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< Animal Health Equalga EQUALGA works naturally to support gut and hindgut health, and improves immune defenses against all digestive upsets including gastric ulcers. EQUALGA contains scientifically chosen, all natural components. Product Enquiry Benefits Supports Healthy Weight and Bone Strength Helps maintain proper body condition and supports bone health for improved mobility and strength. Enhances Coat Quality and Appearance Assists in improving the hair coat, contributing to a healthy, glossy appearance. Improves Behavior and Overall Performance Promotes balanced temperament and better performance through improved physical well-being. Boosts Appetite and Prevents Gut Disorders Stimulates appetite and helps prevent gastrointestinal issues, including gastric ulcers. Component Activated Carbon Bifidobacterium bifidum Calcium Carbonate Extract of Glycyrrhiza spp. FOS L. tryptophan Lactobacillus rhamnosus Nano Flaxseed Oil Oatmeal PEG Saccharomyces boulardii Sodium bicarbonate Spray dried Carrot Powder Trigonella foenum-graecum Pulvis Yucca Extract Zinc Sulphate Composition Distinction FAQ Additional Info FAQ Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Eqsolbi Bio Stallion More Products Resources Read all

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, produces plant growth hormones, suppresses pathogens with enzymes, acts as biofertilizer and biopesticide, improves soil fertility, safe for non-target species and humans. < Microbial Species Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, produces plant growth hormones, suppresses pathogens with enzymes, acts as biofertilizer and biopesticide, improves soil fertility, safe for non-target species and humans. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Suppresses plant pathogens It produces antibiotics, siderophores, and other metabolites that inhibit the growth of plant pathogens like fungi, bacteria, and nematodes. Enhances nutrient uptake Facilitates nutrient uptake by solubilizing phosphates and micronutrients in the soil, improving nutrient availability to plants for better growth and health. Improves soil fertility Enhances soil fertility by promoting nutrient cycling, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, through enzymatic breakdown of organic matter. Produces plant growth hormones Bacillus amyloliquefaciens synthesizes and releases plant growth-promoting hormones (auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins), which stimulate plant growth. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Effect of biocontrol agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SN16-1 and plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum on tomato rhizosphere bacterial community composition Bacillus amyloliquefaciens : Harnessing Its Potential for Industrial, Medical, and Agricultural Applications—A Comprehensive Review Zhang, L. et al. (2019). “Genome mining reveals antibiotic biosynthesis pathways in B. amyloliquefaciens .” Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology , 103(11), 4295–4306. Mode of Action Rhizosphere Colonization and Biofilm Formation Rapid chemotaxis toward root exudates (sugars, amino acids) establishes populations of 10^7–10^8 CFU/g soil within 5–7 days. Exopolysaccharide-mediated biofilm on root surfaces enhances persistence and protects cells from desiccation and predators. Nutrient Mobilization Phosphate Solubilization: Secretion of organic acids (gluconic, citric, oxalic) and phosphatases lowers soil pH and liberates insoluble inorganic phosphates for plant uptake. Siderophore Production: High-affinity siderophores chelate Fe^3+ and deliver iron to roots, correcting micronutrient deficiencies and suppressing iron-dependent pathogens. Phytohormone Synthesis Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) Biosynthesis: Tryptophan-dependent pathways generate 5–20 µg IAA/mL, stimulating root hair formation, lateral root branching, and root elongation. Cytokinin Production: Low-level zeatin and kinetin analogs (0.2–0.5 µg/mL) promote cell division in meristematic tissues, balancing shoot-to-root growth. Enhanced Nitrogen Acquisition Nodulation Induction in Legumes: Production of lipo-oligosaccharides and phytohormones upregulates nodulation (Nod) genes in rhizobia, increasing nodule number by up to 50% and boosting biological N₂ fixation. Pathogen Suppression Antibiotic Secondary Metabolites: Nonribosomal lipopeptides (iturins, fengycins, surfactins) disrupt fungal cell membranes, reducing spore germination and hyphal growth by >80% in vitro. Hydrolytic Enzymes: Chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases, proteases degrade pathogen cell walls, providing broad-spectrum biocontrol. Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) Elicitation of Plant Defense: Flagellin fragments and cyclic lipopeptides trigger jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, priming systemic resistance against bacteria, fungi, and insects. Stress Alleviation ACC Deaminase Activity: Degradation of plant ACC (ethylene precursor) lowers stress ethylene levels, maintaining root growth under drought and salinity. Osmolyte Accumulation: Upregulation of proline and glycine betaine in plants under stress enhances cell turgor and membrane stability. Biofilm-Mediated Detoxification Heavy Metal Chelation: Surface-bound extracellular polymeric substances sequester cadmium, lead, and arsenic, reducing phytotoxicity and improving plant growth in contaminated soils. Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cucurbits, Grapes, Apple, Peas, Beans, Tomato, Pulses, Cumin, Chilies, Coriander, Mango, Ber, Peas, Strawberry, Medicinal and Aromatic crops, and Roses Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 kg Soil Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Seed Dressing 1 Kg seed: 1g Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens + 10 g crude sugar Foliar Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Soluble Powder Foliar Application 1 Acre dose: 1 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) 1 Acre dose: 1 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 kg Soil Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 1 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Seed Dressing 1 Kg seed: 1g Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens + 10 g crude sugar Foliar Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials 1 Acre dose: 1 kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5 kg Apply 2 times in 1 Year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Soil Application Method Mix Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens at recommended doses in sufficient water and drench soil at early leaf stage / 2-4 leaf stage / early crop life cycle. Drip Irrigation: If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to drip tank. Long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops: Dissolve Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens at recommended doses in sufficient water and apply as a drenching spray near root zone twice a year. It is recommended to have first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Seed Dressing Method Mix Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry and coat seeds. Dry in shade and sow / broadcast / dibble in the field. Do not store treated / coated seeds more than 24 hours. Foliar Application Method Foliar application to be done at early disease incidence. 