Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is a highly efficient sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that converts elemental sulfur and sulfide minerals into sulfate, enhancing soil nutrient availability and supporting crop growth. Its acidophilic nature allows it to thrive in extreme environments, making it a vital tool for bioremediation efforts, such as treating acid mine drainage and neutralizing soil contamination caused by heavy metals. Additionally, A. thiooxidans is widely used in bioleaching processes to extract valuable metals from low-grade ores, contributing to sustainable industrial and environmental practices. < Microbial Species Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is a highly efficient sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that converts elemental sulfur and sulfide minerals into sulfate, enhancing soil nutrient availability and supporting crop growth.… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhanced Nutrient Absorption Facilitates sulfur solubilization in soil for better nutrient uptake by plants. Improved Plant Health Vital for photosynthesis and biological nitrogen fixation, promoting overall plant vigor. Increased Germination Rate Promotes higher percentage of seed germination, ensuring robust crop establishment. Stress Resistance Reduces plant stress and improves tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, enhancing yield stability. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References IndoGulf BioAg. "Thiobacillus Thiooxidans Manufacturer & Exporter." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/microbial-species/thiobacillus-thiooxidans IndoGulf BioAg. "Sulphur Solubilizing Bacteria - Manufacturer & Exporter." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/sulphur-solubilizing-bacteria IndoGulf BioAg. "Thiobacillus and Acidithiobacillus: Role, Uses, and Benefits in Mining, Soil, and Environment." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/post/thiobacillus-and-acidithiobacillus-role-uses-and-benefits-in-mining-soil-and-environment IndoGulf BioAg. "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans - Microbial Species." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/microbial-species/acidithiobacillus-ferrooxidans IndoGulf BioAg. "Bioremediation - Manufacturer & Exporter." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/bioremediation IndoGulf BioAg. "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: The Extremophile Revolutionizing Agriculture and Bioleaching." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/post/acidithiobacillus-ferrooxidans-the-extremophile-revolutionizing-agriculture-and-bioleaching IndoGulf BioAg. "Biotech Solutions for Mining Industry." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/mining IndoGulf BioAg. "Microbial Wastewater Treatment: Types of Microorganisms, Functions, and Applications." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/post/microbial-wastewater-treatment-types-of-microorganisms-functions-and-applications-for-reclaim IndoGulf BioAg. "Thiobacillus thioparus - Bioremediation Microbial Species." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/microbial-species/thiobacillus-thioparus Zhi-Hui, Y., et al. (2010). "Elemental Sulfur Oxidation by Thiobacillus spp. and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans." Science Direct . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002016009602848 ACS Agricultural Science & Technology. (2025). "Encapsulation of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in Sulfur Particles." https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsagscitech.5c00025 Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. (2005). "Sulfur Oxidation and Bioavailability in Agricultural Soils." Vol 51, No 3. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00043.x Universal Microbes. (2026). "Uses of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans in Agriculture and Soil Management." https://www.universalmicrobes.com/post/uses-of-thiobacillus-thiooxidans-in-agriculture OSTI.GOV . "Bacterial Leaching of Sulfide Ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans." https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7141232 Oregon State University Digital Repository. "Iron Oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans." https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/6t053k34d Sulfur Oxidation Pathways in Acidithiobacillus Species. (2012). PubMed Central . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22854612/ Liu, Y., et al. (2020). "Effect of Introduction of Exogenous Strain Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans A01 on Copper Leaching Efficiency." Frontiers in Microbiology , 11, 3034. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03034/full Valdés, J., et al. (2008). "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Metabolism: From Genome Sequence to Industrial Applications." BMC Genomics . https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2621215/ Ibáñez, A., et al. (2023). "Unraveling Sulfur Metabolism in Acidithiobacillus Genus." PMC . https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10531304/ Baker, B.J., et al. (2003). "Microbial Communities in Acid Mine Drainage." FEMS Ecology , 44(2), 139-152. https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/44/2/139/546507 Rawlings, D.E. (1994). "Molecular Genetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans." Molecular Microbiology , 13(4), 695-706. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC372952/ Science Direct. "Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans - An Overview." https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/acidithiobacillus-thiooxidans Wang, J., et al. (2014). "Bioleaching of Low-Grade Copper Sulfide Ores by Acidithiobacillus Species." Journal of Central South University , 21(5), 1995-3010. https://journal.hep.com.cn/jocsu/EN/10.1007/s11771-014-1995-3 Crop Nutrition. (2023). "Sulfate Sulfur vs. Elemental Sulfur Part II: Characteristics of Sulfur Oxidation." https://www.cropnutrition.com/resource-library/sulfate-sulfur-vs-elemental-sulfur-part-ii-characteristics-of-s-oxidation/ Mode of Action 1. Sulfur Oxidation Pathway Primary Biochemical Mechanism: Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans employs a multi-enzyme network to oxidize reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) into sulfate. Elemental Sulfur Oxidation: Initiation enzyme: Sulfur dioxygenase (SDO; EC 1.13.11.18) Reaction: 2S⁰ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ Rate: 2-8 mg S/g dry biomass/day (soil conditions); up to 100 mg/L in culture pH change: Gradual reduction from neutral to acidic conditions Intermediate Sulfur Oxidation: Thiosulfate oxidation: Involves thiosulfate dehydrogenase and tetrathionate intermediate formation Polysulfide oxidation: Direct oxidation of polysulfide chains Sulfite oxidation: Complete oxidation via sulfite oxidase enzymes Energy Generation: The oxidation reactions serve as the exclusive energy source for A. thiooxidans, powering ATP production through electron transport chain mechanisms: Electrons derived from S⁰ oxidation flow through cytochrome complexes Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP for biosynthetic processes CO₂ fixation via the Calvin cycle provides organic carbon from atmospheric CO₂ 2. Acidification Mechanism Sulfuric Acid Production: The complete oxidation of elemental sulfur to sulfate produces sulfuric acid, which dissociates in soil solution: H₂SO₄ → 2H⁺ + SO₄²⁻ pH reduction: Typically 7.0-8.0 (alkaline) → 5.5-6.5 (slightly acidic) Localized vs. bulk: Bacterial aggregation creates micro-acidic environments around sulfur particles Controlled Acidification Advantage: Unlike rapid chemical acidification (e.g., adding mineral acids), biological sulfur oxidation provides: Gradual pH change preventing root damage Localized acid production concentrated around sulfur particles Sustained effect throughout growing season pH regulation prevents over-acidification through buffering interactions with soil minerals Soil Buffering and Sustainability: The acidification process continues as long as elemental sulfur particles remain available and moisture and oxygen conditions are adequate. In alkaline soils, acid production is partially neutralized by carbonate reactions: CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → CaSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂ Net effect: Sustained pH reduction despite buffering capacity 3. Nutrient Mobilization Mechanisms Primary and Secondary Micronutrient Release: Iron Mobilization: Lowered soil pH converts insoluble ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)₃) to soluble ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) Ferrous iron is readily absorbed by plant roots and transported through vascular tissues pH-dependent availability: Each 1.0 pH unit decrease increases Fe availability 10-100 fold Zinc Mobilization: Zinc silicates and oxides become soluble at pH <7.0 Complexation with organic acids (produced during sulfur oxidation) further enhances Zn bioavailability 25-40% increase in Zn concentration in soil solution Manganese and Copper Mobilization: Similar pH-dependent solubility increases Chelation effects from organic acids enhance bioavailability 20-35% increase in plant-available micronutrients Phosphorus Availability: Improved soil pH reduces phosphate fixation by iron and aluminum oxides Secondary effect improving overall nutrient balance 4. Biofilm Formation and Rhizosphere Colonization Biofilm Architecture: A. thiooxidans forms biofilms on elemental sulfur particles and soil mineral surfaces, enhancing sulfur oxidation efficiency: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS): Polysaccharides and proteins trap water and nutrients Cell aggregation: Biofilms can reach 10⁸-10⁹ CFU per gram of biofilm Oxygen gradient management: Biofilm structure enables anaerobic bacterial zones with access to oxygen at biofilm surface Nutrient concentration: Localized nutrient accumulation in biofilm matrix Rhizosphere Persistence: Colonization density: 10⁶-10⁸ CFU per gram of rhizosphere soil Persistence period: 8-16 weeks under favorable conditions; periodic re-inoculation recommended for sustained benefit Root surface colonization: Bacteria attach to root epidermis; hyphal invasion not observed (non-pathogenic) 5. Metabolic Flexibility and Environmental Adaptation Chemolithoautotrophic Metabolism: A. thiooxidans survives on inorganic substrates exclusively: Energy source: Elemental sulfur or sulfide minerals Carbon source: CO₂ (fixed via Calvin cycle) Electron acceptor: Oxygen (aerobic); some studies suggest ferric iron under oxygen-limited conditions Nutrient requirements: Minimal (nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals) Acid Tolerance Mechanisms: pH homeostasis: Internal pH maintained at ~6.0-6.5 despite external pH <2.0 Proton pumps: ATP-driven expulsion of excess H⁺ ions Protective proteins: Acid-resistant structural proteins in cell wall and membrane DNA repair: Enhanced mechanisms preventing acid-induced damage Optimal Growing Conditions: pH range: 2.0-7.0; optimal 3.0-5.0 Temperature: 5-45°C; optimal 25-35°C Moisture: Requires adequate soil moisture (60-80% field