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Acidithiobacillus novellus sulfur oxidation in soil, improving nutrient availability for crops, particularly aiding in sulfur deficiency in soils, thereby boosting yield and plant health. < Microbial Species Acidithiobacillus novellus Acidithiobacillus novellus sulfur oxidation in soil, improving nutrient availability for crops, particularly aiding in sulfur deficiency in soils, thereby boosting yield and plant health. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Improved Crop Yield Enhances overall plant health, leading to increased crop yields. Root Development Accelerates root growth and development, improving plant stability and nutrient absorption. Stress Tolerance Increases plant resilience to environmental stressors, ensuring consistent growth and productivity. Enhanced Nutrient Absorption Facilitates iron and sulfur oxidation for better plant nutrient uptake. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment : Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Acidithiobacillus Novellus and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Seedling Treatment : Dip the seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams Acidithiobacillus Novellus and sufficient water. Soil Treatment : Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus Novellus with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Irrigation : Mix 3 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus Novellus in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What is Acidithiobacillus novellus? Acidithiobacillus novellus is a beneficial sulfur-oxidizing bacterium used in agriculture to support sulfur transformation, nutrient availability, soil health, and microbial soil fertility. What is Acidithiobacillus novellus used for? Acidithiobacillus novellus is used to improve sulfur availability in soil, support crop nutrition, enhance root-zone activity, improve nutrient absorption, and promote healthier crop growth. Is Acidithiobacillus novellus a bacteria? Yes. Acidithiobacillus novellus is a bacterium. It belongs to a group of microorganisms known for sulfur oxidation and biological nutrient transformation. How does Acidithiobacillus novellus work? Acidithiobacillus novellus works by supporting the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds in the soil. This process helps form sulfate, which is the main sulfur form absorbed by plant roots. Why is sulfur oxidation important in agriculture? Sulfur oxidation is important because plants absorb sulfur mainly as sulfate. Many sulfur sources in soil need to be biologically transformed before crops can use them efficiently. How does Acidithiobacillus novellus improve soil health? Acidithiobacillus novellus improves soil health by contributing to sulfur cycling, microbial activity, nutrient transformation, and root-zone biological function. Which crops can benefit from Acidithiobacillus novellus? Acidithiobacillus novellus can be used in cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds, fibre crops, sugar crops, forage crops, vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers, medicinal crops, aromatic crops, plantation crops, orchards, and ornamentals. What are the benefits of Acidithiobacillus novellus for plants? The main benefits include improved sulfur availability, better nutrient uptake, stronger root development, improved crop vigour, enhanced stress tolerance, and support for yield potential. Can Acidithiobacillus novellus help with sulfur deficiency? Yes. Acidithiobacillus novellus can support sulfur availability by helping convert sulfur compounds into sulfate. It is useful in soils where sulfur availability is limited or where sulfur nutrition needs biological support. How is Acidithiobacillus novellus applied? Acidithiobacillus novellus can be applied through seed coating, seed treatment, seedling treatment, soil treatment, or irrigation, depending on crop stage and farm practice. What is the recommended seed treatment method? For seed coating or seed treatment, coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g Acidithiobacillus novellus and 10 g crude sugar in sufficient water. Ensure uniform seed coverage before sowing. How is Acidithiobacillus novellus applied to seedlings? For seedling treatment, dip seedlings into a mixture of 100 g Acidithiobacillus novellus and sufficient water before transplanting. What is the soil application dose of Acidithiobacillus novellus? For soil treatment, mix 3–5 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus novellus with organic manure or organic fertilizers and apply to the field. Can Acidithiobacillus novellus be applied through irrigation? Yes. For irrigation application, mix 3 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus novellus in sufficient water and run it through drip lines, where the formulation and irrigation system allow proper distribution. Can Acidithiobacillus novellus be mixed with biofertilizers? Yes. Acidithiobacillus novellus is compatible with biofertilizers, biopesticides, and plant growth hormones. It can be part of a broader microbial soil fertility program. Can Acidithiobacillus novellus be mixed with chemical fertilizers? Direct mixing with chemical fertilizers is not recommended unless compatibility has been confirmed. It is best used with organic manure, organic fertilizers, and compatible biological inputs. Can Acidithiobacillus novellus be mixed with chemical pesticides? No. Acidithiobacillus novellus should not be mixed directly with chemical pesticides unless compatibility has been confirmed. Harsh chemicals may reduce microbial viability. What is the strength of Acidithiobacillus novellus? Acidithiobacillus novellus is available in strengths of 1 × 10⁸ CFU per gram and 1 × 10⁹ CFU per gram. What is the shelf life of Acidithiobacillus novellus? The product is stable within one year from the date of manufacturing when stored under recommended conditions. How should Acidithiobacillus novellus be stored? Store Acidithiobacillus novellus in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight, heat, and moisture. Keep the package sealed after opening to maintain microbial viability. Is Acidithiobacillus novellus suitable for sustainable agriculture? Yes. Acidithiobacillus novellus supports sustainable agriculture by improving biological sulfur cycling, nutrient availability, microbial soil fertility, and soil health. Is Acidithiobacillus novellus the same as Thiobacillus? Acidithiobacillus and Thiobacillus are both associated with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, but they are not exactly the same. Both groups are known for their role in sulfur transformation, but they may differ in taxonomy, environmental preference, and specific microbial functions. Why choose Acidithiobacillus novellus for crop production? Choose Acidithiobacillus novellus to support sulfur oxidation, improve nutrient availability, strengthen root-zone activity, enhance crop vigour, and build healthier biological soil fertility. Sustainability Advantage Related Products Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans More Products Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer and exporter of Nano Iron Fertilizer, enhancing crop yield and soil health with cutting-edge nanotechnology. Boost agriculture today! < Nano Fertilizers Nano Iron Nano iron particles encapsulated by a chitosan-based biopolymer, offering bioavailable iron for crucial biological functions in plants, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and enzyme activities. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Versatile Compatibility and Efficacy Nano Iron is compatible with all biofertilizers, chemical pesticides, fertilizers, micronutrients, plant growth regulators (PGRs), and botanicals. Additionally, it works effectively in both high and low temperatures, as well as high and low humidity conditions, making it suitable for diverse agricultural settings and climates. Stability in Sunlight It is highly photostable and does not oxidize in sunlight, ensuring its effectiveness even when exposed to sunlight during application. Supports Plant Functions Nano Iron aids in photosynthesis and respiration of plants, serving as an essential catalyst for various biological functions, which helps prevent leaf necrosis and interveinal chlorosis. Immediate Bioavailability Nano Iron's small particle size allows for immediate bioavailability, ensuring quick absorption by plants, thereby addressing iron deficiencies promptly. Component Percentage Aqua 70 Ferrous Sulfate 15 Citric Acid 15 Formic Acid 2.5 Lysine 3 Gelatin 0.25 PEG 6000 0.25 Xanthan Gum 0.03 Parabens 0.15 The nano iron formulation combines ferrous sulfate as the primary iron source with citric acid and formic acid as chelators and stabilizers. Lysine functions as a natural amino-acid chelate enhancing iron bioavailability, while gelatin provides a protein matrix for controlled release. PEG 6000 (polyethylene glycol) acts as a stabilizing surfactant, and xanthan gum imparts viscosity control. Parabens preserve formulation integrity during storage. The chitosan-based biopolymer encapsulation creates nano-scale particles (1-100 nm) that enhance penetration and minimize oxidation, resulting in superior plant uptake efficiency compared to conventional ferrous sulfate or synthetic iron chelates. Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Safety for Applicators and Environment Toxicological Profile : Acute Toxicity : Low to negligible; LD50 >5,000 mg/kg (oral rat studies)—classified as non-toxic under EPA guidelines Skin Irritation : Non-irritant at recommended dilutions; allergen potential minimal due to chitosan biocompatibility Eye Irritation : Negligible; rinse with water if contact occurs Inhalation Hazard : Nano particles present minimal inhalation risk due to hydrophilic chitosan encapsulation; particles do not aerosolize significantly Reproductive/Developmental Toxicity : No evidence of teratogenicity or reproductive harm in animal studies Environmental Safety: Aquatic Toxicity : Non-toxic to fish, daphnia, algae at recommended field rates; biodegradation occurs within 7-14 days in aquatic systems Soil Persistence : Chitosan polymer fully biodegrades within 3-6 months; iron is naturally incorporated into soil iron pools Bioaccumulation Potential : Negligible; chitosan and ferrous ions are naturally occurring soil constituents Phytotoxicity : Non-phytotoxic at rates up to 10 liters/hectare; no adverse effects on non-target vegetation Special Safety Considerations Storage : Store at 4-25°C in original containers away from direct sunlight Shelf life: 24 months from manufacturing date Do not freeze; freezing may disrupt nano-particle encapsulation Application Precautions : Wear gloves and eye protection during application to avoid incidental contact Apply only to target plants; avoid contact with humans and animals Do not apply to water sources; maintain 3-meter buffer from water bodies Use low-pressure equipment to minimize drift Ideal pH for application: 5.5-7.5 (tap water); distilled water preferable for maximum stability Organic Certification : Nano iron derived from natural mineral sources and chitosan biopolymer Complies with IFOAM, OMRI, and most regional organic certification standards Approved for use in certified organic operations when applied per label instructions Worker Re-entry : No restricted entry interval (REI); safe for workers to re-enter treated areas immediately after application No personal protective equipment (PPE) required beyond standard glove use during mixing and application Compatibility Check Protocol : For new tank-mix combinations not listed above: Conduct a jar test: Mix 10 ml each of nano iron, the target product, and water in a 50 ml test tube Allow to sit for 15 minutes at ambient temperature Observe for: Separation of layers (indicates incompatibility) Cloudiness or precipitation (potential interaction) pH change >1 unit (possible chelation interference) If no visible changes occur, proceed with field-scale mixing at recommended rates Regulatory Compliance USA (EPA) : Registered as a fertilizer; exempt from fungicide registration under 40 CFR 152.25(f)(1) EU : Complies with Fertilizing Products Regulation (EU) 2019/1009 Canada : Registered fertilizer with CFIA India : Approved for sale under Fertilizer Control Order (FCO) Contact & Support For technical questions, crop-specific recommendations, or bulk ordering information, contact our agricultural specialists. IndoGulf BioAg's precision-engineered nano-fertilizer portfolio is formulated and developed in-house to maximize nutrient uptake and minimize environmental loss. Why choose this product? Superior Bioavailability Nano iron particles achieve 90-95% uptake efficiency, compared to 30-50% for traditional iron sulfate or chelated forms, due to nano-scale particle size enabling penetration through stomatal pores and root hair channels. Rapid Chlorosis Correction Foliar-applied nano iron restores green leaf coloration within 7-10 days, versus 14-21 days for conventional treatments, enabling faster photosynthetic recovery and minimized yield losses. Reduced Dosage and Cost Effective application rates of 100-200 g ha⁻¹ are 50-80% lower than traditional iron fertilizers (500-1,000 g ha⁻¹), substantially reducing input costs and labor expenses while improving return on investment. pH-Independent Availability Remains soluble and plant-available even in alkaline or calcareous soils (pH >7.5) where conventional iron forms precipitate and become unavailable, solving critical iron deficiency problems in high-pH environments. Uniform Coverage and Penetration Stable colloidal formulation minimizes drift during foliar application and ensures consistent distribution across leaves and soil, with nano-scale particles enhancing adhesion and penetration efficiency. Environmental Safety Biodegradable chitosan carriers and minimal leaching risk mitigate environmental contamination and soil accumulation, supporting sustainable and regenerative farming practices. Stress Tolerance Enhancement Iron nanoparticles enhance enzymatic antioxidant systems (catalase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase), improving plant drought tolerance, disease resistance, and recovery under abiotic stress. Key Benefits at a Glance Benefit Impact Rapid Greening 7-10 days versus 14-21 days with conventional iron Uptake Efficiency 90-95% vs. 30-50% for iron sulfate/chelates Application Rate 100-200 g ha⁻¹ (50-80% lower than traditional forms) Soil pH Range pH 4.5-9.0; effective in alkaline soils where conventional forms fail Plant Height Increase 20-21% improvement at optimal dosage Chlorophyll Content 24-37% increase within 2-4 weeks of application Yield Enhancement 30-40% increase under optimal growing conditions Time to Market Faster crop maturity and earlier harvest readiness Sustainability Advantage Ecological Impact Reduction Nano iron technology delivers nutrients with precision, reducing overall fertilizer application rates by 50-80% compared to conventional iron sources. This dramatically lowers environmental runoff, groundwater contamination, and eutrophication risks in aquatic ecosystems. Biodegradable Formulation The chitosan-based polymer coating is naturally decomposed by soil microorganisms and plant enzymatic activity, leaving no persistent residues or toxic byproducts. Unlike synthetic chelates that may persist in soil, nano iron fully integrates into natural nutrient cycles. Soil Health Enhancement Reduced chemical load permits soil microbial communities to thrive, enhancing biological activity, organic matter decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Studies confirm that nano iron application maintains or improves long-term soil carbon storage and microbial diversity. Carbon Footprint Reduction Lower application rates translate to reduced transportation volume, packaging, and field labor requirements, collectively lowering the carbon footprint per hectare compared to conventional iron fertilizers requiring higher doses. Compliance with Organic Standards Nano iron formulations derived from natural mineral and biopolymer sources are compatible with organic farming certification guidelines, supporting regenerative agriculture and premium market positioning. Climate Resilience Enhanced iron availability strengthens enzymatic defense systems in plants, improving tolerance to drought, heat stress, and extreme weather events—critical advantages in climate-vulnerable regions. Dosage & Application Foliar Spray (Recommended for Rapid Response) Rate : 2-3 liters per hectare diluted in 500-750 liters of water (2-3 split doses) Timing : Early morning (6-8 AM) or late afternoon (4-6 PM) to avoid UV degradation and maximize stomatal opening for uptake Frequency : 1-2 applications during active vegetative growth or at first visible signs of interveinal chlorosis; repeat every 10-14 days if symptoms persist Method : Use low-pressure spraying equipment to ensure uniform leaf coverage on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces; avoid runoff Adjuvants : Add 0.1% non-ionic surfactant to enhance leaf adhesion and penetration Soil Drench (For Long-term Availability) Rate : 2-3 liters per hectare applied in irrigation water or as directed drenching Timing : Pre-planting soil incorporation or mid-season root zone application at early vegetative stage (4-6 leaf stage in cereals, pre-flowering in legumes) Method : Integrate with drip or sprinkler irrigation systems to target the rhizosphere directly, or manually drench soil within 15 cm of the stem base Frequency : Single application at planting or 1-2 applications during critical growth windows (tillering in cereals, flowering in horticultural crops) Seed Treatment (For Seedling Vigor) Rate : 5-10 ml per kg of seed Method : Mix nano iron with seed coating suspension or apply as a diluted slurry (1:10 ratio with water), coat seeds uniformly, and dry in shade before sowing Benefit : Enhances seedling emergence vigor, root development during early growth, and iron uptake during the critical phase when nodulation begins in legumes Crop-Specific Application Schedule Crop Liters/Hectare Growth Stage Frequency Method Alfalfa 2 Early vegetative, pre-bloom 2 applications Foliar + soil drench Barley 3 V4-V6, tillering 1-2 applications Foliar (primary) Peas 7 V4-V6, flowering 2 applications Foliar + soil drench Potato 9 Tuber set, stolon development 2-3 applications Soil drench preferred Corn 2 V4-V6, tasseling 1-2 applications Foliar or soil Oats 10 Boot to heading 2 applications Foliar + soil Wheat 5 Z13-Z25 (Zadok's scale) 1-2 applications Foliar (boot stage) Soybean 5-7 V4-V6, flowering 2 applications Foliar (primary) Rice 6 Tillering + booting 2 applications Foliar or soil drench Citrus/Fruit Trees 4-5 Pre-bloom + post-bloom 2-3 applications Soil drench preferred Vegetables (general) 3-5 V4-V6, pre-flowering 2 applications Foliar or soil drench Grapes 4 Pre-bloom + flowering 2 applications Soil drench FAQ 1. What is the composition of the Nano Iron? Nano iron contains ferrous sulfate (15%) as the primary iron source, combined with citric acid (15%) and formic acid (2.5%) as chelators and stabilizers. Lysine (3%) serves as a natural amino-acid chelate enhancing bioavailability, while gelatin (0.25%) and PEG 6000 (0.25%) provide a protein matrix and surfactant stabilization. Xanthan gum (0.03%) controls viscosity, and parabens (0.15%) preserve formulation integrity. The active ingredients are encapsulated in a chitosan-based biopolymer that creates nano-scale particles (1-100 nm), dramatically improving plant uptake efficiency and preventing rapid oxidation. The carrier comprises 70% aqua (water). This carefully balanced formula ensures iron remains soluble and bioavailable across a broad soil pH range (4.5-9.0), making it highly effective even in alkaline or calcareous soils where conventional iron fertilizers fail. 2. How should I apply the Nano Iron fertilizer? Nano iron offers flexible application methods tailored to crop and growing conditions: Foliar Application (Recommended for rapid chlorosis correction): Dilute 2-3 liters in 500-750 liters water Apply early morning (6-8 AM) or late afternoon (4-6 PM) to avoid UV damage Target both leaf surfaces with low-pressure spraying Perform 1-2 split applications 10-14 days apart during vegetative growth Effects visible within 7-10 days Soil Drench (For sustained nutrient availability): Integrate 2-3 liters per hectare with irrigation water Apply at early growth stages (4-6 leaf stage in cereals) or mid-season Target the rhizosphere (root zone) for maximum absorption Use with drip systems or hand-drenching near the stem base Optimal for perennial crops and fruit trees Seed Treatment (For seedling vigor): Coat 5-10 ml per kg of seed with nano iron suspension Mix with crude sugar or gelatin coating slurry (1:10) Dry in shade and sow immediately Enhances root development and nodulation in legumes Critical Timing Guidelines : Apply foliar sprays at first signs of interveinal chlorosis Soil drench applications should coincide with major nutrient uptake periods (tillering, pre-flowering, tuber set) For best results, use split applications rather than a single large dose Avoid application during extreme heat (>30°C) or within 48 hours of rain 3. What crops/plant types will benefit most from Nano Iron fertilization? Nano iron delivers benefits across diverse crop categories, with particular advantage in iron-deficient scenarios: Highly Responsive Crops : Legumes : Soybeans, chickpeas, lentils, alfalfa, peas, and fava beans—iron is critical for nodule formation and nitrogen fixation Cereals : Wheat, rice, barley, oats, and corn—especially in calcareous or high-pH soils prone to iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) Tree Crops : Citrus, apples, grapes, almonds, pistachios, and olive trees—often grown in alkaline soils where conventional iron becomes unavailable High-Value Vegetables : Tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, spinach, lettuce, and carrots—nano iron improves quality, color, and shelf life Fruit Crops : Strawberries, blueberries, raspberries—sensitive to iron deficiency; nano iron enhances fruit color and anthocyanin content Root and Tuber Crops : Potatoes, sugar beets—iron supports enzyme function during tuber/root development Oil Seeds : Canola, sunflower, peanuts—nano iron increases oil content and protein quality Moderately Responsive Crops : Maize, sorghum, millet, sunflower, cotton Specific Scenarios Requiring Nano Iron : Alkaline/Calcareous Soils (pH >7.5): Where iron becomes chemically fixed and unavailable to plants Over-limed Fields : Excessive lime application reduces iron solubility High-Organic-Matter Soils : Iron complexation with organic compounds can reduce plant availability Waterlogged Conditions : Some soils create anaerobic conditions that increase iron to toxic levels, requiring nano iron for precise, controlled delivery Seedling Production : Nurseries and tissue culture operations benefit from nano iron in propagation media Geographic/Climatic Priority Regions : Mediterranean basin and subtropical regions with calcareous soils Semi-arid regions prone to iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) in soybean, corn High-rainfall regions where iron leaching occurs Areas with groundwater high in bicarbonate (reducing iron availability) 4. What are the expected benefits of using Nano Iron? Nano iron delivers comprehensive agronomic, nutritional, and economic benefits: Growth and Yield Benefits : Plant Height : 20-21% increase within 4-6 weeks of application Biomass Production : 30-48% increase in total dry weight under optimal conditions Leaf Development : Broader, thicker leaves with enhanced light capture Tillering/Branching : 18% increase in tiller number (cereals), improved lateral branching (fruits, vegetables) Seed/Fruit Yield : 30-40% increase compared to untreated controls; in soybean under drought, up to 40% yield increase 100-Seed Weight : 18% improvement in grain crops Biological Yield : 27% increase in cereals; 33% improvement in sugarcane Photosynthetic and Physiological Improvements : Chlorophyll Content : 24-37% increase in chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll within 2-4 weeks Photosynthetic Rate : Enhanced light-dependent reactions through improved electron transport chains Respiration Enhancement : Increased enzyme activity in Krebs cycle (succinate dehydrogenase, aconitase), boosting cellular energy production Enzyme Activity : 60-65% increase in essential enzymes (catalase, polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase) Drought