate (NO₃⁻), a key step in the nitrogen cycle. This species… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nitrate Production Converts nitrites into nitrates, playing a crucial role in the nitrogen cycle and soil fertility. Soil Health Improvement Enhances soil nutrient availability, promoting plant growth and agricultural productivity. Environmental Remediation Supports the detoxification of environments by participating in nitrogen transformation, improving ecosystem health. Wastewater Treatment Helps in the biological treatment of wastewater by facilitating nitrogen removal processes. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all