1-2 follow-up sprays to be done at weekly intervals. Mix Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on foliage / fruit / plant. Apply twice a year for long duration crops. It is recommended to have first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Note: Do not store Bacillus Amyloliquefaciens solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. FAQ What is Bacillus amyloliquefaciens? Bacillus amyloliquefaciens is a beneficial soil-borne bacterium that forms hardy endospores. It colonizes plant roots and promotes growth and health through multiple mechanisms. How does B. amyloliquefaciens colonize plant roots? It moves toward root exudates (sugars, amino acids), attaches via biofilm formation, and reaches 10⁷–10⁸ CFU per gram of root zone within a week. What nutrients does it mobilize? Phosphate solubilization: secretes organic acids and enzymes to convert insoluble phosphorus into plant-available forms Siderophore production: chelates iron from soil, making it accessible to plants and starving pathogens Which phytohormones does it produce? Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to stimulate root elongation and branching Cytokinin analogs to promote cell division in shoots and improve shoot-root balance. How does it enhance nitrogen fixation in legumes? It secretes signals (lipo-oligosaccharides and phytohormones) that induce nod gene expression in rhizobia, increasing nodule number by up to 50% and boosting atmospheric N₂ fixation. What biocontrol activities does it offer? It produces antimicrobial lipopeptides (iturins, fengycins, surfactins) that disrupt fungal and bacterial membranes, and secretes chitinases to degrade fungal cell walls, suppressing soil-borne pathogens. Can it induce systemic resistance (ISR)? Yes. Its molecules (flagellin peptides, cyclic lipopeptides) trigger jasmonate and ethylene pathways in plants, priming systemic defenses against a broad spectrum of pests and diseases. Does it help plants under drought or salinity stress? B. amyloliquefaciens expresses ACC deaminase, which breaks down the ethylene precursor ACC, reducing stress-induced ethylene levels. It also induces osmolyte accumulation (proline, glycine betaine) to improve osmotic balance. How is it applied in the field? Commonly as a seed coating (10⁶–10⁸ CFU per seed) or soil drench. Formulations use carriers like peat or vermiculite. Optimal soil moisture and pH improve establishment. Is B. amyloliquefaciens safe? Yes. It is generally recognized as safe, non-pathogenic to humans and animals, and does not leave harmful residues. Standard quality control ensures strain purity and efficacy. Sustainability Advantage Related Products Bacillus azotoformans Bacillus circulans Bacillus pumilus Pseudomonas fluorescens Pseudomonas putida Rhodococcus terrae Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza Williopsis saturnus More Products Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer & exporter of Anpeekay NPK nano fertilizers. Enhance crop yield and health with our advanced, high-quality solutions. < Nano Fertilizers Anpeekay NPK A non-phosphite phosphorous and potash nutrient, embedded in a matrix of colloidal amino acids and encapsulated using a biopolymer, replacing chemical fertilizers like urea, DAP, and potash. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Phosphorus Optimization By building critical levels of phosphorus and delivering it in a plant-compatible form, Anpeekay supports essential biological functions such as energy production, water retention, and nutrient holding capacity. This ensures robust plant growth and development. Enhanced Nutrient Availability Anpeekay ensures 100% bioavailability and water-soluble phosphorus, allowing plants to efficiently absorb and metabolize nutrients. It utilizes the amino acid transport system for optimal uptake, enhancing nutrient utilization across different growth stages. Resilience Against Deficiencies Anpeekay helps plants withstand phosphorus deficiency and malabsorption conditions, imparting resilience and improving overall plant health. It increases passive absorption by enhancing water and lipid solubility of mineral nutrients, contributing to better nutrient uptake efficiency. Adaptability and Stress Resistance Tailored to meet the demands of modern plant genotypes, Anpeekay is particularly effective in stress conditions. It strengthens plant defenses against pests, diseases, and environmental stressors, promoting healthier and more productive crops. Components Composition (%) w/w Nitrogen as N 14.5 Citric Acid 12.5 Phosphorous as P2O5 5.68 Bio Polymer 0.16 Lysine 2 Enzymes 7 Potassium as K2O 1.36 Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Compatibility: Compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides Shelf life: Best before 24 months when stored at room temperature Packaging: 25 liters Symptoms of NPK Deficiency: Stunted growth Yellowing of leaves Reduced fruit or flower production Weakened plant immunity Why choose this product? Content coming soon! Key Benefits at a Glance Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Use 8–16ml per litre of water, and it can be applied by spraying, sprinkler, and drip.The first application is during the preparation of the soil before sowing.The second application is when the crop is 1–2 weeks old.The third application is one week before it is going to flower.Lastly, apply 1–2 weeks before harvest. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Nano Urea Hydromax Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron Nano Potassium More Products Resources Read all