Tolerance : 21-24% improvement in plant height under 40% field capacity water stress Quality and Nutritional Improvements : Protein Content : 13% increase in seed protein (rice, pulses); 30-46% in crude protein (vegetables) Oil Content : 10.14% increase in soybean oil production under drought; significant boosts in canola and sunflower Micronutrient Content : 25-50% increase in iron, zinc, manganese, copper concentrations in seeds/fruits Carbohydrate Levels : 15-25% improvement in total soluble sugars (fruits, vegetables) Fruit Quality : Enhanced color intensity, shelf life extension, reduced post-harvest decay Essential Oil Production : 50-60% increase in aromatic crops (peppermint, coriander) Stress Tolerance Benefits : Drought Tolerance : Iron nanoparticles enhance osmotic adjustment and non-enzymatic antioxidants, enabling plant survival during water stress Heat Stress Mitigation : Stabilized chlorophyll levels and maintained enzyme function under high temperatures Disease Resistance : Enhanced production of phenolic compounds and systemic acquired resistance (SAR), reducing pathogen pressure Cadmium/Heavy Metal Tolerance : Iron nanoparticles compete with toxic metals for root uptake channels, reducing bioaccumulation Oxidative Stress Relief : 7-10 fold increase in catalase activity, reducing hydrogen peroxide accumulation Soil and Environmental Benefits : Soil pH Stability : Nano iron effectiveness ranges pH 4.5-9.0, buffering soil pH changes Microbial Activity : Supports beneficial soil microbe populations, enhancing organic matter decomposition Nutrient Cycling : Iron facilitates electron transport in soil microbes, enhancing nitrogen and phosphorus availability Reduced Nutrient Losses : Nano iron's controlled-release mechanism minimizes leaching compared to conventional fertilizers Environmental Safety : 50-80% reduction in iron fertilizer input reduces groundwater contamination and eutrophication risks Economic Returns : Reduced Input Costs : 50-80% lower application rate (100-200 g ha⁻¹ vs. 500-1,000 g ha⁻¹) translates to direct savings Labor Efficiency : Fewer applications required; split doses reduce field passes Yield Premiums : Enhanced quality (color, protein, micronutrients) supports premium market positioning Reduced Crop Loss : Rapid chlorosis correction (7-10 days) minimizes yield damage from iron deficiency Long-term Soil Investment : Improved microbial and structural stability reduces fertilizer dependency over seasons Visible Results Timeline : Week 1 : Leaf color stabilization (cessation of further yellowing) Week 2 : New green tissue development; 50% color restoration Week 3-4 : Full chlorophyll restoration; visible growth acceleration Week 6-8 : Yield component improvement; seed/fruit size increase 5. What are the compatibility and safety issues? Nano iron demonstrates high compatibility with most agricultural inputs while maintaining excellent safety profiles: Compatibility with Agricultural Chemicals Compatible with : Bio-fertilizers : Azospirillum, Bacillus megaterium, Bradyrhizobium species—nano iron enhances nutrient solubilization by supporting microbial activity Biofungicides : Trichoderma harzianum, Beauveria bassiana—no chemical antagonism observed; beneficial microbes are not harmed Bio-pesticides : Spinosad, neem oil, botanical extracts—synergistic disease control and nutrient uptake improvement reported Plant Growth Regulators : Gibberellins, auxins, cytokinins—nano iron enhances hormone efficacy and uptake NPK and Macronutrient Fertilizers : Urea, ammonium nitrate, phosphate fertilizers—nano iron improves overall nutrient efficiency without antagonism Other Nano-Fertilizers : Nano zinc, nano boron, nano copper, nano phosphorus—no chemical interactions; tank-mixing is common practice Chelated Micronutrients : Zn-EDTA, Cu-EDTA, Mn-EDTA—nano iron does not displace or antagonize other chelated forms Moderately Compatible (Requires Sequential Application): Broad-spectrum Fungicides : Carbendazim, thiram—apply nano iron 5-7 days before or after to prevent potential oxidative interactions Oxidizing Agents : Permanganate-based products—apply nano iron separately with 3-5 day intervals Synthetic Chelate-Heavy Formulations : Very high concentrations of Fe-EDDHA or similar chelates may show marginal antagonism; maintain 10:1 ratio of nano iron to synthetic chelates Incompatible (Avoid Tank-Mixing): High-pH Alkaline Products (pH >9): Lime slurry, sodium hydroxide—reduces nano iron stability; apply sequentially with 7-10 day gap Strong Oxidizing Biocides : Chlorine-based disinfectants—denatures chitosan polymer; apply nano iron before biocide treatment Highly Acidic Formulations (pH <3): May hydrolyze gelatin encapsulation; dilute separately before application Heavy-Metal-Based Pesticides : Lead arsenate, mercury fungicides (banned in most regions)—potential bioaccumulation risk Related Products Nano Urea Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Potassium More Products Resources Read all

Thiobacillus novellus, an effective inoculant that oxidizes sulfur, enhancing nutrient availability for plants while supporting bioremediation in contaminated soils. < Microbial Species Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus novellus, an effective inoculant that oxidizes sulfur, enhancing nutrient availability for plants while supporting bioremediation in contaminated soils. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Enhances Root Development: Stimulates stronger root systems in crops, leading to improved nutrient uptake and plant resilience, even in degraded soils. Soil Health Improvement: Promotes healthier soil ecosystems by supporting microbial activity, which benefits plant nutrient absorption and overall soil quality. Bioremediation of Contaminated Soils: Assists in the breakdown of pollutants, contributing to the detoxification of contaminated agricultural soils and industrial waste areas. Sulfur Oxidation for Nutrient Availability: Enhances sulfur oxidation in soil, making sulfur more available for plants, improving growth and crop yield. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Scientific literature describes Thiobacillus novellus as a sulfur-oxidizing, facultatively chemolithoautotrophic bacterium capable of using reduced sulfur compounds as energy sources. It has also been studied for mixotrophic growth, where both inorganic sulfur compounds and organic carbon sources may contribute to microbial metabolism. Research on Thiobacillus-related sulfur-oxidizing bacteria highlights their importance in sulfur cycling, sulfate formation, soil nutrient transformation, bioremediation, bioleaching, and industrial biotechnology. These microbial processes are valuable in agriculture because sulfur oxidation can help convert reduced or elemental sulfur into plant-available sulfate, supporting crop nutrition and soil biological activity. In scientific taxonomy, Thiobacillus novellus has also been referenced under updated classifications such as Starkeya novella . However, the name Thiobacillus novellus is still commonly used in agricultural, industrial, and commercial microbial product contexts. Mode of Action Thiobacillus novellus works mainly through biological sulfur oxidation. As a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium, it helps convert reduced sulfur compounds into more oxidized forms, including sulfate, which is the main sulfur form absorbed by plant roots. In the soil, sulfur may be present in elemental, organic, or reduced mineral forms that are not always immediately available to crops. Thiobacillus novellus supports the microbial transformation of these sulfur sources, helping improve sulfur availability in the rhizosphere. This can support better plant nutrition, enzyme function, chlorophyll formation, protein synthesis, oilseed quality, and overall crop performance. The activity of Thiobacillus novellus also contributes to improved soil biological function. By participating in sulfur cycling, it supports nutrient transformation, microbial balance, and soil fertility. In contaminated or degraded environments, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria may also contribute to bioremediation processes by supporting the transformation of certain inorganic compounds and improving microbial activity in stressed soils. Beyond agriculture, Thiobacillus novellus is studied in microbial applications such as bioleaching, biomachining, and industrial biotechnology. In these systems, the bacterium’s ability to oxidize sulfur compounds and participate in biochemical surface reactions can be used to support controlled biological processing of materials. For agricultural use, Thiobacillus novellus performs best when applied with organic manure, compost, seed treatment slurries, soil amendments, or irrigation water under suitable moisture, aeration, and soil conditions. Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment : Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Thiobacillus Novellus and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Seedling Treatment : Dip the seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams Thiobacillus Novellus and sufficient water. Soil Treatment : Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Thiobacillus Novellus with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Irrigation : Mix 3 kg per acre of Thiobacillus Novellus in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What is Thiobacillus novellus? Thiobacillus novellus is a sulfur-oxidizing bacterium used in agriculture, soil health, bioremediation, and industrial microbial applications. It supports the conversion of reduced sulfur compounds into plant-available sulfate and contributes to biological nutrient cycling in soil. Is Thiobacillus a type of bacteria? Yes. Thiobacillus is a group of bacteria historically known for sulfur oxidation. These bacteria are generally associated with the transformation of reduced sulfur compounds into sulfate or other oxidized sulfur forms. Some species formerly classified as Thiobacillus have been reclassified into other genera as microbial taxonomy has improved. What are the growth factor requirements of Thiobacillus novellus? Thiobacillus novellus generally requires a suitable sulfur source, mineral nutrients, moisture, and appropriate environmental conditions for growth. It can use reduced sulfur compounds such as thiosulfate as energy sources under chemolithotrophic growth conditions. It has also been studied under heterotrophic and mixotrophic conditions using organic carbon sources such as simple sugars or amino acids, while reduced sulfur sources can support its sulfur metabolism. For practical agricultural activity, the most important conditions are adequate soil moisture, aeration, suitable temperature, compatible organic matter, and access to sulfur-containing substrates. What is the role of Thiobacillus in agriculture and soil health? Thiobacillus-related bacteria play an important role in the sulfur cycle. In agriculture, they help oxidize sulfur into sulfate, the form plants can absorb. This supports sulfur nutrition, improves nutrient availability, contributes to rhizosphere activity, and can help maintain healthier soil microbial processes. What is the role of Thiobacillus novellus? The main role of Thiobacillus novellus is to participate in sulfur oxidation and biological nutrient transformation. In agricultural systems, it supports sulfur availability and soil fertility. In environmental and industrial systems, it may support bioremediation, bioleaching, biomachining, and other microbial processes where sulfur metabolism is useful. What are the main uses of Thiobacillus novellus? Thiobacillus novellus is used or studied for several applications, including: Sulfur oxidation in soil Sulfur biofertilizer formulations Soil health improvement Improved sulfate availability for crops Bioremediation of contaminated soils Bioleaching and mineral processing support Biomachining research Industrial biotechnology and microbial process development How does Thiobacillus novellus support biological processes? Thiobacillus novellus supports biological processes by oxidizing reduced sulfur compounds and participating in sulfur cycling. This microbial activity can help release sulfate, influence soil chemistry, support nutrient