capacity) Oxygen: Obligate aerobe; requires dissolved oxygen >0.5 mg/L Nutrient availability: Nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals required for biosynthesis Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment : Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Seedling Treatment : Dip the seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans and sufficient water. Soil Treatment : Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Irrigation : Mix 3 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What is Thiobacillus thiooxidans used for? Agricultural Uses: Thiobacillus thiooxidans (now reclassified as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) is primarily used in agriculture to convert elemental sulfur into plant-available sulfate ions (SO₄²⁻). This sulfur-oxidizing bacterium is applied as a biofertilizer component for: Sulfur deficiency correction: Enables plant uptake of sulfur from elemental sulfur fertilizers applied to the soil Micronutrient mobilization: Lowers soil pH, making iron, zinc, manganese, and other micronutrients more bioavailable in alkaline soils Enhanced nitrogen efficiency: Improved sulfur nutrition supports better nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis Sustainable fertilizer strategy: Reduces dependence on chemical fertilizers while improving soil health Non-Agricultural Uses: Bioremediation: Treatment of contaminated soils and wastewater Bioleaching: Industrial extraction of metals from low-grade ores (copper, zinc, gold) Odor control: Removal of hydrogen sulfide from sewage and industrial waste streams Environmental remediation: Acid mine drainage treatment and heavy metal sequestration Where is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans found? Natural Environments: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans inhabits highly acidic, iron-rich environments worldwide: Primary Habitats: Acid mine drainage (AMD): The organism is the dominant bacterium in AMD systems from both active and abandoned mines Pyrite oxidation zones: Natural oxidation of iron sulfide minerals in geological formations Acidic mineral deposits: Iron-rich mineral seams and ore bodies Acidic soils: Sulfide-containing soils; particularly enriched in mining-affected regions Sulfuric acid springs: Natural geothermal areas with acidic hot springs Coal and mineral processing sites: Industrial settings where mineral oxidation occurs Geographic Distribution: Americas: Abundant in mining regions of Peru, Chile, Mexico, and Canada Europe: Common in mining areas of Spain, Germany, and Eastern Europe Asia: Identified in mining regions across China, India, and Central Asia Africa: Present in metal mining regions of South Africa, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo pH and Redox Requirements: Optimal pH range: 1.5-2.5 (highly acidic) Functional range: pH 1.0-5.0 Requires oxidizing conditions (dissolved oxygen or ferric iron as electron acceptor) Laboratory Isolation: A. ferrooxidans can be isolated from mine drainage samples, pyrite-bearing soils, or ore leaching environments using standard 9K medium formulated for extremely acidophilic bacteria. What does Thiobacillus ferrooxidans do? Biochemical Functions: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (now Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium that performs two primary oxidative functions: 1. Iron Oxidation: Reaction: 4Fe²⁺ + O₂ + 4H⁺ → 4Fe³⁺ + 2H₂O Mechanism: Oxidation rate ~500,000 times faster than abiotic processes Biological significance: Converts insoluble ferrous iron to soluble ferric iron Industrial application: Drives bioleaching of iron-containing minerals 2. Sulfur/Sulfide Oxidation: Reaction: 2S⁰ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ Products: Sulfuric acid and sulfate ions Environmental impact: Major contributor to acid mine drainage formation Metabolic flexibility: Can oxidize thiosulfate, polysulfides, and other reduced sulfur forms Energy and Carbon Metabolism: Energy source: Inorganic electron donors (Fe²⁺, S⁰, etc.) Carbon source: Atmospheric CO₂ (autotrophic; Calvin cycle) ATP generation: Oxidative phosphorylation via electron transport chain Biosynthesis: De novo amino acid and nucleotide synthesis from CO₂ Agricultural Applications: Iron solubilization: Makes unavailable iron forms plant-accessible Crop yield: 58% shoot length increase, 54% root length increase, 79% iron concentration increase Stress tolerance: Improves plant tolerance to iron deficiency, drought, and salinity Environmental Impacts: Beneficial: Bioremediation of contaminated soils; metal recovery from wastes Problematic: Acid mine drainage formation; potential heavy metal leaching in uncontrolled settings Is Thiobacillus thiooxidans harmful or beneficial? Beneficial Aspects (Overwhelming Evidence): Agricultural Benefits: Sulfur mobilization: Converts immobile elemental sulfur to plant-available sulfate Soil enrichment: Sustainable nutrient supply without chemical residues Micronutrient release: Improves iron, zinc, manganese, and other micronutrient availability through pH reduction Crop productivity: 20-40% yield increases in sulfur-deficient and alkaline soils Soil health: Stimulates beneficial soil microbial communities Non-toxic: Safe for plants, animals, beneficial insects, and soil organisms Environmental Benefits: Bioremediation: Breaks down sulfur-rich contaminants and hydrogen sulfide Sustainable mining: Enables bioleaching processes with lower environmental impact than chemical leaching Waste treatment: Effective in wastewater and sludge treatment Odor control: Oxidizes hydrogen sulfide from sewage treatment and landfills Harmful Aspects (Negligible in Controlled Agricultural Use): Potential Concerns (Under Specific Conditions): Acid formation: Produces sulfuric acid, potentially over-acidifying soils if applied excessively pH management: Requires monitoring in naturally acidic soils Nutrient competition: High sulfur oxidation rates can temporarily increase competition for nitrogen between bacteria and plants Mitigation Strategies: Proper application rate: 2-5 kg/acre prevents over-acidification Soil testing: Assess pH before application; unsuitable for acidic soils (pH <5.5) Monitoring: Regular soil pH checks ensure optimal conditions Nitrogen supplementation: May be needed during high oxidation rates in nitrogen-deficient soils Safety Assessment: Non-pathogenic: No human, animal, or plant pathogens identified Organic certified: Approved for organic farming under NPOP and USDA-NOP standards Environmental benign: No bioaccumulation; biodegrades naturally Regulatory status: No restrictions on agricultural use in any major regulatory jurisdiction Conclusion: Thiobacillus thiooxidans is definitively beneficial when properly applied to sulfur-deficient and alkaline agricultural soils, with negligible harmful effects under recommended application rates. How does Thiobacillus thiooxidans help in bioleaching? Bioleaching Definition: Bioleaching is the use of microorganisms to extract soluble metal ions from solid ore or mineral matrices, enabling recovery of valuable metals from low-grade or waste materials. Thiobacillus thiooxidans Role in Bioleaching: 1. Sulfide Mineral Oxidation: The bacterium oxidizes reduced sulfur in sulfide minerals (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, etc.): Reaction: FeS₂ + 3.5O₂ + H₂O → Fe²⁺ + 2SO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ (initially) Product: Elemental sulfur as intermediate product Sequential step: T. thiooxidans oxidizes elemental sulfur to sulfate Mechanism: Creates acidic microenvironment facilitating further mineral dissolution 2. Acid Production: Sulfuric acid generation: 2S⁰ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ pH reduction: Rapid drop to pH 2.0-3.0 in leaching systems Metal solubilization: Acid directly dissolves metal oxides and sulfides Iron mobilization: Produced Fe³⁺ acts as additional oxidant for metallic minerals 3. Complementary Bioleaching: T. thiooxidans works synergistically with T. ferrooxidans (iron oxidizer) in mixed cultures: Division of labor: T. ferrooxidans oxidizes Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺; T. thiooxidans oxidizes S⁰ Enhanced efficiency: 18.5% higher copper recovery with both organisms than either alone Mineral-specific advantages: Copper/Zinc-rich ores: T. thiooxidans shows superior Cu extraction (2× higher Cu/Zn ratio) Iron-rich ores: T. ferrooxidans dominates; T. thiooxidans secondary contributor Mixed sulfides: Both organisms essential for complete metal recovery 4. Industrial Metal Recovery: Metal Recovery Rate (T. thiooxidans) Industrial Significance Copper 40-65% from chalcopyrite Critical for electronics, renewable energy Zinc 50-75% from sphalerite Essential for alloys, galvanization Gold (auxiliary) 25-40% from arsenopyrite Minor component; enhances overall recovery Rare Earth Elements 70-95% from ion-adsorption ores Emerging application; high value 5. Process Optimization: Factors maximizing T. thiooxidans bioleaching efficacy: Sulfur particle size: Fine particles (25-50 μm) maximize surface area Mineral abundance: 10-20% ore concentration optimal pH management: Maintaining 2.0-3.0 enhances both oxidation and metal solubility Oxygen availability: Sufficient aeration critical (O₂ dissolution) Temperature: 25-35°C optimal; thermophilic strains available for higher temperatures Culture inoculation: Early inoculation (days 0-10) maximizes colonization 6. Environmental Sustainability: Bioleaching advantages over chemical methods: Lower chemical input: Minimal external reagents required Reduced toxic waste: Fewer byproducts requiring disposal Lower energy intensity: Ambient temperature processing vs. high-temperature smelting Smaller environmental footprint: Suitable for remote mining sites with limited infrastructure Selective extraction: Can target specific metals from complex ore matrices Challenges and Limitations: Slow process: Bioleaching requires 30-120 days vs. 1-2 days for chemical leaching Metal concentration sensitivity: Very high metal concentrations can inhibit bacterial growth Oxygen dependence: Requires continuous aeration; suitable mainly for heap leaching Sulfide preference: Most efficient on sulfide ores; less effective on oxide ores Conclusion: Thiobacillus thiooxidans is essential for bioleaching processes targeting sulfide minerals, particularly copper, zinc, and emerging rare earth element recovery, offering sustainable alternatives to environmentally damaging chemical extraction methods. Can Thiobacillus species improve soil fertility? Soil Fertility Definition: Soil fertility encompasses the capacity of soil to supply essential plant nutrients in optimal amounts and proportions. It encompasses both nutrient content and nutrient availability. Thiobacillus species Contributions to Soil Fertility: 1. Direct Nutrient Mobilization: Sulfur Availability: Deficiency problem: 40% of agricultural soils lack adequate available sulfur despite total sulfur presence T. thiooxidans solution: Converts S⁰ → SO₄²⁻ (plant-available form) Benefit: 40-60% improvement in sulfur utilization from elemental sulfur applications Crop impact: Protein synthesis improvement; nitrogen assimilation enhancement Micronutrient Release: Iron: 30-50% increase in available iron through pH-dependent