Paecilomyces Lilacinus is a versatile biological agent employed as both a nematicide and seed treatment. It effectively targets and controls parasitic nematodes in agriculture. < Microbial Species Paecilomyces lilacinus Paecilomyces Lilacinus is a versatile biological agent employed as both a nematicide and seed treatment. It effectively targets and controls parasitic nematodes in agriculture. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Compatible with IPM Strategies Compatible with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies, allowing for sustainable pest control measures that integrate biological agents with other pest management. Improves Nutrient Uptake Improves nutrient uptake in plants and enhances overall plant vigor post-nematode attack, aiding in crop recovery and growth. Suppresses Nematode Populations Suppresses nematode populations through its ability to parasitize nematode eggs and compete with nematodes for resources in the soil. Induces Systemic Resistance Induces systemic resistance in plants, enhancing their ability to defend against nematode infestations by activating plant defense mechanisms. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Oclarit, E.L. & Cumagun, C.J.R. (2009). Evaluation of efficacy of Paecilomyces lilacinus as biological control agent of Meloidogyne incognita attacking tomato. Journal of Plant Protection Research , 49(4), 337-340. plantprotection+1 Liu, Z.J., Shan, L.L. & Chen, X.F. (2024). Identification and growth-promoting effect of Paecilomyces lilacinus a biocontrol fungi for walnut rot disease. PLoS ONE , 19(12), e0314160. journals.plos+1 Khan, A., Williams, K.L. & Nevalainen, H.K.M. (2006). Effects of Paecilomyces lilacinus protease and chitinase on the eggshell structures and viability of Meloidogyne javanica eggs. Biological Control , 38, 346-352. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih López-Llorca, L.V. & Duncan, G.H. (1988). Nematicidal activity of Paecilomyces lilacinus culture filtrates. Annals of Applied Biology , 113, 603-612. horizon.ird EPA Biopesticides Fact Sheet (2005). Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide Programs. epa Yang, J. et al. (2024). Effects of Paecilomyces lilacinus and Bacillus pumilus on stem nematode control and bacterial community structure. Scientific Reports , 14, 24268. pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih+1 Cayrol, J.C., Djian, C. & Pijarowski, L. (1992). Study of the nematicidal properties of the culture filtrate of the nematophagous fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus. Revue de Nématologie , 15(4), 501-507. horizon.ird Kiewnick, S. & Sikora, R.A. (2006). Biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita by Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251. Biological Control , 38, 179-187. apsjournals.apsnet Mode of Action Spore Attachment and Germination : Paecilomyces lilacinus initiates control by attaching spores to nematode eggs, juveniles, and adult females. Upon contact, spores germinate and develop fungal hyphae that grow toward target nematodes. novobac+2 Appressorium Formation : The fungus forms specialized attachment structures called appressoria at hyphal tips, acting as anchors to firmly attach to the nematode's body surface. This ensures secure connection for subsequent invasion processes. amruthfarming+1 Enzymatic Degradation : Once attached, the fungus secretes powerful enzymes including chitinase, protease, and β-1,3 glucanase that break down proteins in the nematode's cuticle and cell wall. These enzymes create openings for fungal penetration and weaken the nematode's structural integrity. indogulfbioag+3 Penetration and Colonization : Fungal hyphae penetrate the nematode's body cavity through enzyme-created openings. The fungus then absorbs nutrients from the nematode, gradually weakening and eventually killing the target organism. novobac+2 Reproduction and Spread : Following successful colonization, Paecilomyces lilacinus reproduces within the deceased nematode, producing new spores that disperse throughout the soil to infect additional nematodes. This creates a self-sustaining biocontrol cycle in the rhizosphere environment. katyayanikrishidirect Toxin Production : The fungus may also secrete nematicidal toxins with neurotropic effects, causing paralysis in susceptible nematode species. These toxins provide an additional control mechanism beyond direct parasitism. horizon.ird+1 Additional Info Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Seasonal Crops First application: At land preparation stage/sowing/planting Second application: Three weeks after first application Long Duration Crops/Orchards/Perennials 1 Acre dose: 10-50 Kg 1 Ha dose: 25-125 Kg Apply 2 times per year: Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon Seed Treatment 1 Kg seed: 10g Paecilomyces lilacinus + 10g crude sugar Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 1-5 Kg 1 Ha dose: 2.5-12.5 Kg Application Methods Soil Application Method: Mix Paecilomyces lilacinus at recommended doses with compost and apply during early crop stages. For seasonal crops, apply twice - first at land preparation/sowing/planting, second application three weeks later. Drip Irrigation: Filter solution to remove insoluble particles before adding to drip tank. Apply dissolved product through irrigation system during early morning or evening hours. Seed Treatment Method: Mix Paecilomyces lilacinus with crude sugar in sufficient water to make slurry. Coat seeds thoroughly and dry in shade before sowing. Do not store treated seeds for more than 24 hours. Target Crops: Vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers, medicinal crops, orchards, ornamentals, tomatoes, potatoes, peppers, cucumbers, melons, bananas, citrus, and all field crops susceptible to nematode damage. FAQ What nematodes does Paecilomyces lilacinus control? Paecilomyces lilacinus is effective against root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), cyst nematodes (Heterodera and Globodera spp.), reniform nematodes, citrus nematodes, lesion nematodes, and burrowing nematodes. It shows particularly high efficacy against Meloidogyne incognita with parasitism rates up to 70%. epa+2 How long does it take to see results? Initial effects may be observed within 2-4 weeks, but optimal results typically appear 6-8 weeks after application. The fungus requires time to establish in soil and build up sufficient populations to effectively control nematodes. abimicrobes+2 Is Paecilomyces lilacinus safe for beneficial organisms? Yes, this biological agent is highly selective and safe for non-target organisms including beneficial soil microbes, earthworms, and insects. It does not harm humans, animals, or the environment when used according to label directions. wesframarket+1 Can it be mixed with other treatments? Paecilomyces lilacinus is compatible with other bionematicides, biofertilizers, and plant growth hormones. However, it should not be mixed with chemical fertilizers or chemical pesticides as these may reduce its effectiveness. indogulfbioag+1 What is the optimal soil temperature for application? The fungus performs best at soil temperatures between 21-27°C (70-81°F). It does not survive at temperatures above human body temperature (37°C), making it safe for handling. epa How should the product be stored? Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight. The product maintains viability for up to 12 months under proper storage conditions. Refrigerated storage can extend shelf life to 18 months. abimicrobes Can Paecilomyces lilacinus help protect crops from root damage caused by nematodes? Yes, Paecilomyces lilacinus can help protect crops by targeting harmful plant-parasitic nematodes in the soil. These nematodes often attack plant roots, causing weak growth, poor nutrient uptake, and lower yield. Paecilomyces lilacinus works naturally by attacking nematode eggs and young stages, which helps reduce their population around the root zone. When used correctly with good soil moisture and proper application timing, it supports healthier root development and can be a useful part of sustainable nematode management. It is especially helpful for farmers looking for a biological alternative to chemical nematicides. The linked guide explains this mode of action and its role in biological nematode contro l. Sustainability Advantage Related Products Pochonia chlamydosporia Serratia marcescens Verticillium chlamydosporium More Products Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer and exporter of Nano PUFA fertilizers. Enhance plant growth and yield with our advanced nano-technology solutions. Quality assured. < Nano Fertilizers Nano PUFA Nano polyunsaturated fatty acid particles derived from flaxseed oil, encapsulated in a chitosan-based biopolymer, offering bioavailable lipids for metabolic energy and plant growth. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhances Nutritional Profile Increases omega-3 fatty acids, promoting health benefits for consumers. Ensures Better Shelf Life Extends the shelf life of the produce, maintaining freshness. Promotes Healthier Produce Free from antibiotics, pesticides, and harsh chemicals, ensuring safety. Enhances Yield Quantity and Quality Improves both the quantity and quality of agricultural produce. Components Composition (%) w/w Amylase 0.5 Lipase 2.5 Citric Acid 5 Formic Acid 0.5 BHT 0.2 Lysine 2 Linseed Oil 20 Parabens 0.3 Span 80 10.5 Tween-80 10 Aqua 25 Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Compatibility: Compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides Shelf life: Best before 24 months when stored at room temperature Packaging: 5 Ltx2/Corrugated Cardboard Box Symptoms of PUFA Deficiency: Reduced growth and vigor Increased susceptibility to pests and diseases Poor reproductive performance Reduced nutrient uptake and utilization Why choose this product? Content coming soon! Key Benefits at a Glance Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Seed Dressing: Use 10–15ml of Nano PUFA for every 1kg of seed and coat uniformly.Soil Application: Mix 5–10ml with 1L of water for soil drench or drip irrigation.Dosage: 1–2L per acre or 2.5–5L per hectare.Application: Apply once at vegetative phase, early leaf stage, or 2 to 3 leaf stage of the crop. Nano PUFA can be used once as a soil drench, stimulating vegetative growth of the plant and soil microflora.Foliar Application: Mix 3–5ml with 1L of water.Dosage: 600ml–1L per acre or 1.5–2.5L per hectare.Application: Apply from 15 days pre-flowering till harvest stage at 2-week intervals. Mix Nano PUFA at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on foliage for better quality yield.Seed Dressing: Mix Nano PUFA in sufficient water to make a slurry, coat seeds, dry in shade, and sow/broadcast/dibble in the field. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Nano Urea Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron More Products Resources Read all

Looking for Silicomax wheat fertilizer? A silicon-based plant strengthener that improves crop resistance, strengthens stems, and boosts productivity. Get Free Product Enquiry. < Crop Kits Silicomax Silicomax is an organo-silicon adjuvant that improves wetting, sticking, and absorption of agricultural sprays. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Residue-Free and Resistance-Safe Leaves no chemical residues, poses no risk of resistance development, and complies with maximum residue limit standards. Enhanced Spray Efficiency Functions as an effective organo-silicon adjuvant that improves spray coverage, retention, and penetration of foliar applications. No Pre-Harvest or Re-Entry Concerns Does not require pre-harvest intervals or re-entry waiting periods, supporting flexible and safe application. Safe for Crops and Ecology Non-phytotoxic and harmless to beneficial organisms like parasites, pollinators, and predators. Benefits Content coming soon! Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Typical acre dose: 60ml–120ml Typical hectare dose: 150ml–300ml Mix Silicomax @ 0.3ml/L water along with Annomax Additional Info Storage Requirements Store below 40°C in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. Keep away from sunlight, children, and animals. Do not store in metallic containers. Keep tightly closed when not in use. Handling Precautions Use standard hygiene and safety practices for agricultural products. Related Products Aminomax SP Annomax BioProtek Biocupe Neem Plus Seed Protek Dates Pro BloomX More Products Resources Read all

Non-pathogenic strains of Fusarium proliferatum offer promising potential in agriculture and biotechnology. These strains contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, enhancing soil health and fertility. Additionally, they are explored for their ability to produce industrially valuable enzymes and secondary metabolites that can be harnessed for biotransformation processes. Their metabolic diversity makes non-pathogenic F. proliferatum strains valuable for sustainable practices in agriculture and innovative applications in biotechnology. < Microbial Species Fusarium proliferatum Non-pathogenic strains of Fusarium proliferatum offer promising potential in agriculture and biotechnology. These strains contribute to nutrient cycling by decomposing organic matter, enhancing soil health and fertility. Additionally, they are explored for their ability to produce industrially valuable enzymes and secondary metabolites that can be harnessed for biotransformation processes. Their metabolic diversity makes non-pathogenic F. proliferatum strains valuable for sustainable practices in agriculture and innovative applications in biotechnology. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Nutrient Cycling Facilitates nutrient cycling in the soil, breaking down organic matter and releasing nutrients that are beneficial for plant growth and development. Biological Control Acts as a biological control agent against various plant pathogens, particularly Fusarium species, through antagonistic interactions. Disease Suppression Helps in suppressing diseases such as Fusarium wilt and root rots, thereby promoting healthier plant growth and improved crop yield. Environmental Adaptability Exhibits adaptability to various environmental conditions, making it suitable for different agricultural settings and cropping systems. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Target pests: Downy mildew. Powdery mildew Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 2 x 10⁶ CFU per gram Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg Foliar application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Foliar Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Foliar Application Method: Mix Fusarium Proliferatum at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on foliage. Apply twice a year for long duration crops. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Note: Do not store Fusarium Proliferatum solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. A fraction of the product may not be soluble in water. It is advisable to filter and discard undissolved residue and use the filtered liquid for spraying or feeding through drip irrigation. 3.5 FAQ Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Related Products Ampelomyces quisqualis Bacillus tequilensis Chaetomium cupreum Lactobacillus plantarum Pediococcus pentosaceus Pseudomonas spp. Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma spp. More Products Resources Read all