transformation, and contribute to biological processes used in agriculture, environmental remediation, and industrial biotechnology. Why is Thiobacillus novellus important in microbial applications? Thiobacillus novellus is important because it can function in sulfur-based microbial processes. Its ability to oxidize sulfur compounds makes it relevant for soil fertility, bioremediation, bioleaching, biomachining, and industrial biotechnology. It is also valuable because it can grow under different metabolic conditions, including chemolithotrophic and mixotrophic environments. Is Thiobacillus novellus useful for industrial biotechnology? Yes. Thiobacillus novellus is useful in industrial biotechnology research because sulfur-oxidizing bacteria can support controlled biological transformations. These applications may include bioleaching, biomachining, wastewater-related processes, mineral processing, and environmental biotechnology. How is Thiobacillus novellus used in the biomachining process? In biomachining, microorganisms are used to support controlled material removal from metal surfaces through biological and biochemical reactions. Thiobacillus novellus has been studied for biomachining because sulfur-oxidizing microbial activity can influence surface reactions and support controlled processing of certain materials. In this context, the bacterium is not used as a crop input, but as a biological tool in precision material-processing research. What is the difference between Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus? Pseudomonas and Thiobacillus are both bacterial groups, but they are used for different microbial functions. Pseudomonas species are commonly known as rhizosphere bacteria with strong roles in plant growth promotion, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, biocontrol, and root colonization. Thiobacillus-related bacteria are mainly known for sulfur oxidation and sulfur cycling. Their key agricultural role is to help convert sulfur into plant-available sulfate and support soil nutrient transformation. In simple terms, Pseudomonas is often associated with root-zone growth promotion and biocontrol, while Thiobacillus is mainly associated with sulfur oxidation, soil sulfur availability, and environmental microbial processes. Is Thiobacillus novellus a sulfur-solubilizing bacterium? Yes. Thiobacillus novellus is commonly positioned as a sulfur-solubilizing or sulfur-oxidizing bacterium. Its biological activity helps convert sulfur compounds into more plant-available forms, especially sulfate. How does Thiobacillus novellus improve sulfur availability? Thiobacillus novellus improves sulfur availability by oxidizing reduced sulfur compounds in the soil. This process helps form sulfate, which plant roots can absorb and use for growth, protein synthesis, enzyme activity, and crop quality development. Why is sulfur important for plants? Sulfur is essential for amino acid formation, protein synthesis, enzyme activity, chlorophyll development, oil formation in oilseed crops, and overall plant metabolism. Crops with higher sulfur demand, such as oilseeds, pulses, brassicas, onion, garlic, cereals, and legumes, may benefit from improved sulfur availability. Which crops can benefit from Thiobacillus novellus? Thiobacillus novellus can be used in cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds, fibre crops, sugar crops, forage crops, plantation crops, vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers, medicinal crops, aromatic crops, orchards, and ornamentals. How is Thiobacillus novellus applied in agriculture? Thiobacillus novellus can be applied through seed coating, seed treatment, seedling treatment, soil treatment, and irrigation. It may be mixed with organic manure, compost, organic fertilizers, or sufficient water depending on the application method. Can Thiobacillus novellus be used for seed treatment? Yes. Thiobacillus novellus can be used as a seed treatment. A typical method is to prepare a slurry with the microbial product, crude sugar, and sufficient water, then coat the seeds evenly before sowing. Can Thiobacillus novellus be applied through irrigation? Yes. Thiobacillus novellus can be applied through irrigation or drip systems when the formulation is suitable and well dispersed in water. Use clean water and avoid mixing with harsh chemical inputs that may reduce microbial viability. Can Thiobacillus novellus be mixed with chemical fertilizers? Thiobacillus novellus is generally more suitable for use with organic manure, organic fertilizers, biofertilizers, biopesticides, and plant growth-promoting inputs. Direct mixing with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides is not recommended unless compatibility has been confirmed. Is Thiobacillus novellus useful in bioremediation? Yes. Thiobacillus novellus can support bioremediation processes by contributing to microbial transformation in contaminated or degraded soils. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are studied for their role in environmental biotechnology, mineral transformation, and remediation of stressed soil systems. Is Thiobacillus novellus the same as Acidithiobacillus? No. Thiobacillus and Acidithiobacillus are related in the sense that both include sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, but they are not the same. Acidithiobacillus species are often strongly acidophilic and are widely studied in bioleaching and acid mine drainage environments. Thiobacillus novellus is commonly described as a facultative sulfur-oxidizing bacterium with broader metabolic flexibility. Does Thiobacillus novellus help with soil pH? Sulfur oxidation can influence soil chemistry because the oxidation of sulfur compounds may contribute to acidification under certain conditions. This can be useful in some alkaline soils, but application should be managed carefully according to soil type, sulfur source, crop requirement, and agronomic recommendations. How should Thiobacillus novellus be stored? Store Thiobacillus novellus in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight, heat, and moisture. Keep the package sealed when not in use and avoid exposure to harsh storage conditions. Proper storage helps maintain microbial viability until application. What is the shelf life of Thiobacillus novellus? The product is generally stable within one year from the date of manufacturing when stored under recommended conditions. Shelf life depends on formulation quality, packaging, temperature, humidity, and handling. Why choose Thiobacillus novellus for soil and crop applications? Thiobacillus novellus is valuable because it supports sulfur oxidation, improves sulfur availability, contributes to soil biological activity, and can be used in different application methods such as seed treatment, soil application, and irrigation. It is a practical microbial input for sulfur nutrition, soil health, and sustainable nutrient management. Sustainability Advantage Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

Protect your rice crops with Gundhi Bug Kit by Indo Gulf BioAg. Trusted manufacturer & exporter offering effective pest control solutions. Learn more! < Crop Kits Insect Pest Management | Gundhi Bug Gundhi bugs, also known as brown plant hoppers, are sap-sucking insects that infest rice plants, particularly the stems, by piercing and feeding on plant sap. This feeding activity causes yellowing of leaves, wilting, and stunted growth. Effective management strategies are crucial to prevent yield losses and ensure the vigor of rice crops. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Management Biological Control FAQ Additional Info FAQ Content coming soon! Management Use pheromone traps. Biological Control Our ALLPROTEC 0.03% at 250–400 g per acre, diluted in 200 L of water using a high-volume power sprayer. Additional Info Shelf Life & Packaging: Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Packaging: 1 kg Disease Management Bacterial Blight Blast Brown Spot Sheath Blight Udbatta Disease Insect Pest Management Army Worms Case Worm Gundhi Bug Leaf Folders Plant Hopper Rice Hispa Root Knot Nematodes Stem Borers Resources Read all

< Animal Health Heptomax HeptoMax is combination of probiotics & prebiotics formulated for poultry. It is a superior formulation containing heptoprotective agents, liver stimulants, metabolic regulators, growth promoters, immune stimulants and appetite stimulants. It contains probiotics that prevent enteropathogens and hence makes it an effective management tool for controlling enteric pathogens of poultry. Product Enquiry Benefits Stimulates Appetite and Reduces Stress Restores appetite, supports digestion, and functions as an effective anti-stress agent. Improves F.C.R., Health, and Weight Gain Enhances feed conversion ratio, boosts overall health, and promotes steady weight gain. Neutralizes Toxins and Metabolites Acts against harmful bacterial toxins and metabolic by-products, promoting internal detoxification. Protects and Restores Liver Function Corrects liver disorders and prevents liver damage, supporting optimal metabolic activity. Component Per 100g Fermentation product (de-hydrated) Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Leuconostoc mesenteroides 4 × 10⁹ CFU (equally divided) Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall extract 50 g – Mannan-oligosaccharides 15 g – 1,3 Beta-glucan 15 g Methyl Donors 70 mg DL-methionine 25 g L-lysine 10 g Inositol 4 g Vitamin B12 3 mg Levocarnitine 15 g Sorbitol 50 g Biotin 8 mg Vitamin E 5 mg Distilled Water Up to 1 liter Composition Distinction FAQ Additional Info FAQ Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Psolbi Bioprol Tcare Sanifresh Respotract Layerpro Bromax Ginex Breatheeze Glide Pro Viral Guard More Products Resources Read all

Nomuraea Rileyi is a beneficial fungus used as a biological pest control agent targeting lepidopteran insects. It results in an outbreak in the insect host population. < Microbial Species Nomuraea rileyi Nomuraea Rileyi is a beneficial fungus used as a biological pest control agent targeting lepidopteran insects. It results in an outbreak in the insect host population. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits High specificity Targets moths, cutworms, and armyworms. Environmentally friendly Safe for the environment and non-target species. Long-term efficacy Provides sustainable pest control without inducing resistance. Effective mode of action Infects pests through contact, leading to population reduction. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Kepler RM, Humber RA, Bischoff JF, Rehner SA. Clarification of generic and species boundaries for Metarhizium and related fungi through multigene phylogenetics. Mycologia , 2014;106(4):811–829. DOI: 10.3852/13-319 Kumar V, Singh GP, Kumar V, Babu AM, Datta RK. SEM study on the invasion of Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) on silkworm, Bombyx mori Linn. causing green muscardine. Mycopathologia , 1997;139(3):141–144. DOI: 10.1023/A:1006800231647 Liu S, Yuan Z, Zhang X, Hao X, Guo X, Yang J. Toxicity assessment and transcriptomic analysis of Metarhizium rileyi (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): identification of tyrosol as a key quorum sensing regulator of pathogenicity. Journal of Economic Entomology , 2025;118(4):1565–1578. DOI: 10.1093/jee/toaf144 Zhong K, Liu ZC, Wang JL, Liu XS. The entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi impairs cellular immunity of its host Helicoverpa armigera . Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology , 2017;96(1). DOI: 10.1002/arch.21402 Kiuchi M, Yasui H, Hayasaka S, Kamimura M. Entomogenous fungus Nomuraea rileyi inhibits host insect molting by C22-oxidizing inactivation of hemolymph ecdysteroids. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology , 2003;52(1):35–44. DOI: 10.1002/arch.10060 Fan L, Li X, Li H, Li B, Wang J, He L, Wang Z, Lin Y. Comparative transcriptome analysis to unveil genes affecting the host cuticle destruction in Metarhizium rileyi . Current Genetics , 2023;69(4-6):253–265. DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01274-2 Faria M, Souza DA, Sanches MM, Schmidt FGV, Oliveira CM, Benito NP, Lopes RB. Evaluation of key parameters for developing a Metarhizium rileyi -based biopesticide against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize: laboratory, greenhouse, and field trials. Pest Management Science , 2021;78(3):1146–1154. DOI: 10.1002/ps.6729 Ramos Y, Pineda-Guillermo S, Tamez-Guerra P, Orozco-Flores AA, Figueroa de la Rosa JI, Ramos-Ortiz S, Chavarrieta-Yáñez JM, Martínez-Castillo AM. Natural prevalence, molecular characteristics, and biological activity of Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) isolated from Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) larvae in Mexico. Journal of Fungi , 2024;10(6):416. DOI: 10.3390/jof10060416 Ramos Y, Pineda-Guillermo S, Tamez-Guerra P, Valle-Mora JF, Figueroa-de la Rosa JI, Ramos-Ortiz S, Palma-Castillo LJ, Martínez-Castillo AM. Biocontrol of fall armyworm larvae by selected Mexican Metarhizium rileyi isolates under greenhouse and small-scale field conditions in maize. Insects , 2025;16(7):706. DOI: 10.3390/insects16070706 Gundreddy RR, Reddy BS, Jayanth BV, Shashikala M, Saw G, Udaykumar E, Kamil D, Alzahrani FA, Udavant RN, Ashraf S, Paul B. Molecular identification and virulence assessment of Metarhizium rileyi isolates against fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ). Archives of Microbiology , 2025;207(12):313. DOI: 10.1007/s00203-025-04506-w Acharya R, Lee JY, Hwang HS, Kim MK, Lee SY, Jung HY, Park I, Lee KY. Identification of entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi infested in fall armyworm in the cornfield of Korea, and evaluation of its virulence. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology , 2022;111(4):e21965. DOI: 10.1002/arch.21965 Barros SKA, de Almeida EG, Ferreira FTR, Barreto MR, Lopes RB, Pitta RM. Field efficacy of Metarhizium rileyi applications against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in maize. Neotropical Entomology , 2021;50(6):976–988. DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00903-0 Lopes RB, Faria M, Souza DA, Sosa-Gómez DR. Potential impact of chemical fungicides on the efficacy of Metarhizium rileyi and the occurrence of Pandora gammae on caterpillars in soybean crops. Microbial Ecology , 2022;86(1):647–657. DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-02102-9 Perinotto WMS, Terra ALM, Angelo IC, Fernandes ÉKK, Golo PS, Camargo MG, Bittencourt VREP. Nomuraea rileyi as biological control agents of Rhipicephalus microplus tick. Parasitology Research , 2012;111(4):1743–1748. DOI: 10.1007/s00436-012-3018-3 Vivekanandhan P, Kamaraj C, Alharbi SA, Ansari MJ. Novel report on soil infection with Metarhizium rileyi against soil-dwelling life stages of insect pests. Journal of Basic Microbiology , 2024;64(8):e2400159. DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202400159 Grijalba EP, Espinel C, Cuartas PE, Chaparro ML, Villamizar LF. Metarhizium rileyi biopesticide to control Spodoptera frugiperda : stability and insecticidal activity under glasshouse conditions. Fungal Biology , 2018;122(11):1069–1076. DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2018.08.010 Song Z, Yin Y, Jiang S, Liu J, Chen H, Wang Z. Comparative transcriptome analysis of microsclerotia development in Nomuraea rileyi . BMC Genomics , 2013;14:411. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-411 Licona-Juárez KC, Andrade EP, Medina HR, Oliveira JNS, Sosa-Gómez DR, Rangel DEN. Tolerance to UV-B radiation of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium rileyi . Fungal Biology , 2023;127(7-8):1250–1258. DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.04.004 Vega-Aquino P, Sanchez-Peña S, Blanco CA. Activity of oil-formulated conidia of the fungal entomopathogens Nomuraea rileyi and Isaria tenuipes against lepidopterous larvae. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology , 2009;103(3):145–149. DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2009.12.002 Park JA, Kim Y. Phospholipase A₂ inhibitors in bacterial culture broth enhance pathogenicity of a fungus Nomuraea rileyi . Journal of Microbiology , 2012;50(4):644–651. DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-2108-3 Devi PSV, Prasad YG, Chowdary DA, Rao LM, Balakrishnan K. Identification of virulent isolates of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (F) Samson for the management of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura . Mycopathologia , 2003;156(4):365–373. DOI: 10.1023/b:myco.0000003578.38483.34 Withers AJ, Rice A, de Boer J, Donkersley P, Pearson AJ, Chipabika G, Karangwa P, Uzayisenga B, Mensah BA, Mensah SA, Nkunika POY, Kachigamba D, Smith JA, Jones CM, Wilson K. The distribution of covert microbial natural enemies of a globally invasive crop pest, fall armyworm, in Africa: enemy release and spillover events. Journal of Animal Ecology , 2022;91(9):1826–1841. DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13760 Chen H, Yin Y, Feng E, Xie X, Wang Z. Thioredoxin peroxidase gene is involved in resistance to biocontrol fungus Nomuraea rileyi in Spodoptera litura : gene cloning, expression, localization and function. Developmental and Comparative Immunology , 2013;44(1):76–85. DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.11.012 Chen H, Yin Y, Feng E, Xie X, Wang Z. Structure and expression of a cysteine proteinase gene from Spodoptera litura and its response to biocontrol fungus Nomuraea rileyi . Insect Molecular Biology , 2014;23(2):255–268. DOI: 10.1111/imb.12078 Svinningen AE, Jegathambigai V, Mikunthan G. Nomuraea rileyi : a plausible fungi selectively controlling lepidopteron, Paraponyx stratiotata L. damaging queen palm ( Livistona rotundifolia L.). Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences , 2010;75(3):279–293. PMID: 21539246 Peer-reviewed sources were located via PubMed. Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info What this organism is Nomuraea rileyi is an entomopathogenic fungus — a fungus whose natural hosts are insects — used as a microbial ingredient in biological insecticide products targeting caterpillar pests (Lepidoptera). It occurs naturally in soil and in caterpillar populations and is best known as the cause of "green muscardine disease," named for the pale green conidial coat that covers an infected, mummified larva once the fungus sporulates externally (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). A name that has changed — read alongside FAQ 1 This organism has been reclassified in current mycological taxonomy. A 2014 multigene phylogenetic study resolved the boundaries of the genus Metarhizium and found that it should absorb the green-spored Nomuraea species, among others, because Metarhizium has priority as the earliest available name for this group of fungi (Kepler et al. 2014, DOI ). Under that framework, the current name is Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber. Current peer-reviewed literature uses both names, often together (for example, " Metarhizium rileyi (Nomuraea rileyi)"), and applied entomology and the biopesticide trade have been slower to adopt the new name than the mycological literature. IndoGulf BioAg retains Nomuraea rileyi as the name in the current approved product specification, reflecting this taxonomic update rather than changing the label name without notice. Documented host range Evidence is concentrated in noctuid moth larvae, with fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) the most heavily studied target in current literature because of its global invasive spread since 2016 (Withers et al. 2022, DOI ). Pest Crop context Evidence Fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) Maize The dominant subject of current research; natural infection rates of 23–90% were recorded across five Mexican maize-growing locations, and 24 isolates tested against second-instar larvae caused 70–98.7% mortality (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ) Tobacco cutworm ( Spodoptera litura ) Cotton, tobacco, vegetables Subject of extensive host-immune-response research in China; a Korean field strain caused 89% mortality of fourth-instar larvae seven days after treatment when tested on a related noctuid, oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata ) (Acharya et al. 2022, DOI ) Cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) Cotton Documented host in immune-suppression and isolate-screening studies (Devi et al. 2003, DOI ) Velvetbean caterpillar ( Anticarsia gemmatalis ) and soybean looper ( Chrysodeixis includens ) Soybean Naturally occurring and applied biocontrol target in Brazilian soybean systems, alongside another naturally occurring entomopathogenic fungus, Pandora gammae (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ) Silkworm ( Bombyx mori ) Sericulture Not a pest-control target — this is the classic host in which the infection process and "green muscardine" disease were first characterized in detail, and a natural disease risk in silk-producing regions (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ) Comprehensive transcriptome work describes this organism as capable of parasitizing more than 40 distinct insect species, predominantly within Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). Host range is not unlimited outside Lepidoptera. Tested against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus , efficacy varied sharply by isolate and life stage, and the authors concluded the organism "does not appear to be a remarkable biological control agent" for that target (Perinotto et al. 2012, DOI ). Susceptibility has to be established for the specific pest you are targeting, and claims should stay within the Lepidoptera-focused evidence base above. Why strain identity matters — and why IndoGulf develops its own Isolate-to-isolate variability in this species is unusually wide even by entomopathogenic-fungus standards. A screen of eleven Indian isolates against fall armyworm found LC₅₀ values ranging from 1.0 × 10⁶ to 3.8 × 10¹⁰ conidia/mL — more than four orders of magnitude apart (Gundreddy et al. 2025, DOI ). UV-B tolerance also varies substantially by isolate: of fourteen isolates tested, one maintained above 80% germination after two hours of UV-B exposure while several others fell well below that threshold under the same conditions (Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ). Published results for one isolate do not establish the same performance for another; this is why IndoGulf develops and stabilizes its own proprietary strain in-house rather than relying on a generic isolate. How infection develops The infection sequence is a multi-stage biological process, not a single toxic event: Attachment and penetration. Conidia attach to the larval cuticle and penetrate it using appressoria and a set of hydrolytic enzymes; transcriptome analysis identifies these cuticle-destroying processes as central to how the fungus establishes infection (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). An internal, non-pathogenic phase. Once inside the host, the fungus initially persists in a yeast-like (blastospore) form that does not actively kill the insect, before switching to a mycelial, pathogenic form. Recent transcriptomic work identified tyrosol as a quorum-sensing molecule that regulates this pathogenic switch (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). Suppression of the host's immune response. The fungus impairs the caterpillar's cellular immune defenses — phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation — apparently through cytotoxic compounds released into the hemolymph, rather than through direct destruction of immune cells alone (Zhong et al. 2017, DOI ). Host insects mount a measurable countering response, including upregulated antioxidant and immune-related genes (Chen et al. 2013, DOI ; Chen et al. 2014, DOI ). Disruption of molting. In a distinct and separately documented mechanism, the fungus secretes an enzyme that chemically inactivates the host's own molting hormone (ecdysteroids) by oxidizing it, blocking larval molt and normal metamorphosis (Kiuchi et al. 2003, DOI ). Death, mummification and external sporulation. The host dies, its body is fully colonized by fungal mycelium, and — under sufficiently humid conditions — the fungus sporulates on the cadaver's surface, producing the pale green conidial coat that gives the disease its common name and allowing the cycle to repeat (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Non-target