solubility Zinc: 25-40% increase through pH reduction and chelation Manganese: 20-35% increase; critical for chlorophyll synthesis Copper: 15-30% increase; cofactor in many plant enzymes Phosphorus Availability: Mechanism: Improved soil pH (7.0-8.0 → 5.5-6.5) reduces P fixation by Fe/Al oxides Benefit: 15-30% increase in plant-available phosphorus Dual advantage: Works synergistically with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria 2. Soil pH Management and Buffer Capacity: Alkaline Soil Remediation: Problem soils: Calcareous and alkaline soils (pH >7.5) limit nutrient availability T. thiooxidans strategy: Gradual pH reduction through controlled sulfuric acid production Advantage over chemicals: Sustainable pH management without risk of over-acidification Duration: Sustained effect throughout growing season as sulfur oxidation continues pH-Dependent Nutrient Availability Chart: pH 5.0-6.0 (optimal for T. thiooxidans effects): Maximum Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu availability pH 6.5-7.5: Balanced nutrient availability; T. thiooxidans role moderate pH >8.0: Multiple micronutrients immobile; T. thiooxidans essential for remediation 3. Organic Matter and Humus Formation: Indirect Benefit: Improved pH: Facilitates decomposition of plant residues and organic matter Microbial stimulation: Enhanced soil microbial activity during and after T. thiooxidans colonization Nutrient cycling: Improved cycling of organic-bound nutrients Carbon sequestration: Increased microbial biomass and soil organic matter storage 4. Symbiotic Relationships: T. thiooxidans enhances activity of complementary organisms improving fertility: Nitrogen-Fixers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum): Mechanism: Improved sulfur status enhances nitrogen fixation rate by 15-25% Reason: Sulfur is critical cofactor in nitrogenase enzyme Benefit: Legume crops achieve 20-30% higher nitrogen fixation Phosphate-Solubilizers (Bacillus, Pseudomonas): Mechanism: Lowered pH enhances phosphate-solubilization efficacy Synergy: Combined inoculation achieves 1.5-2.0× greater phosphorus availability than single organism Mycorrhizal Fungi (Rhizophagus, Funneliformis): Mechanism: Improved nutrient availability supports hyphal growth and nutrient transfer Benefit: Enhanced nutrient acquisition through fungal-plant interface 5. Crop Productivity and Yield Impact: Field Performance Data: Cereals (wheat, maize, rice): 15-25% yield increase Legumes (chickpea, lentil, bean): 20-30% yield increase Oilseeds (soybean, canola): 25-35% yield increase Vegetables (tomato, pepper, onion): 20-40% yield increase Spices (turmeric, ginger): 30-45% yield increase in alkaline regions Cost-Benefit Analysis: Product cost: $15-25/kg Application rate: 2-5 kg/acre Total cost: $40-100/acre Revenue increase: $100-400/acre (at typical commodity prices) ROI: 200-400% return on investment 6. Long-Term Soil Health Benefits: Sustainable Fertility: Chemical independence: Reduces synthetic fertilizer requirement by 25-40% Soil biology: Stimulates diverse microbial populations supporting nutrient cycling Soil structure: Improved organic matter supports better aggregation and water-holding capacity Environmental safety: No chemical residues; suitable for organic farming Quantified Sustainability Metrics: Nitrogen fertilizer reduction: 20-30% decrease in synthetic N requirement Phosphorus efficiency: 30-40% improvement in P utilization from applied fertilizers Sulfur cycling: Continuous conversion of applied elemental sulfur reducing annual application needs Soil organic matter: 15-25% increase over 2-3 years through enhanced microbial activity 7. Crop-Specific Fertility Improvements: Crop Sulfur Response Micronutrient Response Overall Yield Increase Wheat Very high (deficient soils) High (alkaline soils) 15-25% Chickpea High (S-responsive crop) Moderate 20-30% Soybean Moderate High (Zn, Fe-responsive) 25-35% Tomato Moderate High (quality driver) 20-40% Groundnut High (S-responsive) Very high 30-40% Conclusion: Thiobacillus thiooxidans significantly improves soil fertility through direct nutrient mobilization, sustainable pH management, and enhancement of complementary beneficial microorganisms, delivering 20-40% productivity increases with simultaneous reductions in chemical fertilizer dependency. Are Thiobacillus bacteria used in wastewater treatment? Wastewater Treatment Applications: Yes, Thiobacillus species (including T. thiooxidans and T. thioparus) are utilized in multiple wastewater treatment applications. 1. Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) Removal and Odor Control: Problem Context: H₂S is produced in anaerobic sewage treatment, landfills, and agro-industrial waste Causes foul odors affecting communities near treatment facilities Corrosive to concrete and metal infrastructure Health hazard at high concentrations Thiobacillus Solution (Particularly T. thioparus): Mechanism: Oxidizes H₂S to elemental sulfur and sulfate Reaction: 2H₂S + O₂ → 2S⁰ + 2H₂O (intermediate) Complete oxidation: 2H₂S + 3O₂ → 2H₂SO₄ Efficiency: 80-95% H₂S removal in biofilm reactors Advantages: Biological (non-chemical) approach reduces cost Suitable for small treatment plants with limited budgets Generates no toxic byproducts Sulfur recovery possible (sellable byproduct) Treatment Systems: Biofilm reactors: Thiobacillus grows on carrier media (plastic, ceramic) Biotrickling filters: Wastewater trickles over biofilm-coated packing material Biofiltration towers: Aerated treatment with sulfur collection 2. Heavy Metal Sequestration and Precipitation: Mechanisms (Both T. thiooxidans and T. ferrooxidans): pH-Based Precipitation: Acid production: Thiobacillus oxidation lowers pH initially, then through buffering and co-precipitation produces neutral conditions Metal hydroxide formation: Optimal pH (5.5-7.0) precipitates heavy metal hydroxides Removal efficiency: Zinc: 70-85% removal Copper: 60-75% removal Cadmium: 50-70% removal Biosorption: Cell wall binding: Thiobacillus cells accumulate metals on cell surfaces Intracellular accumulation: Metal sequestration within bacterial cells Capacity: 10-100 mg metal per gram dry biomass 3. Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Mining Wastewater: Acid mine drainage (AMD): High-concentration H₂SO₄, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ Treatment strategy: Controlled oxidation to precipitate metals; pH adjustment Effectiveness: 40-60% metal removal; water quality improvement for reuse Agricultural Wastewater: Nutrient-rich runoff: Contains nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur compounds Thiobacillus role: Oxidizes reduced S compounds; supports overall treatment Benefit: Enables nutrient recovery; water reuse in irrigation Agro-Industrial Wastewater (Potato processing, meat processing, etc.): Problem: High H₂S, organic sulfur compounds, heavy metals Solution: Thiobacillus-based biotreatment Outcome: Odor control; partial heavy metal removal; biodegradable organic matter reduction 4. Sewage Sludge Treatment and Land Application Safety: Application Context: Sewage sludge is nutrient-rich (N, P, S) and valuable for agriculture, but often contains heavy metals and pathogens requiring remediation before safe land application. Thiobacillus Treatment: Metal extraction: Bioleaching sewage sludge removes hazardous metals (Zn, Cu, Cr) Extraction rates (T. ferrooxidans): Zinc: 42% of total content Copper: 39% of total content Chromium: 10% of total content Duration: 30-40 days for substantial extraction Outcome: Sludge becomes safe for agricultural application; metals recovered Combined Treatment (Thiobacillus + Biochar): Synergy: Biochar absorbs residual metals; Thiobacillus oxidizes S compounds Results: 60.82% reduction in crop heavy metal contamination Application: Enables sludge-based fertilizer production for organic farming 5. Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater: Sulfur Recovery (T. thiooxidans, T. thioparus): Process: H₂S oxidation produces elemental sulfur Recovery: Sulfur precipitates from solution; collected and sold as byproduct Market value: Elemental sulfur worth $50-150/tonne (depending on purity and quantity) Additional benefit: Treatment cost partially offset by sulfur sales Phosphorus Recovery: Indirect role: Controlled pH enables phosphorus precipitation Synergy: Combined with other microbes (Bacillus spp.) for enhanced recovery Outcome: Recovered phosphate suitable for fertilizer production 6. Treatment System Design and Operation: Biofilm Reactor Parameters: Optimal pH: 5.0-7.0 (alkaline systems) for T. thiooxidans; pH 2.0-4.0 for T. ferrooxidans Temperature: 25-35°C optimal; mesophilic strains used for sewage Aeration: Dissolved oxygen >0.5 mg/L critical; forced aeration or air-diffusion systems Retention time: 2-24 hours depending on pollutant concentration Inoculation: CFU density 10⁶-10⁸ per mL of influent Operational Costs: Capital: $100,000-500,000 for large facility (varies by scale) Operating: $0.50-2.00/m³ treated wastewater Maintenance: Low chemical input; periodic biofilm renewal Advantage: 50-70% cost reduction vs. chemical treatment methods 7. Regulatory Compliance and Environmental Benefits: Treatment Efficacy Meeting Standards: H₂S odor: Reduction from 200+ ppm to <1 ppm (far below odor threshold) Heavy metals: Removal sufficient to meet agricultural reuse standards Organic pollutants: Reduced through concurrent heterotrophic biological treatment Pathogen inactivation: Combined with UV or thermal treatment for complete disinfection Environmental Sustainability: No chemical residues: Biological process generates no persistent synthetic compounds Reduced energy: Lower than thermal treatment or chemical precipitation Byproduct value: Sulfur recovery adds economic benefit Suitable for developing regions: Low-tech, low-cost approach viable with minimal infrastructure Challenges: Process rate: Slower than chemical treatment (hours vs. minutes) Scale limitation: Better suited for medium-sized treatment plants Optimization requirement: Requires process control (pH, aeration, temperature) for consistent performance Conclusion: Thiobacillus bacteria, particularly T. thioparus and T. ferrooxidans, are valuable for wastewater treatment, especially for H₂S removal, heavy metal remediation, and odor control. Their use enables sustainable, low-cost treatment with byproduct recovery potential, making them particularly suitable for sewage, mining, and agro-industrial wastewater applications. Related Products Acidithiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans More Products Resources Read all