Thiobacillus thioparus is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium that plays a key role in the sulfur cycle. It oxidizes reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur, using these processes to generate energy while fixing carbon dioxide. This bacterium thrives in diverse environments, including soils, water bodies, and wastewater systems, where it contributes to sulfur cycling and detoxification of sulfur-rich environments. Its ability to metabolize harmful sulfur compounds makes it valuable for bioremediation, odor control, and wastewater treatment, highlighting its significance in environmental sustainability and pollution management. < Microbial Species Thiobacillus thioparus Thiobacillus thioparus is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium that plays a key role in the sulfur cycle. It oxidizes reduced sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur, using these processes to generate energy while fixing carbon dioxide. This bacterium thrives in diverse environments, including soils, water bodies, and wastewater systems, where it contributes to sulfur cycling and detoxification of sulfur-rich environments. Its ability to metabolize harmful sulfur compounds makes it valuable for bioremediation, odor control, and wastewater treatment, highlighting its significance in environmental sustainability and pollution management. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Bioremediation Potential Effective in degrading various environmental contaminants, supporting bioremediation efforts in polluted sites. Nutrient Cycling Contributes to the cycling of sulfur and other nutrients in soil and aquatic environments, enhancing soil fertility. Sulfide Oxidation Efficiently oxidizes sulfide compounds, aiding in the detoxification of sulfur-rich environments. Acid Mine Drainage Remediation Plays a crucial role in mitigating acid mine drainage, helping restore affected ecosystems. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Contact us for more details Dosage & Application Contact us for more details FAQ Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Related Products Saccharomyces cerevisiae Bacillus polymyxa Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans Alcaligenes denitrificans Bacillus licheniformis Bacillus macerans Citrobacter braakii More Products Resources Read all

Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is a highly efficient sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that converts elemental sulfur and sulfide minerals into sulfate, enhancing soil nutrient availability and supporting crop growth. Its acidophilic nature allows it to thrive in extreme environments, making it a vital tool for bioremediation efforts, such as treating acid mine drainage and neutralizing soil contamination caused by heavy metals. Additionally, A. thiooxidans is widely used in bioleaching processes to extract valuable metals from low-grade ores, contributing to sustainable industrial and environmental practices. < Microbial Species Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans is a highly efficient sulfur-oxidizing bacterium that converts elemental sulfur and sulfide minerals into sulfate, enhancing soil nutrient availability and supporting crop growth. Its acidophilic nature allows it to thrive in extreme environments, making it a vital tool for bioremediation efforts, such as treating acid mine drainage and neutralizing soil contamination caused by heavy metals. Additionally, A. thiooxidans is widely used in bioleaching processes to extract valuable metals from low-grade ores, contributing to sustainable industrial and environmental practices. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Enhanced Nutrient Absorption Facilitates sulfur solubilization in soil for better nutrient uptake by plants. Improved Plant Health Vital for photosynthesis and biological nitrogen fixation, promoting overall plant vigor. Increased Germination Rate Promotes higher percentage of seed germination, ensuring robust crop establishment. Stress Resistance Reduces plant stress and improves tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, enhancing yield stability. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References IndoGulf BioAg. "Thiobacillus Thiooxidans Manufacturer & Exporter." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/microbial-species/thiobacillus-thiooxidans IndoGulf BioAg. "Sulphur Solubilizing Bacteria - Manufacturer & Exporter." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/sulphur-solubilizing-bacteria IndoGulf BioAg. "Thiobacillus and Acidithiobacillus: Role, Uses, and Benefits in Mining, Soil, and Environment." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/post/thiobacillus-and-acidithiobacillus-role-uses-and-benefits-in-mining-soil-and-environment IndoGulf BioAg. "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans - Microbial Species." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/microbial-species/acidithiobacillus-ferrooxidans IndoGulf BioAg. "Bioremediation - Manufacturer & Exporter." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/bioremediation IndoGulf BioAg. "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans: The Extremophile Revolutionizing Agriculture and Bioleaching." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/post/acidithiobacillus-ferrooxidans-the-extremophile-revolutionizing-agriculture-and-bioleaching IndoGulf BioAg. "Biotech Solutions for Mining Industry." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/mining IndoGulf BioAg. "Microbial Wastewater Treatment: Types of Microorganisms, Functions, and Applications." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/post/microbial-wastewater-treatment-types-of-microorganisms-functions-and-applications-for-reclaim IndoGulf BioAg. "Thiobacillus thioparus - Bioremediation Microbial Species." https://www.indogulfbioag.com/microbial-species/thiobacillus-thioparus Zhi-Hui, Y., et al. (2010). "Elemental Sulfur Oxidation by Thiobacillus spp. and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans." Science Direct . https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1002016009602848 ACS Agricultural Science & Technology. (2025). "Encapsulation of Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans in Sulfur Particles." https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acsagscitech.5c00025 Soil Science and Plant Nutrition. (2005). "Sulfur Oxidation and Bioavailability in Agricultural Soils." Vol 51, No 3. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1747-0765.2005.tb00043.x Universal Microbes. (2026). "Uses of Thiobacillus Thiooxidans in Agriculture and Soil Management." https://www.universalmicrobes.com/post/uses-of-thiobacillus-thiooxidans-in-agriculture OSTI.GOV . "Bacterial Leaching of Sulfide Ore by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans." https://www.osti.gov/biblio/7141232 Oregon State University Digital Repository. "Iron Oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans." https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/6t053k34d Sulfur Oxidation Pathways in Acidithiobacillus Species. (2012). PubMed Central . https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22854612/ Liu, Y., et al. (2020). "Effect of Introduction of Exogenous Strain Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans A01 on Copper Leaching Efficiency." Frontiers in Microbiology , 11, 3034. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2019.03034/full Valdés, J., et al. (2008). "Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Metabolism: From Genome Sequence to Industrial Applications." BMC Genomics . https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2621215/ Ibáñez, A., et al. (2023). "Unraveling Sulfur Metabolism in Acidithiobacillus Genus." PMC . https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10531304/ Baker, B.J., et al. (2003). "Microbial Communities in Acid Mine Drainage." FEMS Ecology , 44(2), 139-152. https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/44/2/139/546507 Rawlings, D.E. (1994). "Molecular Genetics of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans." Molecular Microbiology , 13(4), 695-706. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC372952/ Science Direct. "Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans - An Overview." https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/acidithiobacillus-thiooxidans Wang, J., et al. (2014). "Bioleaching of Low-Grade Copper Sulfide Ores by Acidithiobacillus Species." Journal of Central South University , 21(5), 1995-3010. https://journal.hep.com.cn/jocsu/EN/10.1007/s11771-014-1995-3 Crop Nutrition. (2023). "Sulfate Sulfur vs. Elemental Sulfur Part II: Characteristics of Sulfur Oxidation." https://www.cropnutrition.com/resource-library/sulfate-sulfur-vs-elemental-sulfur-part-ii-characteristics-of-s-oxidation/ Mode of Action 1. Sulfur Oxidation Pathway Primary Biochemical Mechanism: Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans employs a multi-enzyme network to oxidize reduced inorganic sulfur compounds (RISCs) into sulfate. Elemental Sulfur Oxidation: Initiation enzyme: Sulfur dioxygenase (SDO; EC 1.13.11.18) Reaction: 2S⁰ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ Rate: 2-8 mg S/g dry biomass/day (soil conditions); up to 100 mg/L in culture pH change: Gradual reduction from neutral to acidic conditions Intermediate Sulfur Oxidation: Thiosulfate oxidation: Involves thiosulfate dehydrogenase and tetrathionate intermediate formation Polysulfide oxidation: Direct oxidation of polysulfide chains Sulfite oxidation: Complete oxidation via sulfite oxidase enzymes Energy Generation: The oxidation reactions serve as the exclusive energy source for A. thiooxidans, powering ATP production through electron transport chain mechanisms: Electrons derived from S⁰ oxidation flow through cytochrome complexes Oxidative phosphorylation generates ATP for biosynthetic processes CO₂ fixation via the Calvin cycle provides organic carbon from atmospheric CO₂ 2. Acidification Mechanism Sulfuric Acid Production: The complete oxidation of elemental sulfur to sulfate produces sulfuric acid, which dissociates in soil solution: H₂SO₄ → 2H⁺ + SO₄²⁻ pH reduction: Typically 7.0-8.0 (alkaline) → 5.5-6.5 (slightly acidic) Localized vs. bulk: Bacterial aggregation creates micro-acidic environments around sulfur particles Controlled Acidification Advantage: Unlike rapid chemical acidification (e.g., adding mineral acids), biological sulfur oxidation provides: Gradual pH change preventing root damage Localized acid production concentrated around sulfur particles Sustained effect throughout growing season pH regulation prevents over-acidification through buffering interactions with soil minerals Soil Buffering and Sustainability: The acidification process continues as long as elemental sulfur particles remain available and moisture and oxygen conditions are adequate. In alkaline soils, acid production is partially neutralized by carbonate reactions: CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ → CaSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂ Net effect: Sustained pH reduction despite buffering capacity 3. Nutrient Mobilization Mechanisms Primary and Secondary Micronutrient Release: Iron Mobilization: Lowered soil pH converts insoluble ferric hydroxide (Fe(OH)₃) to soluble ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) Ferrous iron is readily absorbed by plant roots and transported through vascular tissues pH-dependent availability: Each 1.0 pH unit decrease increases Fe availability 10-100 fold Zinc Mobilization: Zinc silicates and oxides become soluble at pH <7.0 Complexation with organic acids (produced during sulfur oxidation) further enhances Zn bioavailability 25-40% increase in Zn concentration in soil solution Manganese and Copper Mobilization: Similar pH-dependent solubility increases Chelation effects from organic acids enhance bioavailability 20-35% increase in plant-available micronutrients Phosphorus Availability: Improved soil pH reduces phosphate fixation by iron and aluminum oxides Secondary effect improving overall nutrient balance 4. Biofilm Formation and Rhizosphere Colonization Biofilm Architecture: A. thiooxidans forms biofilms on elemental sulfur particles and soil mineral surfaces, enhancing sulfur oxidation efficiency: Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS): Polysaccharides and proteins trap water and nutrients Cell aggregation: Biofilms can reach 10⁸-10⁹ CFU per gram of biofilm Oxygen gradient management: Biofilm structure enables anaerobic bacterial zones with access to oxygen at biofilm surface Nutrient concentration: Localized nutrient accumulation in biofilm matrix Rhizosphere Persistence: Colonization density: 10⁶-10⁸ CFU per gram of rhizosphere soil Persistence period: 8-16 weeks under favorable conditions; periodic re-inoculation recommended for sustained benefit Root surface colonization: Bacteria attach to root epidermis; hyphal invasion not observed (non-pathogenic) 5. Metabolic Flexibility and Environmental Adaptation Chemolithoautotrophic Metabolism: A. thiooxidans survives on inorganic substrates