and soil considerations Unlike a strictly foliar-active organism, this fungus has documented activity against soil-dwelling life stages: it caused 61–90% mortality of Spodoptera litura pupae and 46–73% mortality of Spodoptera frugiperda pupae in soil bioassays. In the same study, exposure produced no measurable sublethal effect on the non-target earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae or on brine shrimp ( Artemia salina ), including no discernible histopathological damage to earthworm gut tissue (Vivekanandhan et al. 2024, DOI ). This is species-level literature, not IndoGulf trial-specific data. Formulation and storage Formulations: wettable powder (1 × 10⁸ CFU/g) and soluble powder (1 × 10⁹ CFU/g) for field use; a 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g technical powder is also available as a bulk/manufacturing-grade input, not a direct field-application product (see Dosage & Application) Packaging: tailor-made to customer requirement Shelf life: 2 years from date of manufacture, under the recommended storage conditions below. A formulated emulsifiable-concentrate study on a related isolate maintained >85% conidial viability for 12 months under refrigeration and more than 3 months at 18°C (Grijalba et al. 2018, DOI ), which is consistent background context but is isolate- and formulation-specific, not a substitute for IndoGulf's own batch-release and end-of-shelf-life testing. Storage: cool, dry conditions, out of direct sunlight, away from fungicides and disinfectants; do not store prepared spray solution for more than 24 hours Because this is a living, fastidious organism, storage and transport conditions directly determine how many viable propagules reach the field. Commercialization of this species has historically been complicated by its fastidious growth and sporulation requirements (Song et al. 2013, DOI ), which is part of why formulation quality and cold-chain handling matter more for this organism than for some other microbial actives. Where it fits Nomuraea rileyi is used as a component of an integrated pest-management program for caterpillar pests, alongside monitoring, cultural practice, and — where appropriate — other control tactics on a resistance-management schedule. It is not positioned as a stand-alone replacement for every insecticide application, and its field performance is conditional on larval stage, application placement, humidity and formulation, as set out above. Dosage & Application Application rates Formulation Potency Foliar rate Soil application Water volume Frequency Wettable powder 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g 2 kg/acre (5 kg/hectare) 2–5 kg/acre (5–12.5 kg/hectare) Sufficient for full coverage of the infested plant part Twice per season for long-duration crops (pre- and post-monsoon) Soluble powder 1 × 10⁹ CFU/g 200 g/acre (500 g/hectare) 200–500 g/acre (500 g–1.25 kg/hectare) Sufficient for full coverage of the infested plant part Twice per season for long-duration crops Technical powder 1 × 10¹⁰ CFU/g Not applicable — see note below Not applicable — — A note on the 1×10¹⁰ CFU/g grade: this is a technical-grade powder, not a field-application formulation. It is a high-concentration input generally supplied for further formulation, downstream manufacturing, or private-label/bulk use rather than direct field application at that concentration. No foliar or soil field rate applies to it. Rates on registered labels are set per market, crop and pest; the table above carries forward the rate structure already published on the site, not a substitute for the approved label in your target market. When to apply Nomuraea rileyi — now generally classified as Metarhizium rileyi in current fungal taxonomy (see FAQ 1) — is a living fungus. It has to land on the caterpillar, germinate, and penetrate the cuticle before it does anything, so timing is a decision about larval stage and weather, not a fixed calendar date. Target young larvae, not late instars. Laboratory work on fall armyworm found third-instar larvae markedly more susceptible than fourth-instar larvae (LC₅₀ of 3.15 × 10⁷ conidia/mL versus 1.04 × 10⁸ conidia/mL) (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). Most published efficacy trials against fall armyworm use second-instar larvae, before the caterpillar has burrowed into the whorl (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ). Scout for young larvae and apply before the population moves into concealed feeding sites. Direct the spray at the actual feeding site, not just the canopy. In maize, conventional broadcast spraying of unformulated conidia produced only 27–31% larval mortality in field trials, while spraying the same conidia directly into the whorl — where fall armyworm larvae actually feed — raised mortality to roughly 59% when combined with a second biological agent (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Coverage of the pest's actual location, not the plant as a whole, is the single biggest lever on field performance. Spray into humid conditions and avoid peak sunlight. Germination and cuticle penetration were studied under 80% relative humidity at 24°C in the classic infection-sequence description of this organism (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ), and UV-B exposure measurably damages conidia: across fourteen isolates, germination fell below 40% after three hours of UV-B exposure for most isolates tested (Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ). Early morning or evening application, avoiding the midday sun, gives the conidia the best chance to establish. A dedicated field study correlating natural rainfall patterns with N. rileyi epizootic onset was not located in this research pass. Do not expect a fast knockdown. In the classic description of infection in silkworm, conidia attached and began penetrating within 24–36 hours, the larva died at 6–7 days, and external sporulation (the diagnostic green conidial coat that gives "green muscardine" disease its name) appeared only at 9–10 days (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Assess results roughly a week after application, not the next day. Repeat applications as monitoring data requires. Field trials in maize used sequential sprays through the season rather than a single application (Barros et al. 2021, DOI ). Mixing and spray preparation Prepare the spray fresh and use it within 24 hours of mixing. Keep the spray tank out of direct sun while mixing and during application. Agitate continuously so the suspension does not settle. Treat fungicides with caution. In a study on soybean fungicides used against soybean rust, two fungicide combinations (azoxystrobin + benzovindiflupyr; trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole) reduced conidial germinability on treated leaf surfaces in laboratory testing, and none of the formulations tested protected the conidia from this effect; larval mortality due to the fungus fell by 30–40% compared with fungicide-free treatment. In field trials over two seasons, however, a single fungicide application at the field-recommended rate did not measurably reduce the fungus's natural infection rate over time (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). The laboratory finding is the more conservative one to plan around: avoid tank-mixing with fungicides, and leave an interval between a fungicide application and this product, unless compatibility has been confirmed for the specific products and conditions in use. Oil-based formulation is a documented option for this organism: conidia suspended in vegetable (canola, soybean) or mineral oil performed at least as well as, and in some trials better than, a water + surfactant suspension against Spodoptera species, with the fastest kill (LT₅₀ of 2.5–4.7 days) obtained in mineral-oil formulations (Vega-Aquino et al. 2010, DOI ). Confirm this applies to the specific commercial formulation before recommending it. Check spray-water pH, hardness and residual chlorine against the label requirements. Coverage Fall armyworm and other noctuid larvae feed concealed in the whorl, leaf folds or soil, not on exposed leaf surfaces. Direct the spray at the actual larval feeding site — the whorl in maize, the leaf underside on broadleaf crops — rather than a general canopy pass. This is the single factor most clearly shown in the literature to separate a strong laboratory result from a weak field one (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Before scale-up Any rate not printed on a registered label for your market is a starting point for controlled trial design, not a registered label recommendation. Confirm compatibility, viability after mixing, plant safety and performance on a small block before commercial use. Results may vary with pest species, larval stage, crop, canopy, climate, application method, water quality and management. Use only in accordance with the current product label and local requirements. FAQ Is Nomuraea rileyi now known as Metarhizium rileyi? In current mycological taxonomy, yes, in most published treatments. A 2014 multigene phylogenetic study of the genus Metarhizium and its relatives found that Metarhizium — which has priority as the earliest available name for this group — should absorb the green-spored species previously placed in the separate genus Nomuraea , among others (Kepler et al. 2014, DOI ). Under that framework, the correct name is Metarhizium rileyi (Farlow) Kepler, S.A. Rehner & Humber, and recent peer-reviewed papers frequently cite it that way, often noting the older name in parentheses. Practical note: naming in applied entomology and the biopesticide trade lags behind formal mycological revisions, and both names remain in active use in the current literature. IndoGulf BioAg retains Nomuraea rileyi as the name in the current approved product specification. Is Nomuraea rileyi effective against fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)? Fall armyworm is the most extensively studied target for this organism in current literature, driven by its status as a major invasive pest across Africa and Asia since 2016 (Withers et al. 2022, DOI ). Results are genuinely strong under controlled conditions and genuinely mixed under field conditions, and both facts matter. Under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, results have been favorable: one isolate killed more than 95% of larvae within eight days at a low concentration in the laboratory, and greenhouse whorl applications produced 88–96% mortality (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Natural infection rates of 23–90% were recorded across Mexican maize fields, and two dozen isolates tested against second-instar larvae caused 70–98.7% mortality in bioassay (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ). Under conventional field spraying, results have been considerably more modest — 27–31% mortality in one multi-year field trial, rising to roughly 59% only when the spray was directed into the maize whorl and combined with a second biological agent (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ); a separate small-scale field trial found the fungus achieved a mortality proportion of 0.49 against a chemical-insecticide comparator's 0.72 (Ramos et al. 2025, DOI ). See FAQ 9 on why this gap exists and how to manage it. Which caterpillar pests are most commonly infected by Nomuraea rileyi? Primarily noctuid moth larvae. The best-documented targets in current literature are fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda ) in maize, tobacco cutworm ( Spodoptera litura ) and cotton bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ) in cotton and vegetable systems, oriental armyworm ( Mythimna separata ) in cereals, and velvetbean caterpillar ( Anticarsia gemmatalis ) and soybean looper ( Chrysodeixis includens ) in soybean (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ; Acharya et al. 2022, DOI ; Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). Transcriptome-level characterization work describes the species as capable of parasitizing more than 40 distinct hosts overall, predominantly within Lepidoptera: Noctuidae (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). Boundary: this is species-level literature across many named isolates, crops and geographies — not a claim that IndoGulf