Azotobacter vinelandii is a free-living diazotroph of notable agronomic value, contributing to sustainable crop production by biologically fixing atmospheric nitrogen into plant-available forms. Its ability to enhance soil nitrogen content is particularly beneficial for non-leguminous cropping systems, reducing dependence on synthetic nitrogen inputs and improving long-term soil fertility. < Microbial Species Azotobacter vinelandii An important bacterium in agriculture for its role in the nitrogen cycle, Azotobacter vinelandii helps in enriching soil nitrogen content, which is vital for the… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Biocontrol Activity It exhibits biocontrol activity against various plant pathogens, thereby reducing disease incidence and promoting healthier plant growth. Production of Growth-Promoting Substances It produces growth-promoting substances such as vitamins, auxins, and gibberellins, which stimulate plant growth and development. Nitrogen Fixation Azotobacter vinelandii converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which is readily available for plant uptake, thereby enhancing plant growth and reducing the need for nitrogen fertilizers. Phosphate Solubilization Azotobacter vinelandii solubilizes insoluble phosphates in the soil, making phosphorus more accessible to plants, thereby improving their nutrient uptake and growth. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Azotobacter vinelandii strains demonstrate high nitrogenase activity, promoting growth in rice through enhanced nitrogen availability and phytohormone production (Christiana et al., 2023). Field applications of A. vinelandii significantly increased rice yield and promoted root development due to IAA and GA₃ production (Sahoo et al., 2013). Transgenic A. vinelandii expressing glucose dehydrogenase showed improved mineral phosphate solubilization and sorghum seedling growth (Sashidhar & Podile, 2009). Native A. vinelandii strains exhibited strong phosphate solubilization under varying environmental conditions, making them ideal for biofertilizer formulations (Nosrati et al., 2014) . A. vinelandii improves drought tolerance in rice by boosting root system development, antioxidant activity, and photosynthetic capacity under stress (Pradhan et al., 2018) . Isolates were found tolerant to high salinity, temperature extremes, and pH variations, supporting their application in diverse agro-ecological zones (Chennappa et al., 2016) . A. vinelandii and related species produce antifungal metabolites, siderophores, and hydrogen cyanide that inhibit pathogens like Fusarium and Alternaria (Gurikar et al., 2016) . Mode of Action 1. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF): A. vinelandii harbors three types of nitrogenases (molybdenum-, vanadium-, and iron-only dependent), allowing it to fix atmospheric nitrogen under varying environmental conditions. It converts inert atmospheric nitrogen (N₂) into ammonium (NH₄⁺), a plant-available form, thus supplementing soil nitrogen levels. 2. Phosphate Solubilization: Releases organic acids (e.g., gluconic, citric acids) which chelate bound phosphates, converting them into soluble forms that are easily absorbed by plant roots. This enhances phosphorus availability, a key limiting nutrient in many soils. 3. Phytohormone Production: Synthesizes plant growth-promoting substances such as: Auxins: Stimulate lateral root development. Gibberellins: Promote shoot elongation and seed germination. Cytokinins: Encourage cell division and leaf expansion. 4. Biocontrol Properties: Produces siderophores that chelate iron, limiting its availability to pathogenic microbes, and secretes antifungal compounds that inhibit common soil-borne pathogens such as Fusarium oxysporum and Sclerotium rolfsii . 5. Stress Tolerance Mechanism: Enhances plant resilience to abiotic stresses through: Increased antioxidant enzyme activity (e.g., SOD, CAT, POD). Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production for moisture retention and root protection. Improvement in photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient uptake under drought and heavy metal stress. Additional Info Storage Conditions: Store in a cool (5–25°C), dry place away from direct sunlight. Do not freeze. Keep container tightly sealed after use. Shelf Life: When stored under recommended conditions, the product remains viable for up to 12 months. Soil pH Compatibility: Functions best in neutral to slightly alkaline soils (pH 6.8–8.0). In acidic soils, pre-application of lime or incorporation of organic matter may improve efficacy. Crop Compatibility: Suitable for a broad spectrum of crops including cereals, legumes, vegetables, oilseeds, and plantation crops. Input Integration: Compatible with organic fertilizers, bio-composts, and other microbial inoculants. Avoid co-application with chemical pesticides unless verified safe. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Azotobacter Vinelandii and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Dry the coated seeds in shade before sowing or broadcasting in the field. Seedling Treatment: Dip seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams of Azotobacter Vinelandii with sufficient water. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Azotobacter Vinelandii with organic manure or fertilizers. Incorporate into the soil during planting or sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Azotobacter Vinelandii in water and apply through drip lines. FAQ Can Azotobacter vinelandii completely replace chemical nitrogen fertilizers? While it significantly reduces nitrogen fertilizer requirements, best results are obtained when integrated with reduced or organic nitrogen sources as part of an integrated nutrient management (INM) strategy. In which types of soil does it perform best? It is most effective in well-drained, neutral to slightly alkaline soils. In acidic or saline soils, performance may improve with amendments such as lime, gypsum, or organic matter. Can it protect against plant diseases? Yes. A. vinelandii suppresses soil-borne pathogens through the production of siderophores, hydrogen cyanide, and antifungal compounds, providing a natural disease defense mechanism. How does it help crops during drought conditions? By enhancing root growth and activating antioxidant defense pathways, it increases water-use efficiency and protects plant cells from oxidative damage, improving overall drought tolerance. What is the recommended timing and frequency of application? Initial application should coincide with sowing or transplanting. For high-value or long-duration crops, repeat applications via drip or foliar spray may be carried out every 30–45 days to maintain microbial populations. Is it safe for the environment and human health? Yes. A. vinelandii is a naturally occurring, non-pathogenic bacterium that poses no known risk to humans, animals, or the environment. It aligns with global principles of organic and regenerative agriculture. Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium japonicum Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus More Products Resources Read all

Thiobacillus thioparus is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium that plays a key role in the sulfur cycle. It oxidizes reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur, using these processes to generate energy while fixing carbon dioxide. This bacterium thrives in diverse environments, including soils, water bodies, and wastewater systems, where it contributes to sulfur cycling and detoxification of sulfur-rich environments. Its ability to metabolize harmful sulfur compounds makes it valuable for bioremediation, odor control, and wastewater treatment, highlighting its significance in environmental sustainability and pollution management. < Microbial Species Thiobacillus thioparus Thiobacillus thioparus is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium that plays a key role in the sulfur cycle. It oxidizes reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate,… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Bioremediation Potential Effective in degrading various environmental contaminants, supporting bioremediation efforts in polluted sites. Nutrient Cycling Contributes to the cycling of sulfur and other nutrients in soil and aquatic environments, enhancing soil fertility. Sulfide Oxidation Efficiently oxidizes sulfide compounds, aiding in the detoxification of sulfur-rich environments. Acid Mine Drainage Remediation Plays a crucial role in mitigating acid mine drainage, helping restore affected ecosystems. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer and exporter of Nano Phosphorous Fertilizer, enhancing crop yield with advanced nano technology. Boost your farming with us! < Nano Fertilizers Nano Phosphorous Nano phosphorus encapsulated within a chitosan-based biopolymer delivers highly bioavailable phosphorus, a critical nutrient for photosynthesis and respiration in plants. This innovative formulation effectively overcomes phosphorus availability limitations, enhancing nutrient uptake and promoting optimal plant growth and metabolic function. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Immediate Bioavailability Nano Phosphorus is quickly absorbed by plants due to its small particle size. Stable and Versatile Highly photostable, does not oxidize in sunlight, and works effectively in various environmental conditions. Supports Vital Processes Aids in photosynthesis and respiration, essential for plant growth and development. Reduced Fertilizer Requirement Reduces conventional phosphatic fertilizer needs by almost 50%. Ingredient % (w/w) Function Mono-sodium phosphate 28% Primary P source 1 Citric acid 25% Chelator & pH buffer 1 Formic acid 2.5% Antimicrobial stabilizer 1 Lysine 3% Natural amino-acid chelate 1 Chitosan biopolymer Trace Controlled-release matrix 1 Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Strength: 66,000 ppm of plant-available phosphorus, delivering concentrated and efficient nutrition for optimal crop growth. Compatibility: Fully compatible with most chemical fertilizers and pesticides, with the exception of Calcium Ammonium Nitrate, which should be avoided to maintain product stability and effectiveness. Shelf Life: Maintains peak quality for up to 24 months when stored at room temperature in a sealed container, ensuring long-term reliability and performance. Packaging: Supplied in convenient 5 L bottles, packed as 2 bottles per sturdy corrugated cardboard box for secure transportation and storage. Symptoms of Phosphorus Deficiency in Plants Growth Impact: Plants exhibit stunted growth with reduced overall yield potential. Leaf Discoloration: Older leaves develop a purplish hue as one of the earliest deficiency signs. Leaf Tip Damage: Browning and dieback occur at leaf tips, accompanied by weakened tissue. Delayed Maturity: Phosphorus deficiency slows plant development, prolonging time to maturity. Chlorosis and Necrosis: Yellowing (chlorosis) and dead patches (necrosis) often appear along leaf margins, further compromising plant health. Why choose this product? Replaces 100 kg single superphosphate with 5 L of product, slashing freight and handling costs 1 . 8–16 mL/L spray delivers bioavailable phosphorus in seconds thanks to 100 nm particles 1 . Built-in citric/lysine complex buffers pH around 5.5, protecting root tips and improving nutrient uptake 1 . Key Benefits at a Glance Benefit How It Helps Your Crop Science Back-Up 100% water-soluble nano P Rapid foliar & root absorption Nano-scale particles cross cell membranes quickly 1 Cuts phosphorus fertilizer use 50% Lower input cost, fewer field passes Field studies show nano P halves SSP demand 1 Photosynthesis & energy transfer boost Bigger leaves, better grain fill P is central to ATP & DNA synthesis 2 3 Stress resilience Keeps crops green in heat, cold or drought Adequate P preserves stomatal function 3 Sustainability Advantage Using Nano Phosphorous lowers rock-phosphate demand and transport emissions by up to 90% compared with granular SSP 1 . Dosage & Application Soil prep (pre-sowing): 8–16 mL/L via drench or sprinkler. 2 weeks after emergence: 8–16 mL/L foliar. Pre-flowering: 8–16 mL/L foliar. Pre-harvest finish: 8–16 mL/L foliar. For disease pressure (e.g., downy mildew, late blight): 20–30 mL/L rescue spray 1 . FAQ What is a good source of phosphorus for my plants? High-efficiency options include Nano Phosphorous, triple superphosphate, bone meal and rock-phosphate blends. Nano formulations out-perform bulk SSP because 100 nm particles are absorbed faster and with less soil tie-up 1 4 . When should phosphorus fertilizer be applied? Apply early—pre-plant or at seeding—so young roots access P during cell-division; follow with in-season foliar top-ups at vegetative, pre-flower and grain-fill stages 5 6 . What is another name for phosphorus fertilizer? Common synonyms are “superphosphate,” “triple super,” “concentrated superphosphate (TSP)” and “phosphate rock” 4 7 . What is the role of phosphorus in plants? Phosphorus drives energy transfer (ATP), DNA/RNA synthesis, root development, flowering and seed formation. Adequate P shortens crop maturity and boosts stress tolerance 2 3 . Related Products Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron Nano Potassium More Products Resources Read all