BioAg's specific formulation has been trial-tested against every pest listed. Which larval stages of armyworms are most susceptible to Nomuraea rileyi? Younger instars are consistently more susceptible than older ones. In fall armyworm, third-instar larvae had an LC₅₀ roughly three times lower than fourth-instar larvae of the same isolate (3.15 × 10⁷ versus 1.04 × 10⁸ conidia/mL) (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). Consistent with that finding, published isolate-screening trials against fall armyworm typically standardize on second-instar larvae as the test stage (Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ). Practical implication: scout for and time applications to young larvae. Older larvae are both harder to kill and harder to reach, since later instars burrow into the whorl or stalk. The organism has also been shown to infect the soil-dwelling pupal stage of both fall armyworm and tobacco cutworm, an additional susceptible stage beyond the actively feeding larva (Vivekanandhan et al. 2024, DOI ). How does Nomuraea rileyi infect and kill caterpillar pests? By a multi-stage biological process, not a single toxic event. Conidia attach to the larval cuticle and penetrate it using appressoria and hydrolytic enzymes (Fan et al. 2023, DOI ). Once inside, the fungus initially persists in a non-pathogenic, yeast-like form before switching to an actively pathogenic, mycelial form — a transition recently linked to the molecule tyrosol acting as a quorum-sensing signal (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ). The fungus then suppresses the caterpillar's cellular immune defenses, including phagocytosis, nodulation and encapsulation (Zhong et al. 2017, DOI ), while the host mounts a countering oxidative-stress and immune response of its own (Chen et al. 2013, DOI ). A separately documented mechanism adds a second layer: the fungus secretes an enzyme that chemically inactivates the host's molting hormone (ecdysteroids), blocking normal molt and metamorphosis independent of tissue destruction (Kiuchi et al. 2003, DOI ). The host eventually dies and is fully colonized internally; under humid conditions the fungus then sporulates externally on the cadaver, producing the pale green conidial coat that gives "green muscardine disease" its name and allowing spores to disperse to new hosts (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Why are humidity and rainfall important for natural Nomuraea rileyi outbreaks? Every step of infection — conidial attachment, germination and cuticle penetration — is a moisture-dependent process occurring on an exposed larval surface or in the soil. The foundational description of the infection sequence in this organism was carried out under 80% relative humidity at 24°C, conditions under which germination occurred within 24 hours and cuticle penetration within 36 hours (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ). Conversely, sunlight is directly damaging to the conidia: across fourteen isolates tested for UV-B tolerance, germination fell below 40% after three hours of exposure for most isolates, and only the most tolerant isolate maintained germination above 80% after two hours (Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ). A note on the evidence: a field study specifically correlating rainfall patterns with the onset of natural N. rileyi epizootics was not located in this research pass, so no rainfall-triggered-outbreak figure is quoted here. The humidity and UV-sensitivity mechanisms above are well established and support the general statement that this organism performs best under humid conditions and is degraded by prolonged direct sun exposure. On which crops is Nomuraea rileyi commonly studied for biological pest control? Maize is by far the most heavily represented crop in current (2018–2025) literature, driven by fall armyworm and oriental armyworm research (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ; Barros et al. 2021, DOI ; Ramos et al. 2024, DOI ; Ramos et al. 2025, DOI ; Gundreddy et al. 2025, DOI ; Acharya et al. 2022, DOI ; Grijalba et al. 2018, DOI ). Soybean is the second major crop context, targeting velvetbean caterpillar and soybean looper (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). Cotton and vegetable systems appear through cotton bollworm and tobacco cutworm mechanistic research, much of it laboratory-based (Devi et al. 2003, DOI ; Zhong et al. 2017, DOI ). An older case study also documents use against a root-boring caterpillar pest of ornamental queen palm (Svinningen et al. 2010, PMID 21539246). Boundary: this list reflects the crops most represented in current peer-reviewed literature on this organism. IndoGulf's product may be used more broadly within an integrated pest-management program wherever the target caterpillar pests are present, in line with the approved product label for your market. Can Nomuraea rileyi be integrated with Bt, Beauveria or chemical insecticides? Direct, published tank-mix or rotational compatibility trials specifically combining N. rileyi with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or with Beauveria bassiana products were not located in this research pass. Both organisms are studied as parallel biocontrol options against the same pests (for example, both N. rileyi and Bt were used as comparative infection challenges in the same tobacco cutworm immune-response study), but that is not evidence that combining them in a single application is compatible or beneficial. What direct evidence does exist: this fungus has been successfully co-applied with a different type of biological control agent — a nucleopolyhedrovirus ( Spodoptera frugiperda baculovirus, SfMNPV) — with whorl-directed combined application in maize achieving roughly double the field mortality of conventional spraying of either agent alone (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Separately, metabolites from two entomopathogenic bacteria ( Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus temperata ) suppressed the host's immune response and measurably enhanced this fungus's pathogenicity in both laboratory and field assays (Park and Kim 2012, DOI ) — evidence that some biological combinations can be synergistic, though this involves different bacterial species than Bt. Against chemical insecticides , one direct field comparison exists: this fungus achieved lower fall armyworm mortality than the chemical insecticide spinetoram (49% versus 72%), but spinetoram significantly reduced populations of natural enemies and non-target insects while the fungal treatment did not (Ramos et al. 2025, DOI ) — relevant to rotation strategy, not to tank-mix compatibility. Against fungicides , treat as incompatible by default: laboratory testing found two soybean-rust fungicide combinations reduced this fungus's germinability and reduced resulting larval mortality by 30–40%, although in the same study a single field-recommended-rate fungicide application did not measurably reduce the fungus's natural field infection rate over two seasons (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). Until product-specific testing says otherwise, avoid tank-mixing with fungicides and separate applications in time. What factors cause Nomuraea rileyi to perform differently in laboratory and field conditions? Several factors, most identifiable in the literature and most manageable through application practice: Application placement. The clearest documented driver. Conventional broadcast spraying in maize produced only 27–31% larval mortality, while directing the same conidia into the whorl where fall armyworm actually feeds nearly doubled effective mortality when combined with a second agent (Faria et al. 2021, DOI ). Isolate identity. LC₅₀ values across isolates of this species have spanned more than four orders of magnitude in a single screening study (1.0 × 10⁶ to 3.8 × 10¹⁰ conidia/mL) (Gundreddy et al. 2025, DOI ). Humidity and sunlight. Germination and penetration require high humidity, and UV-B exposure measurably damages conidia within hours (Kumar et al. 1997, DOI ; Licona-Juárez et al. 2023, DOI ) — conditions that are far more variable and less controllable in an open field than in a laboratory bioassay or greenhouse trial. Larval stage at exposure. Younger instars are markedly more susceptible than older ones (Liu et al. 2025, DOI ), and field timing is harder to hit precisely than a standardized laboratory bioassay stage. Formulation and fastidious production requirements. This species has historically been difficult to mass-produce and formulate for consistent field stability, a documented commercialization constraint distinct from its biological efficacy (Song et al. 2013, DOI ; Grijalba et al. 2018, DOI ). Co-occurring natural mortality factors. In the field, this fungus operates alongside other natural enemies — parasitoid wasps, tachinid flies and other entomopathogenic fungi — that also kill the same caterpillar pests, which can make it difficult to attribute field-observed mortality to this organism alone (Lopes et al. 2022, DOI ). The practical reading: this organism rewards attention to isolate quality, application placement and timing far more than most conventional insecticides do. A grower who sprays it like a contact chemical, broadcast over the canopy regardless of where the pest actually is, should expect the field end of this evidence range, not the laboratory end. Sustainability Advantage Related Products Beauveria bassiana Hirsutella thompsonii Isaria fumosorosea Lecanicillium lecanii Metarhizium anisopliae More Products Resources Read all

< Animal Health Piscicare Pisci Care is an aqua feed additive that is suitable for pelletizing due to its high strength capacity. Pisci Care helps to keep the feed stable 15 – 20 minutes in water. It helps to reduce breakage and fines. It is an oral administered feed which enhances greatly improves feed intake and enhances pigmentation in shrimps. Product Enquiry Benefits Maximizes Feed Intake and Palatability Improves the taste and quality of feed, ensuring full consumption by targeting the sensory organs of aquatic species. Provides Essential Nutrients for Healthy Growth Delivers vital minerals, nutrients, and amino acids necessary for the optimal development of fish and shrimp. Enhances Bioavailability and Digestibility Improves the absorption and metabolism of feed supplements, offering a form that is easily digestible, safe to use, and convenient to store. Acts as a Natural Feed Attractant Contains strong natural attractants that stimulate feeding behavior in prawns and shrimp, reducing pellet feed wastage. Composition Marine protein Vitamins Amino acids Herbal extracts with liver stimulant and anti-oxidants Composition Distinction FAQ Additional Info FAQ Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Livcare Aquatract Aqua Energy Aqua Pro Aquamin Probio Aqua More Products Resources Read all

Work with us > Job Opportunities Assistant Scientist, Industrial Biotechnology Full-time On-site Location: Stiller Centre, London, Ontario Employment Type: Full-Time About the Company Indogulf Bioworks Inc. is a pioneering biotechnology company based at Western Research Parks in London, Ontario. We develop, scale, manufacture, and commercialize microbial and biological technologies for application in diverse industries such as agriculture, animal health, mining and bioremediation. We are a growing, hands-on team where scientists, technicians, regulatory professionals, and commercial teams work closely together to move ideas from the lab into practical, real-world scalable solutions. Role Overview The Assistant Scientist will primarily support fermentation-based biofertilizer production across both R&D and production operations (from media screening and bioreactor runs through downstream processing and formulation), perform routine microbial quality control, support plant-microbe research experiments as needed, record accurate data, and escalate issues quickly while collaborating with upstream, QC, and other cross-functional teams. This position offers the opportunity to work in a collaborative, hands-on startup environment where the Assistant Scientist can contribute directly to fermentation, bioprocessing, and production, with additional exposure to QC and agricultural research. What You’ll Do 1. Fermentation, Bioprocessing and Formulation Perform media screening and optimization to support fermentation of microbial strains for biofertilizer production. Set up, operate, and monitor bioreactors (up to 10 L) and other bioprocess equipment of different sizes, including sterilization, inoculation, sampling, and in-process monitoring. Support both R&D fermentation development and routine production batches, including batch preparation, equipment cleaning, and sterilization. Carry out downstream processing steps such as centrifugation, drying, and blending, using equipment at different scales. Support product formulation and help transfer processes from bench scale toward production. Weigh and charge raw materials, and help with blending, packaging, and labelling of finished product batches. Record batch and process data accurately and help troubleshoot fermentation runs. Work closely with the upstream, QC, and other teams to ensure smooth handoffs from fermentation to finished product. 2. Routine Microbial QC Prepare microbiology media for plates, broths, flasks, cultures, and QC testing, and prepare samples for analysis. Perform plating, microbial enumeration, routine culture maintenance, and inoculations using aseptic technique. Conduct contamination checks, product and culture testing, and other routine QC assays. Maintain complete, accurate, and timely laboratory records, QC logs, data sheets, and sample traceability documentation. Keep laboratory workspaces, materials, cultures, and supplies clean, organized, and ready for use. 3. Plant-Microbe Research Support (As Needed) Execute research protocols developed by the team and follow approved experimental procedures exactly. Set up and maintain plant-microbe efficacy experiments in controlled environments, including grow tents. Prepare and apply microbial treatments while maintaining clear labelling, treatment separation, and experimental controls. Monitor plant growth and environmental conditions, and record study performance indicators consistently. Take measurements and photographs, collect samples, and maintain complete and accurate experimental records. Support harvest activities, sample processing, analytical work, and trial execution across row crops and greenhouse crops. 4. General Laboratory Responsibilities Follow all laboratory safety, biosafety, including Biosafety Level 1 and 2 (BSL-1/BSL-2) practices, and standard operating procedures. Coordinate day-to-day activities with upstream, QC, research, and other cross-functional teams to keep fermentation, production, QC and research work on schedule. Report protocol deviations, contamination concerns, equipment issues, and unusual results promptly. Support additional QC, research, production, harvest, and laboratory operations tasks as assigned, and participate in team meetings. What You’ll Bring A Bachelor’s degree or higher in Biology, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Bioprocess Engineering, Environmental Science, or a related life-science discipline. Practical hands-on laboratory experience; experience with microbial culture, aseptic handling, plating, or enumeration is strongly preferred. An understanding of microbial fermentation, or a strong willingness to learn it; training will be provided. Working knowledge of Biosafety Level 1 and 2 (BSL-1/BSL-2) laboratory practices. Comfort operating bioreactors, centrifuges, dryers, blenders, and other bioprocess equipment of different sizes, with an understanding of downstream processing and formulation (or eagerness to learn). Ability to lift and carry up to 10 kg (e.g., media components, carboys, product bags) and to stand for extended periods during fermentation and production runs. Comfort following established laboratory and research protocols carefully and consistently. Strong attention to detail, with accurate documentation, measurement, and data-recording skills. Reliable and organized, with clear communication skills and the ability to work both independently and collaboratively, including across departments. A genuine interest in agriculture, plants, soil, environmental science, microbiology, fermentation, biofertilizers, and biological technologies, with the ability to work onsite at our lab at Western University campus in London, ON. Genuine enthusiasm for the field and a desire to grow with the company in a long-term role. Fill this form to complete your application. Job position* Select job position (required) Applicant Name* Preferred nickname Email* Phone* Salary Expectation* LinkedIn URL* Message Resume* Attach resume I agree to be contacted by IndoGulf BioAg regarding this inquiry. * Add me to your mailing list for updates and opportunities. Next Back to Home

Pseudomonas striata improves soil health, enhances root systems, increases plant drought tolerance, optimizes soil nutrition for sustained crop productivity. Compatible with bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers. < Microbial Species Pseudomonas striata Pseudomonas striata improves soil health, enhances root systems, increases plant drought tolerance, optimizes soil nutrition for sustained crop productivity. Compatible with bio-pesticides and bio-fertilizers. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Improves Soil and Plant Health Enhances both soil fertility and plant vigor, leading to healthier crops. Enhances Root System Promotes the development of robust root systems, improving nutrient and water uptake. Increases Plant Tolerance to Stress Boosts plant resilience to environmental stresses like drought and disease. Promotes Sustainable Agriculture Supports sustainable farming practices by reducing the need for chemical inputs and enhancing soil biodiversity. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References 1. Phosphorus Solubilization & Soil Fertility Enhancement P. striata solubilizes phosphate by producing organic acids like tartaric and gluconic acid, and also produces extracellular phytase and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), enhancing phosphorus availability and plant growth in pearl millet. Gaind, 2013 – Journal of Crop Improvement Application of P. striata with rock phosphate significantly increased phosphorus uptake and yield in soybean, suggesting cost-effective alternatives to chemical fertilizers. Dubey, 1996 – Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 2. Plant Growth Promotion Inoculation with P. striata enhances root and shoot biomass, nutrient uptake, and productivity in crops like sorghum and mungbean, especially in phosphorus-deficient soils. Saxena & Mohan, 2010 – Field trial study Combined inoculation with Piriformospora indica and P. striata showed synergistic effects on chickpea biomass, though phosphorus uptake remained unaffected. Meena et al., 2010 – Biology and Fertility of Soils 3. Biocontrol & Nematode Suppression Culture filtrates of P. striata reduced egg hatch of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica by up to 95%, suggesting strong nematicidal potential. Ansari et al., 2002 – Laboratory study P. striata also suppressed nematode infections in mungbean and improved nodulation and nutrient uptake in synergy with Bradyrhizobium . Khan et al., 2016 – Biological Control 4. Enzymatic Activity & Biochemical Potential P. striata produces amino acid racemases and amidases capable of breaking down compounds like acetanilide into aniline and acetic acid, indicating use in biodegradation. Hsiung et al., 1975 – Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications Enzyme studies revealed broad-substrate amino acid racemase activity, with potential in biochemical conversions. Roise et al., 1984 – Biochemistry 5. Environmental Monitoring & Biosensing P. striata was used in developing zinc-selective membrane biosensors due to its cell membrane sensitivity to metal ions. Datta et al., 2009 – Indian Journal of Science and Technology Would you like a formatted reference list (APA/MLA) or a summary version of these resources for web use? Mode of Action Phosphate Solubilization P. striata secretes organic acids like tartaric, gluconic, citric, and malic acids that chelate calcium and release bound phosphorus from insoluble forms (like tricalcium and rock phosphate), making it available for plant uptake. It also produces extracellular phytase, which helps mineralize organic phosphate (Gaind, 2013) . 2. Plant Growth Promotion The bacterium produces indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a phytohormone that promotes root elongation and plant biomass. Its growth-promoting effect has been observed in crops like soybean, pearl millet, chickpea, and mungbean (Dubey, 1996) , (Meena et al., 2010) .] 3. Biocontrol of Soil Pathogens P. striata produces metabolites that suppress root-knot nematodes ( Meloidogyne spp. ), significantly reducing egg hatching and juvenile survival. This makes it a potential eco-friendly nematicide (Ansari et al., 2002) , (Khan et al., 2016) . 4. Enzyme Production and Biodegradation The bacterium synthesizes enzymes such as: Aryl amidases , which hydrolyze compounds like acetanilide into aniline and acetic acid, useful in organic pollutant degradation (Hsiung et al., 1975) . Amino acid racemases , which catalyze D/L amino acid interconversion, showing promise in biochemical applications (Roise et al., 1984) . 5. Rhizosphere Colonization P. striata establishes well in the rhizosphere, maintaining populations throughout plant growth stages even under varying fertilizer levels, ensuring sustained benefits to plants (Rajkumar et al., 2008) . Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment : 1 kg of seeds will be coated with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Pseudomonas striata and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. The coated seeds will then be dried in shade and sow or broadcast in the field. Seedling Treatment : Dip the seedlings into the mixture of 100 grams of Pseudomonas striata and sufficient amount of water. Soil Treatment : Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Pseudomonas striata with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Incorporate the mixture and spread into the field at the time of planting/sowing. Irrigation : Mix 3 kg per acre of Pseudomonas striata in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What is Pseudomonas striata? Pseudomonas striata is a soil bacterium known for its ability to solubilize phosphate and promote plant growth. It is commonly used as a biofertilizer and biocontrol agent in sustainable agriculture. How does P. striata make phosphorus more available to plants? It releases organic acids such as tartaric, gluconic, and citric acids that break down insoluble phosphate compounds in the soil, converting them into forms plants can absorb (Gaind, 2013) . Does P. striata improve plant growth? Yes. It produces the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), enhances nutrient uptake, and increases root and shoot biomass in crops like soybean, pearl millet, and mungbean (Dubey, 1996) , (Khan et al., 2016) . Can it control plant pests or diseases? Yes. P. striata culture filtrates can suppress nematodes like Meloidogyne javanica, reducing egg hatch by up to 95%, making it a promising biocontrol agent (Ansari et al., 2002) . Is P. striata safe and environmentally friendly? Yes. It is naturally occurring in soils and supports eco-friendly farming by reducing reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Does P. striata have industrial applications? It produces enzymes like amidases and amino acid racemases that can degrade organic pollutants and may be useful in biodegradation and biochemical processing (Hsiung et al., 1975) . Sustainability Advantage Related Products Aspergillus awamori Bacillus firmus Bacillus megaterium: Phosphate solubilizing bacteria for agriculture Bacillus polymyxa Pseudomonas putida: Beneficial Rhizobacteria for Plant Growth and Phosphorus Availability More Products Resources Read all

< Crop Kits Army Worms Army worms (Spodoptera spp.) damage rice by feeding on leaves and stems, causing defoliation and yield loss. Timely pest control is vital. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Additional Info Related Products Aminomax SP Annomax BioProtek Biocupe Neem Plus Seed Protek Silicomax Dates Pro More Products Resources Read all