Trichoderma spp. are widely recognized for their biocontrol capabilities in managing plant pathogens and soil-dwelling nematodes. These fungi displace causative agents by competing for resources and space, effectively reducing colonization opportunities for harmful fungi. Additionally, Trichoderma spp. produce enzymes and antimicrobial compounds that suppress the growth of plant pathogenic fungi, making them essential for sustainable agriculture and integrated pest management. < Microbial Species Trichoderma spp. Trichoderma spp. are widely recognized for their biocontrol capabilities in managing plant pathogens and soil-dwelling nematodes. These fungi displace causative agents by competing for resources… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Root Colonization Forms symbiotic relationships with plant roots, boosting root health and nutrient uptake. Biocontrol Agent Acts as a natural antagonist against various plant pathogens, reducing disease incidence. Plant Growth Promotion Enhances nutrient availability to plants, leading to improved growth and yield. Environmental Adaptability Thrives in diverse soil conditions, contributing to sustainable soil health. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Target pests: Stem rot disease, Ganoderma boninense in oil palm plants, Botrytis, Powdery Mildew, Anthracnose Recommended Crops: Pulses and legumes, grapes, cotton, onion, carrot, peas, plums, maize, apple, oil palm plants.. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 2 x 10⁶ CFU per gram Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 5g Trichoderma spp. + 5g crude sugar Foliar application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 0.5g Trichoderma spp. + 5g crude sugar Foliar Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing Method: Mix Trichoderma spp. with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry and coat seeds. Dry in shade and sow / broadcast / dibble in the field. Do not store treated / coated seeds for more than 24 hours. Soil Application Method: Mix Trichoderma spp. at recommended doses with compost and apply at early life stages of crop along with other biofertilizers. First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting. Second application: Three weeks after first application. Mix Trichoderma spp. at recommended doses in sufficient water and drench soil at early leaf stage / 2-4 leaf stage / early crop life cycle. Drip Irrigation: If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to drip tank. For long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops: Dissolve Trichoderma spp. at recommended doses in sufficient water and apply as a drenching spray near root zone twice a year. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Foliar Application Method: Mix Trichoderma spp. at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on soil during the off-season. Apply twice a year for long duration crops. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Note: Do not store Trichoderma spp. solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Ampelomyces quisqualis Bacillus subtilis Bacillus tequilensis Chaetomium cupreum Fusarium proliferatum Lactobacillus plantarum Pediococcus pentosaceus Pseudomonas spp. More Products Resources Read all

Paenibacillus azotofixans: Utilized in agricultural practices to promote plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thus improving soil fertility, especially in various crop fields. < Microbial Species Paenibacillus azotofixans Paenibacillus azotofixans: Utilized in agricultural practices to promote plant growth by fixing atmospheric nitrogen, thus improving soil fertility, especially in various crop fields. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nitrogen Fixation Paenibacillus azotofixans fixes atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which enhances nitrogen availability for plants, supporting their growth and development. Plant Growth Promotion Paenibacillus azotofixans produces phytohormones like auxins and cytokinins, which stimulate root growth and increase the efficiency of nutrient and water uptake. Disease Suppression It exhibits antagonistic activity against various plant pathogens, helping to suppress diseases and enhance plant health through competition and antibiotic production. Phosphate Solubilization It solubilizes phosphate in the soil, making it more accessible to plants, which improves their phosphorus uptake and overall nutrient status. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Molecular Biology and Genetics Genome-Scale Studies: Comprehensive transcriptome analysis of nitrogen fixation in Paenibacillus species has identified over 9,000 differentially expressed genes involved in nitrogen metabolism, energy production, and stress response. These studies provide detailed insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying nitrogen fixation efficiency. biomedcentral Phylogenetic Analysis: Molecular phylogenetic studies based on nifH gene sequences demonstrate that Paenibacillus azotofixans nitrogen-fixing genes cluster with cyanobacterial and archaeal nitrogenases, suggesting ancient evolutionary origins and potential for high activity. journals.asm Regulatory Mechanisms: Advanced molecular studies have elucidated complex regulatory networks involving GlnR, AdeR, and other transcriptional regulators that control nitrogen fixation in response to environmental conditions. microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral+1 Field Performance and Agricultural Applications Multi-Location Trials: Extensive field trials across different climatic zones and soil types consistently demonstrate the effectiveness of Paenibacillus azotofixans for enhancing crop productivity. These studies provide robust evidence for the bacterium's agricultural value under diverse conditions. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Long-Term Sustainability: Research demonstrates that repeated application of Paenibacillus azotofixans maintains soil health and fertility without negative environmental impacts. Long-term studies show sustained benefits over multiple growing seasons. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih Economic Analysis: Cost-benefit analyses demonstrate positive returns on investment from Paenibacillus azotofixans applications, with reduced fertilizer costs offsetting inoculation expenses while providing additional yield benefits. cropj Mode of Action Nitrogen Fixation Biochemistry Paenibacillus azotofixans employs a highly regulated nitrogenase system consisting of multiple enzyme complexes that work together to reduce atmospheric nitrogen: journals.asm+1 Oxygen Sensitivity Management: As an obligate anaerobe process, nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase requires oxygen-free conditions. Paenibacillus azotofixans creates localized anaerobic microenvironments through rapid oxygen consumption and biofilm formation. biomedcentral Energy Requirements: The nitrogen fixation process requires substantial ATP input (16 molecules of ATP per molecule of N₂ fixed). Paenibacillus azotofixans meets this energy demand through efficient carbohydrate metabolism and optimized electron transport chains. biomedcentral Metal Cofactor Utilization: The nitrogenase enzyme complex requires molybdenum, iron, and sulfur cofactors. Paenibacillus azotofixans possesses specialized transport systems for acquiring and concentrating these essential metals. biomedcentral Metabolic Integration and Regulation Ammonium Tolerance Mechanisms: Recent research has revealed that certain Paenibacillus species can overcome ammonium inhibition of nitrogen fixation through alanine dehydrogenase (ADH) activity. This mechanism allows continued nitrogen fixation even in soils with moderate nitrogen availability. microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral Carbon-Nitrogen Balance: The bacterium maintains optimal carbon-nitrogen ratios through sophisticated regulatory networks that coordinate nitrogen fixation with carbon metabolism. This integration ensures efficient resource utilization and sustained bacterial activity. journals.asm Stress Response Systems: Paenibacillus azotofixans possesses multiple stress response mechanisms that maintain nitrogen fixation activity under challenging environmental conditions including drought, temperature extremes, and pH variations. microbialcellfactories.biomedcentral Applications in Biofertilizers and Soil Health Management Commercial Biofertilizer Formulations Paenibacillus azotofixans serves as a key component in advanced biofertilizer formulations designed for various agricultural applications: indogulfbioag+1 Multi-Strain Consortiums: Commercial products often combine Paenibacillus azotofixans with complementary bacteria such as phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and biocontrol agents to provide comprehensive plant nutrition and protection. indogulfbioag Crop-Specific Formulations: Different application methods and strain combinations are optimized for specific crops and growing conditions. Soybean formulations may emphasize nitrogen fixation, while vegetable applications focus on rapid establishment and growth promotion. cropj Delivery Systems: Paenibacillus azotofixans can be formulated for seed treatment, soil application, or irrigation system delivery, providing flexibility for different farming operations. indogulfbioag Integration with Sustainable Farming Practices Organic Agriculture: As a naturally occurring, non-GMO bacterium, Paenibacillus azotofixans is approved for organic farming systems and supports organic certification requirements. indogulfbioag Precision Agriculture: The bacterium can be integrated into precision farming systems where GPS-guided application ensures optimal placement and dosing based on field-specific soil conditions and crop requirements. Conservation Agriculture: Paenibacillus azotofixans supports no-till and reduced-tillage farming systems by maintaining soil biological activity and nitrogen availability without mechanical soil disturbance. Paenibacillus Species Diversity and Agricultural Significance The Broader Paenibacillus Genus The Paenibacillus species represent one of the most diverse bacterial genera in soil ecosystems, with over 211 described species exhibiting remarkable genetic and phenotypic diversity. This diversity reflects extensive horizontal gene transfer and adaptive evolution that has enabled Paenibacillus species to colonize diverse environmental niches. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Genomic Diversity: Comparative genomic analyses reveal that Paenibacillus species possess highly variable genome sizes ranging from 3.9 to 10.4 megabases, with extensive variation in gene content even within species. This genomic plasticity underlies the genus's exceptional environmental adaptability. nature Metabolic Versatility: Paenibacillus species demonstrate remarkable metabolic diversity, with different species specialized for various functions including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, biocontrol, and organic matter decomposition. This metabolic diversity makes them valuable for diverse agricultural applications. nature Nitrogen-Fixing Paenibacillus Species Multiple Paenibacillus species possess nitrogen-fixing capabilities, each adapted to specific environmental conditions and plant associations: frontiersin+1 Paenibacillus polymyxa: Perhaps the most extensively studied species, demonstrating nitrogen fixation, biocontrol activity, and plant growth promotion across numerous crop species. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Paenibacillus borealis: Isolated from forest humus, this species contributes to nitrogen cycling in forest ecosystems and demonstrates potential for forestry applications. microbiologyresearch Paenibacillus graminis: Associated with grass rhizospheres, this species enhances nitrogen availability in forage and turf systems. frontiersin Additional Info Incomplete Section Finalization Paenibacillus azotofixans is recognized for its agricultural significance as a potent nitrogen fixer and plant growth promoter. Modern molecular biology and field-scale studies have validated its benefits for crop nutrition, environmental sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. The bacterium’s versatility and resilience are supported by its diverse regulatory, metabolic, and stress response mechanisms, which make it compatible across a wide range of soil conditions and crop systems. Laboratory Contaminant Significance Paenibacillus species are widely distributed in natural and built environments, including soil, water, and air. Their ability to form spores and survive harsh conditions means they are frequent laboratory contaminants. In clinical and research laboratories, Paenibacillus can be isolated from surfaces, air, gloves, and sample materials—often as part of sterility testing. Several species, including Paenibacillus contaminans, have been specifically described as contaminants during laboratory plate handling. This is particularly relevant in low-biomass environments, as modern sequencing or culture approaches can easily detect spores or cells introduced during sample processing or from ambient air. The high occurrence of Paenibacillus as a contaminant can result in false-positive results, especially in blood cultures, sterile fluids, or low-biomass samples. Proper sample collection, rigorous sterilization, and careful interpretation of culture results are imperative. Contaminants are often identified retrospectively by phylogenetic and phenotypic analysis and may comprise the majority of positive cultures unless clear clinical evidence of infection is present. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+3 Human Pathogenicity Paenibacillus species are generally regarded as environmental and plant-associated bacteria. However, accumulating evidence shows that a subset can act as opportunistic pathogens in humans—particularly in immunocompromised individuals, neonates, or following traumatic injuries. Human infections are rare but increasingly described in clinical case reports and systematic reviews. Several species implicated in human disease include P. alvei, P. thiaminolyticus, P. lautus, P. provencensis, and others. Infections range from wound infections, abscesses, ocular infections, sepsis, meningitis, and, rarely, endocarditis. Pathogenicity is driven by several factors: Spore formation and environmental resilience: Spores remain viable on skin surfaces and within hospital environments, making transmission and infection possible under specific conditions. d-nb+1 Virulence factors: Some Paenibacillus possess genes for thiol-activated cytolysins, proteases, biofilm formation, and antimicrobial compound production. journals.plos+3 Antibiotic resistance: Many isolates demonstrate resistance to multiple antibiotics, particularly penicillins, clindamycin, sulfonamides, and sometimes vancomycin, calling for careful susceptibility testing. pure.psu+4 Clinical Management Recommendations Management of Paenibacillus infections hinges on accurate diagnosis and effective antimicrobial therapy. As precaution, clinicians should: Differentiate true infection from contamination: Always correlate positive cultures with clinical signs (fever, leukocytosis, infection at the site), especially when Paenibacillus is isolated from blood, sterile fluids, or deep wounds. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Empiric and directed antibiotic therapy: Initial therapy is empiric, but due to variable resistance patterns, therapy should be adjusted based on susceptibility testing. Effective options typically include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, amikacin, rifampicin, metronidazole, and levofloxacin, while resistance to penicillins, clindamycin, and vancomycin can occur. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole may be used for P. urinalis. droracle+6 Remove or drain infection sources: Surgical removal of infected tissues, foreign bodies, or abscess drainage may be necessary in localized infections. Monitor for complications: Especially in infants, Paenibacillus can cause severe complications like meningitis and hydrocephalus, requiring close monitoring and sometimes neurosurgical intervention. thelancet+2 Follow-up and continuity of care: Persistent infections require long-term medical follow-up and sometimes prolonged antibiotic administration. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Current Knowledge of Human Infections Systematic reviews and case series demonstrate that although Paenibacillus species are uncommon human pathogens, the number of species associated with clinical infections is growing. Infection presentations differ notably between adults and infants: Adults: Infections are sporadic, caused by a wide array of species, often present as wound infections, abscesses, or localized sepsis. Central nervous system involvement is rare, and most cases resolve with treatment. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih+2 Infants: Neonatal infections are far more severe, especially with P. thiaminolyticus, and often present as sepsis or meningitis with a high risk of cerebral destruction and hydrocephalus. Mortality rates are notable, and survivors often need surgical intervention for neurological sequelae. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+3 The overall frequency of infection remains low relative to the ubiquity of the genus, indicating that most isolates are contaminants, but vigilance is still warranted for at-risk populations. Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment: Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Paenibacillus Azotofixans and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Dry the coated seeds in shade before sowing or broadcasting in the field. Seedling Treatment: Dip seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams of Paenibacillus Azotofixans with sufficient water. Soil Treatment: Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Paenibacillus Azotofixans with organic manure or fertilizers. Incorporate into the soil during planting or sowing. Irrigation: Mix 3 kg per acre of Paenibacillus Azotofixans in water and apply through drip lines. FAQ What is the significance of Paenibacillus as a potential laboratory contaminant? Answer: Paenibacillus species are among the most frequently isolated laboratory contaminants, especially in low-biomass and sterile sample environments. Their spores persist in air, on surfaces, and even on personal protective equipment, leading to inadvertent contamination of cultures and clinical specimens. Laboratory contaminants can cause diagnostic confusion, particularly when isolated from blood cultures or sterile sites, given the genus’s environmental prevalence. Recognizing Paenibacillus as a contaminant is vital to prevent misdiagnosis, unnecessary antimicrobial therapy, and misleading research conclusions. Rigorous sample handling and critical assessment of laboratory results are essential in distinguishing contamination from true infection. sciencedirect+4 Can Paenibacillus species exhibit pathogenicity in humans? Answer: Although primarily environmental and plant-associated, certain Paenibacillus species can exhibit pathogenicity in humans, particularly in vulnerable populations such as neonates, immunocompromised individuals, or following trauma. Documented infections include sepsis, wound infection, abscesses, meningitis, endocarditis, ocular infections, and rare systemic disease. Species like P. alvei, P. thiaminolyticus, and P. lautus are increasingly identified as clinical pathogens. In neonates, P. thiaminolyticus is notably associated with severe CNS infections. Virulence factors, antibiotic resistance, and spore persistence contribute to pathogenic potential, although true infections remain rare compared to environmental contamination. wwwnc.cdc+9 What are the recommended clinical approaches for managing Paenibacillus infections? Answer: Management is guided by accurate diagnosis and susceptibility-directed antimicrobial therapy. Clinicians should distinguish true infection from laboratory contamination, correlate culture results with clinical findings, and employ targeted treatment. Empiric therapy can include cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, amikacin, levofloxacin, and rifampicin, but resistance to penicillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and sulfonamides is not uncommon. Susceptibility testing is imperative prior to finalizing antibiotic choice. Additional interventions such as surgical drainage of infected tissues may be necessary. Neonatal and CNS infections require close multidisciplinary management. Long-term monitoring is advised due to the potential for persistent or recurrent infection and post-infectious complications. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+7 What is currently known about human infections caused by Paenibacillus species? Answer: Human Paenibacillus infections, while uncommon, are increasingly recognized in pediatric and adult populations. Infections in adults are sporadic and generally mild, presenting as localized wound infection, abscesses, or sepsis, and most affected individuals recover without severe sequelae. Neonatal infections, especially those due to P. thiaminolyticus, are severe and often complicated by brain injury, hydrocephalus, and require surgical intervention, with notable associated mortality. The rise in documented cases reflects improved detection, growing awareness, and advances in microbiological diagnostics. Nonetheless, the majority of clinical isolates are contaminants rather than true pathogens, highlighting the importance of careful clinical interpretation and management. Ongoing research is elucidating new species, virulence mechanisms, and optimized treatment protocols. sciencedirect+9 Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium japonicum More Products Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer & exporter of Anpeekay NPK nano fertilizers. Enhance crop yield and health with our advanced, high-quality solutions. < Nano Fertilizers Anpeekay NPK A non-phosphite phosphorous and potash nutrient, embedded in a matrix of colloidal amino acids and encapsulated using a biopolymer, replacing chemical fertilizers like urea, DAP, and potash. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Phosphorus Optimization By building critical levels of phosphorus and delivering it in a plant-compatible form, Anpeekay supports essential biological functions such as energy production, water retention, and nutrient holding capacity. This ensures robust plant growth and development. Enhanced Nutrient Availability Anpeekay ensures 100% bioavailability and water-soluble phosphorus, allowing plants to efficiently absorb and metabolize nutrients. It utilizes the amino acid transport system for optimal uptake, enhancing nutrient utilization across different growth stages. Resilience Against Deficiencies Anpeekay helps plants withstand phosphorus deficiency and malabsorption conditions, imparting resilience and improving overall plant health. It increases passive absorption by enhancing water and lipid solubility of mineral nutrients, contributing to better nutrient uptake efficiency. Adaptability and Stress Resistance Tailored to meet the demands of modern plant genotypes, Anpeekay is particularly effective in stress conditions. It strengthens plant defenses against pests, diseases, and environmental stressors, promoting healthier and more productive crops. Components Composition (%) w/w Nitrogen as N 14.5 Citric Acid 12.5 Phosphorous as P2O5 5.68 Bio Polymer 0.16 Lysine 2 Enzymes 7 Potassium as K2O 1.36 Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Compatibility: Compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides Shelf life: Best before 24 months when stored at room temperature Packaging: 25 liters Symptoms of NPK Deficiency: Stunted growth Yellowing of leaves Reduced fruit or flower production Weakened plant immunity Why choose this product? Content coming soon! Key Benefits at a Glance Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Use 8–16ml per litre of water, and it can be applied by spraying, sprinkler, and drip.The first application is during the preparation of the soil before sowing.The second application is when the crop is 1–2 weeks old.The third application is one week before it is going to flower.Lastly, apply 1–2 weeks before harvest. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Hydromax Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron Nano Potassium Nano Magnesium More Products Resources Read all

Premium Bio Manna soil fertilizer by Indogulf BioAg. 100% organic, eco-friendly, and certified for superior plant growth. Trusted by farmers worldwide. < Soil Fertilizers Bio-Manna Organic manure with beneficial bacteria for effective nitrogen and phosphorus fixing, enriched with nutrients for better root and shoot growth. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Beneficial in Fruit Production Supports increased fruit yield and quality due to its nutrient-rich composition and plant tonic properties. Acts as Plant Tonic Functions as a tonic for plants, promoting overall health and vigor, essential for robust growth and development. Improves Soil Fertility Enhances soil fertility, creating optimal conditions for plant growth and nutrient uptake. Supports Insect Control Aids in natural insect control by enhancing plant health and resilience, reducing susceptibility to pest damage. Dosage & Application Kit Contents Composition Key Benefits FAQ Additional Info Dosage & Application 12 Liters per hectare Drip System Mix 12 liters of Bio-Manna thoroughly with plain water Apply to the drip area for planting 1 hectare Apply once at planting and again at the flowering stage Drenching System Apply Bio-Manna dropwise to the main water source for planting Let normal water flow for up to 10 minutes, then start the soaked Bio-Manna Additional Info Shelf Life & Packaging: Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Packaging: 1 litre bottle FAQ Content coming soon! Kit Contents Content coming soon! Composition Content coming soon! Key Benefits Content coming soon! Related Products Bio-Manure Fermogreen Neem Powder Revive Bio More Products Resources Read all

Launch your own agri-input brand with Indogulf BioAg. We offer private label manufacturing for biofertilizers, biostimulants & specialty nutrients—quality guaranteed, globally trusted. Private Label Services Your Brand, Our Product IndoGulf BioAg’s Private Label Services enable you to launch high-quality microbial products under your own brand, without the need to invest in R&D or manufacturing. Contact us We offer a portfolio of proven biofertilizers, biostimulants, and other bio-products that can be readily produced and packaged with your company’s label and design. Alternatively, we can customize an existing formulation to better align with your market niche (for example, adding a specific micronutrient or fragrance if it’s a consumer product) – all while you retain brand ownership and marketing control. When you partner with us for private labeling, you receive an end-to-end turnkey solution. Our team will work with you on packaging selection and label design to ensure the product’s presentation meets all regulatory labeling requirements (proper ingredient listing, usage instructions, compliance symbols, etc.). We then manufacture the product in our facility, maintaining strict quality standards so that every batch that carries your brand name is consistent and effective. Private Label Highlights Ready Formulations Access a range of field-tested microbial formulations (fertility boosters, compost accelerators, probiotic blends, etc.) that can be quickly branded as your own, shortening your time to market. Custom Branding & Packaging Professional packaging solutions from labels to containers, tailored to your brand guidelines. We ensure compliance with all applicable regulations in your target market. Low Barrier to Entry Enter the bio-agritech market or expand your product line without capital expenditure on labs or factories – ideal for companies focusing on marketing and distribution. Scalable Supply Reliable production capacity that grows with your demand. We can fulfill orders from pilot launch quantities to large-scale national rollouts, ensuring your shelves stay stocked. Quality Assurance Every private label product is backed by IndoGulf BioAg’s manufacturing excellence – your customers get the same top-tier quality that our own branded products deliver. Expand your product portfolio effortlessly. Contact us to explore private label opportunities and offer advanced bio-products to your customers under your own brand. Contact us 1 2 3 ... 100 1 ... 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 ... 100

Bacillus tequilensis is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium with significant roles in agriculture and biotechnology. It enhances plant growth via phytohormone synthesis, nutrient solubilization, and antimicrobial activity against pathogens. Additionally, it contributes to bioremediation by degrading organic pollutants and produces industrially relevant enzymes. Its resilience to environmental stress underscores its potential for applications in sustainable agriculture, bioprocessing, and environmental remediation. < Microbial Species Bacillus tequilensis Bacillus tequilensis is a Gram-positive, endospore-forming bacterium with significant roles in agriculture and biotechnology. It enhances plant growth via phytohormone synthesis, nutrient solubilization, and antimicrobial… Show More Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Soil Health Improvement Improves soil health by promoting organic matter decomposition and nutrient cycling, contributing to sustainable agriculture practices. Biocontrol Agent Bacillus tequilensis acts as a biocontrol agent, suppressing plant pathogens through the production of antimicrobial compounds. Stress Tolerance Helps plants withstand various environmental stresses, including drought and salinity, by inducing stress tolerance mechanisms. Plant Growth Promotion Enhances plant growth by producing growth-promoting substances such as phytohormones and siderophores, facilitating nutrient uptake. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action FAQ Scientific References Title: The Genus Bacillus: Applications and Biotechnological Potential https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/76175 Relevance: Provides a broad overview of the biotechnological potential of various Bacillus species, including their roles in plant growth promotion, biocontrol, and bioremediation. Offers context for the broader impact of Bacillus in sustainable agriculture and environmental management. Title: Bacillus tequilensis as a broad-spectrum antifungal agent against phytopathogenic fungi https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32358811/ Relevance: This study details the antifungal properties of Bacillus tequilensis, showcasing the effectiveness of this bacterial strain in combating various plant pathogens. This provides a scientific basis for incorporating it into biocontrol products. Title: Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus tequilensis Strain ZSB20, an Endophytic Diazotroph with Antimicrobial Activity, Isolated from Grape Roots https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5664934 Relevance: Provides genomic evidence for the diazotrophic (nitrogen-fixing) and antimicrobial capabilities of Bacillus tequilensis, validating its role as a beneficial endophyte for promoting plant health. Title: Plant Growth Promoting Potential of Bacillus tequilensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Isolated from Saline Soil https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344037808_Plant_Growth_Promoting_Potential_of_Bacillus_tequilensis_and_Bacillus_amyloliquefaciens_Isolated_from_Saline_Soil Relevance: It shows the isolation of B. tequilensis from saline soil and its ability to promote plant growth under salt stress conditions, this study supports its use in salinity management and improving crop yields in salt-affected areas. Title: Characterization of the Biosurfactant Produced by Bacillus tequilensis and Its Application in Enhanced Oil Recovery. https://www.proquest.com/openview/4f200c3b1fdc247c90d566d7d4a03f7c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y Relevance: This article characterizes the biosurfactant produced by B. tequilensis and explores its application in enhanced oil recovery. It offers insight into the surface-active properties of B. tequilensis, such as reducing surface and interfacial tension. Mode of Action Bacillus tequilensis exhibits a variety of modes of action, primarily centered around antimicrobial activity and the induction of plant resistance . Here's a breakdown of the key mechanisms: 1. Production of Antimicrobial Substances: B. tequilensis can produce various secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties. These can include: Lipopeptides and biosurfactants: These compounds can disrupt the cell membranes of pathogenic fungi and bacteria, leading to leakage of cellular contents and cell death. Examples include iturins and fengycins. Bacteriocins: These are proteinaceous toxins produced by bacteria to inhibit the growth of similar or closely related bacterial strains. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Certain VOCs produced by B. tequilensis have demonstrated antifungal activity by inhibiting spore formation and germination and altering the cell morphology of pathogens. Enzymes: Production of lytic enzymes like chitinase, protease, and cellulase can degrade the cell walls of fungal pathogens. Other Antibiotic Compounds: Novel antibiotic agents like pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione,hexahydro, have been isolated from B. tequilensis with activity against multi-drug resistant bacteria. 2. Induction of Plant Resistance (Induced Systemic Resistance - ISR): B. tequilensis can trigger defense mechanisms in plants, making them more resistant to pathogen attacks. This can involve: Activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway: This pathway leads to the synthesis of various defense-related compounds like lignin and phenolic compounds, which strengthen plant cell walls and have antimicrobial properties. Enhancement of defense-related enzyme activities: B. tequilensis can induce the activity of enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), 4-coumarate CoA ligase (4CL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD). These enzymes play crucial roles in plant defense responses. Stimulation of plant growth and development: Some strains of B. tequilensis can produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant hormone that promotes root growth and overall plant vigor, indirectly contributing to disease resistance. 3. Competition: B. tequilensis can compete with pathogenic microorganisms for essential nutrients and space in the plant rhizosphere or on plant surfaces, limiting pathogen colonization and growth. 4. Biofilm Formation: The ability of Bacillus species to form biofilms on plant roots can create a protective barrier against pathogen invasion and further infection. Additional Info Target pests: Fusarium wilt of tomato, leaf-spot disease of banana plants Recommended Crops: Tomato, banana, rice. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application The water-soluble powder formulation of Bacillus tequilensis is engineered for ease of use and maximum efficacy across a wide range of environmental and agricultural applications. Leveraging its robust biosurfactant production, cellulolytic activity, and broad-spectrum biocontrol potential, B. tequilensis is an ideal choice for bioremediation, pest control, organic matter recycling, and sustainable crop management. General Guidelines Preparation: Dissolve the required quantity of B. tequilensis powder in clean, non-chlorinated water. Avoid chlorinated water, as it may reduce bacterial viability and activity. Use a container or tank with adequate mixing to ensure complete dissolution. Activation Time: Allow the solution to rest for 15–30 minutes after mixing. This activates the microbial population and optimizes performance upon application. Application Timing:Apply early in the morning or late in the afternoon to minimize exposure to high temperatures and UV radiation, both of which can diminish bacterial efficacy. Dosage Recommendations 1. Bioremediation of Soil and Water Target: Hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and organic pollutants. Dosage: Dissolve 1–2 kg of powder in 200–400 liters of water per hectare for soil application. For water bodies, use 5–10 g per cubic meter of contaminated water. Application: Spray uniformly over contaminated soil or introduce directly into the polluted water body. B. tequilensis produces biosurfactants that enhance the breakdown and bioavailability of hydrocarbons and other pollutants . Frequency: Reapply every 3–4 weeks until remediation targets are met. 2. Pest and Disease Biocontrol in Agriculture Target: Soil-borne pathogens, fungal diseases, and certain pests. Dosage: Dissolve 500 g of powder in 100 liters of water per hectare. Application: Foliar Spray: Apply evenly over plant foliage to suppress fungal and bacterial pathogens. Soil Drench: Apply directly to the root zone to control soil-borne diseases and enhance root health. Frequency: Reapply every 2–3 weeks or as needed based on disease pressure. B. tequilensis is effective against a broad spectrum of plant pathogens, including Magnaporthe oryzae , Phytophthora nicotianae , Verticillium dahliae , and othes. 3. Nutrient Cycling and Organic Matter Decomposition Target: Soil enrichment, compost acceleration, and nutrient recycling. Dosage: Dissolve 1 kg of powder in 200 liters of water per hectare. Application: Apply as a soil drench or through fertigation systems. B. tequilensis exhibits strong cellulolytic activity, accelerating the breakdown of plant residues and improving soil fertility Frequency: Apply at the start of the growing season and repeat every 4–6 weeks for sustained soil health benefits. 4. Hydrocarbon and Industrial Waste Biodegradation Target: Hydrocarbons and organic waste in soil or industrial effluents. Dosage: Dissolve 1–2 kg of powder in 200–400 liters of water per hectare. Application: Spray over contaminated sites or introduce into waste streams. The biosurfactant-producing capacity of B. tequilensis enhances the emulsification and breakdown of recalcitrant pollutants. Frequency: Reapply every 4 weeks until remediation is complete. 5. Abiotic Stress Alleviation in Crops Target: Salinity and drought stress in sensitive crops. Dosage: 500 g–1 kg per hectare, dissolved in adequate water. Application: Soil drench or seed treatment. B. tequilensis has demonstrated efficacy in improving crop growth, nutrient uptake, and physiological resilience under saline and drought conditions, notably in rice and other cereals . Frequency: Apply at planting and repeat at key crop stages. Best Practices & Additional Notes For maximum biocontrol efficacy , consider integrating B. tequilensis with compatible carriers (e.g., biochar) or in consortia with other Bacillus species to enhance disease suppression and soil health 10 . Thermal and pH Stability: B. tequilensis metabolites remain active under a range of temperatures and acidic conditions, making it suitable for diverse environments. Environmental Safety: B. tequilensis is non-toxic to plants, animals, and humans when used as directed, supporting sustainable and eco-friendly management practices. Summary: Bacillus tequilensis is a versatile, science-backed microbial solution for bioremediation, crop protection, soil fertility, and stress mitigation. Its robust biosurfactant and enzyme production, broad-spectrum pathogen suppression, and adaptability to challenging environments make it a valuable tool for modern agriculture and environmental management. For technical support or custom application protocols, please contact us . FAQ What is Bacillus tequilensis ? Bacillus tequilensis is a species of bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus . It's known for its diverse metabolic capabilities and its potential applications in various fields, particularly in agriculture as a biocontrol agent. What are the main modes of action of Bacillus tequilensis ? The primary modes of action include: Production of Antimicrobial Substances: Synthesizing compounds like lipopeptides, bacteriocins, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and lytic enzymes that directly inhibit or kill pathogens. Induction of Plant Resistance (ISR): Triggering the plant's own defense mechanisms to become more resistant to diseases. Competition: Outcompeting pathogenic microorganisms for nutrients and space. Biofilm Formation: Creating a protective barrier on plant roots against pathogen invasion. How does Bacillus tequilensis produce antimicrobial substances? B. tequilensis can produce a range of compounds, including: Lipopeptides and biosurfactants: Disrupting pathogen cell membranes. Bacteriocins: Inhibiting the growth of other bacteria. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Exhibiting antifungal activity. Lytic Enzymes (e.g., chitinase, protease): Degrading pathogen cell walls. * Other Antibiotics: Novel compounds with antimicrobial properties. How does Bacillus tequilensis induce plant resistance? It triggers the plant's defense system through mechanisms such as: Activation of the phenylpropanoid pathway: Leading to the production of defense-related compounds. Enhancement of defense-related enzyme activities: Boosting enzymes involved in plant immunity. * Stimulation of plant growth and development: Indirectly contributing to resistance through improved plant health. Can Bacillus tequilensis help plants grow? Yes, some strains can produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a plant hormone that promotes root growth and overall plant vigor. This can indirectly enhance the plant's ability to withstand stress, including pathogen attacks. What makes Bacillus tequilensis a good candidate for biocontrol? Its multiple modes of action, including direct antimicrobial activity and the ability to induce plant resistance, make it effective against a range of plant pathogens. Additionally, Bacillus species are generally known for their ability to colonize the rhizosphere and their relative safety. Is Bacillus tequilensis safe for the environment? When used as a biocontrol agent, Bacillus tequilensis is generally considered environmentally friendly as it offers a more sustainable alternative to synthetic pesticides. However, specific formulations and application methods should always be evaluated for their environmental impact. Where can Bacillus tequilensis be found? Bacillus species are widely distributed in nature and can be found in soil, water, and associated with plants. Bacillus tequilensis was initially isolated from a tequila fermentation process, hence its name. Are there different strains of Bacillus tequilensis with varying modes of action? Yes, different strains within the Bacillus tequilensis species can exhibit variations in their metabolic capabilities and the specific antimicrobial compounds they produce, as well as their effectiveness in inducing plant resistance. How is Bacillus tequilensis applied in agriculture? It can be applied through various methods, including seed treatments, soil drenching, and foliar sprays, depending on the target pathogen and the crop. Related Products Ampelomyces quisqualis Bacillus subtilis Chaetomium cupreum Fusarium proliferatum Lactobacillus plantarum Pediococcus pentosaceus Pseudomonas spp. Trichoderma harzianum More Products Resources Read all