exclusively: Energy source: Elemental sulfur or sulfide minerals Carbon source: CO₂ (fixed via Calvin cycle) Electron acceptor: Oxygen (aerobic); some studies suggest ferric iron under oxygen-limited conditions Nutrient requirements: Minimal (nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals) Acid Tolerance Mechanisms: pH homeostasis: Internal pH maintained at ~6.0-6.5 despite external pH <2.0 Proton pumps: ATP-driven expulsion of excess H⁺ ions Protective proteins: Acid-resistant structural proteins in cell wall and membrane DNA repair: Enhanced mechanisms preventing acid-induced damage Optimal Growing Conditions: pH range: 2.0-7.0; optimal 3.0-5.0 Temperature: 5-45°C; optimal 25-35°C Moisture: Requires adequate soil moisture (60-80% field capacity) Oxygen: Obligate aerobe; requires dissolved oxygen >0.5 mg/L Nutrient availability: Nitrogen, phosphorus, trace metals required for biosynthesis Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment : Coat 1 kg of seeds with a slurry mixture of 10 g of Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans and 10 g of crude sugar in sufficient water. Seedling Treatment : Dip the seedlings into a mixture of 100 grams Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans and sufficient water. Soil Treatment : Mix 3-5 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans with organic manure/organic fertilizers. Irrigation : Mix 3 kg per acre of Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans in a sufficient amount of water and run into the drip lines. FAQ What is Thiobacillus thiooxidans used for? Agricultural Uses: Thiobacillus thiooxidans (now reclassified as Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans) is primarily used in agriculture to convert elemental sulfur into plant-available sulfate ions (SO₄²⁻). This sulfur-oxidizing bacterium is applied as a biofertilizer component for: Sulfur deficiency correction: Enables plant uptake of sulfur from elemental sulfur fertilizers applied to the soil Micronutrient mobilization: Lowers soil pH, making iron, zinc, manganese, and other micronutrients more bioavailable in alkaline soils Enhanced nitrogen efficiency: Improved sulfur nutrition supports better nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis Sustainable fertilizer strategy: Reduces dependence on chemical fertilizers while improving soil health Non-Agricultural Uses: Bioremediation: Treatment of contaminated soils and wastewater Bioleaching: Industrial extraction of metals from low-grade ores (copper, zinc, gold) Odor control: Removal of hydrogen sulfide from sewage and industrial waste streams Environmental remediation: Acid mine drainage treatment and heavy metal sequestration Where is Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans found? Natural Environments: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans inhabits highly acidic, iron-rich environments worldwide: Primary Habitats: Acid mine drainage (AMD): The organism is the dominant bacterium in AMD systems from both active and abandoned mines Pyrite oxidation zones: Natural oxidation of iron sulfide minerals in geological formations Acidic mineral deposits: Iron-rich mineral seams and ore bodies Acidic soils: Sulfide-containing soils; particularly enriched in mining-affected regions Sulfuric acid springs: Natural geothermal areas with acidic hot springs Coal and mineral processing sites: Industrial settings where mineral oxidation occurs Geographic Distribution: Americas: Abundant in mining regions of Peru, Chile, Mexico, and Canada Europe: Common in mining areas of Spain, Germany, and Eastern Europe Asia: Identified in mining regions across China, India, and Central Asia Africa: Present in metal mining regions of South Africa, Zambia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo pH and Redox Requirements: Optimal pH range: 1.5-2.5 (highly acidic) Functional range: pH 1.0-5.0 Requires oxidizing conditions (dissolved oxygen or ferric iron as electron acceptor) Laboratory Isolation: A. ferrooxidans can be isolated from mine drainage samples, pyrite-bearing soils, or ore leaching environments using standard 9K medium formulated for extremely acidophilic bacteria. What does Thiobacillus ferrooxidans do? Biochemical Functions: Thiobacillus ferrooxidans (now Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans) is a chemolithoautotrophic bacterium that performs two primary oxidative functions: 1. Iron Oxidation: Reaction: 4Fe²⁺ + O₂ + 4H⁺ → 4Fe³⁺ + 2H₂O Mechanism: Oxidation rate ~500,000 times faster than abiotic processes Biological significance: Converts insoluble ferrous iron to soluble ferric iron Industrial application: Drives bioleaching of iron-containing minerals 2. Sulfur/Sulfide Oxidation: Reaction: 2S⁰ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ Products: Sulfuric acid and sulfate ions Environmental impact: Major contributor to acid mine drainage formation Metabolic flexibility: Can oxidize thiosulfate, polysulfides, and other reduced sulfur forms Energy and Carbon Metabolism: Energy source: Inorganic electron donors (Fe²⁺, S⁰, etc.) Carbon source: Atmospheric CO₂ (autotrophic; Calvin cycle) ATP generation: Oxidative phosphorylation via electron transport chain Biosynthesis: De novo amino acid and nucleotide synthesis from CO₂ Agricultural Applications: Iron solubilization: Makes unavailable iron forms plant-accessible Crop yield: 58% shoot length increase, 54% root length increase, 79% iron concentration increase Stress tolerance: Improves plant tolerance to iron deficiency, drought, and salinity Environmental Impacts: Beneficial: Bioremediation of contaminated soils; metal recovery from wastes Problematic: Acid mine drainage formation; potential heavy metal leaching in uncontrolled settings Is Thiobacillus thiooxidans harmful or beneficial? Beneficial Aspects (Overwhelming Evidence): Agricultural Benefits: Sulfur mobilization: Converts immobile elemental sulfur to plant-available sulfate Soil enrichment: Sustainable nutrient supply without chemical residues Micronutrient release: Improves iron, zinc, manganese, and other micronutrient availability through pH reduction Crop productivity: 20-40% yield increases in sulfur-deficient and alkaline soils Soil health: Stimulates beneficial soil microbial communities Non-toxic: Safe for plants, animals, beneficial insects, and soil organisms Environmental Benefits: Bioremediation: Breaks down sulfur-rich contaminants and hydrogen sulfide Sustainable mining: Enables bioleaching processes with lower environmental impact than chemical leaching Waste treatment: Effective in wastewater and sludge treatment Odor control: Oxidizes hydrogen sulfide from sewage treatment and landfills Harmful Aspects (Negligible in Controlled Agricultural Use): Potential Concerns (Under Specific Conditions): Acid formation: Produces sulfuric acid, potentially over-acidifying soils if applied excessively pH management: Requires monitoring in naturally acidic soils Nutrient competition: High sulfur oxidation rates can temporarily increase competition for nitrogen between bacteria and plants Mitigation Strategies: Proper application rate: 2-5 kg/acre prevents over-acidification Soil testing: Assess pH before application; unsuitable for acidic soils (pH <5.5) Monitoring: Regular soil pH checks ensure optimal conditions Nitrogen supplementation: May be needed during high oxidation rates in nitrogen-deficient soils Safety Assessment: Non-pathogenic: No human, animal, or plant pathogens identified Organic certified: Approved for organic farming under NPOP and USDA-NOP standards Environmental benign: No bioaccumulation; biodegrades naturally Regulatory status: No restrictions on agricultural use in any major regulatory jurisdiction Conclusion: Thiobacillus thiooxidans is definitively beneficial when properly applied to sulfur-deficient and alkaline agricultural soils, with negligible harmful effects under recommended application rates. How does Thiobacillus thiooxidans help in bioleaching? Bioleaching Definition: Bioleaching is the use of microorganisms to extract soluble metal ions from solid ore or mineral matrices, enabling recovery of valuable metals from low-grade or waste materials. Thiobacillus thiooxidans Role in Bioleaching: 1. Sulfide Mineral Oxidation: The bacterium oxidizes reduced sulfur in sulfide minerals (pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, etc.): Reaction: FeS₂ + 3.5O₂ + H₂O → Fe²⁺ + 2SO₄²⁻ + 2H⁺ (initially) Product: Elemental sulfur as intermediate product Sequential step: T. thiooxidans oxidizes elemental sulfur to sulfate Mechanism: Creates acidic microenvironment facilitating further mineral dissolution 2. Acid Production: Sulfuric acid generation: 2S⁰ + 3O₂ + 2H₂O → 2H₂SO₄ pH reduction: Rapid drop to pH 2.0-3.0 in leaching systems Metal solubilization: Acid directly dissolves metal oxides and sulfides Iron mobilization: Produced Fe³⁺ acts as additional oxidant for metallic minerals 3. Complementary Bioleaching: T. thiooxidans works synergistically with T. ferrooxidans (iron oxidizer) in mixed cultures: Division of labor: T. ferrooxidans oxidizes Fe²⁺ to Fe³⁺; T. thiooxidans oxidizes S⁰ Enhanced efficiency: 18.5% higher copper recovery with both organisms than either alone Mineral-specific advantages: Copper/Zinc-rich ores: T. thiooxidans shows superior Cu extraction (2× higher Cu/Zn ratio) Iron-rich ores: T. ferrooxidans dominates; T. thiooxidans secondary contributor Mixed sulfides: Both organisms essential for complete metal recovery 4. Industrial Metal Recovery: Metal Recovery Rate (T. thiooxidans) Industrial Significance Copper 40-65% from chalcopyrite Critical for electronics, renewable energy Zinc 50-75% from sphalerite Essential for alloys, galvanization Gold (auxiliary) 25-40% from arsenopyrite Minor component; enhances overall recovery Rare Earth Elements 70-95% from ion-adsorption ores Emerging application; high value 5. Process Optimization: Factors maximizing T. thiooxidans bioleaching efficacy: Sulfur particle size: Fine particles (25-50 μm) maximize surface area Mineral abundance: 10-20% ore concentration optimal pH management: Maintaining 2.0-3.0 enhances both oxidation and metal solubility Oxygen availability: Sufficient aeration critical (O₂ dissolution) Temperature: 25-35°C optimal; thermophilic strains available for higher temperatures Culture inoculation: Early inoculation (days 0-10) maximizes colonization 6. Environmental Sustainability: Bioleaching advantages over chemical methods: Lower chemical input: Minimal external reagents required Reduced toxic waste: Fewer byproducts requiring disposal Lower energy intensity: Ambient temperature processing vs. high-temperature smelting Smaller environmental footprint: Suitable for remote mining sites with limited infrastructure Selective extraction: Can target specific metals from complex ore matrices Challenges and Limitations: Slow process: Bioleaching requires 30-120 days vs. 1-2 days for chemical leaching Metal concentration sensitivity: Very high metal concentrations can inhibit bacterial growth Oxygen dependence: Requires continuous aeration; suitable mainly for heap leaching Sulfide preference: Most efficient on sulfide ores; less effective on oxide ores Conclusion: Thiobacillus thiooxidans is essential for bioleaching processes targeting sulfide minerals, particularly copper, zinc, and emerging rare earth element recovery, offering sustainable alternatives to environmentally damaging chemical extraction methods. Can Thiobacillus species improve soil fertility? Soil Fertility Definition: Soil fertility encompasses the capacity of soil to supply essential plant nutrients in optimal amounts and proportions. It encompasses both nutrient content and nutrient availability. Thiobacillus species Contributions to Soil Fertility: 1. Direct Nutrient Mobilization: Sulfur Availability: Deficiency problem: 40% of agricultural soils lack adequate available sulfur despite total sulfur presence T. thiooxidans solution: Converts S⁰ → SO₄²⁻ (plant-available form) Benefit: 40-60% improvement in sulfur utilization from elemental sulfur applications Crop impact: Protein synthesis improvement; nitrogen assimilation enhancement Micronutrient Release: Iron: 30-50% increase in available iron through pH-dependent solubility Zinc: 25-40% increase through pH reduction and chelation Manganese: 20-35% increase; critical for chlorophyll synthesis Copper: 15-30% increase; cofactor in many plant enzymes Phosphorus Availability: Mechanism: Improved soil pH (7.0-8.0 → 5.5-6.5) reduces P fixation by Fe/Al oxides Benefit: 15-30% increase in plant-available phosphorus Dual advantage: Works synergistically with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria 2. Soil pH Management and Buffer Capacity: Alkaline Soil Remediation: Problem soils: Calcareous and alkaline soils (pH >7.5) limit nutrient availability T. thiooxidans strategy: Gradual pH reduction through controlled sulfuric acid production Advantage over chemicals: Sustainable pH management without risk of over-acidification Duration: Sustained effect throughout growing season as sulfur oxidation continues pH-Dependent Nutrient Availability Chart: pH 5.0-6.0 (optimal for T. thiooxidans effects): Maximum Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu availability pH 6.5-7.5: Balanced nutrient availability; T. thiooxidans role moderate pH >8.0: Multiple micronutrients immobile; T. thiooxidans essential for remediation 3. Organic Matter and Humus Formation: Indirect Benefit: Improved pH: Facilitates decomposition of plant residues and organic matter Microbial stimulation: Enhanced soil microbial activity during and after T. thiooxidans colonization Nutrient cycling: Improved cycling of organic-bound nutrients Carbon sequestration: Increased microbial biomass and soil organic matter storage 4. Symbiotic Relationships: T. thiooxidans enhances activity of complementary organisms improving fertility: Nitrogen-Fixers (Rhizobium, Azospirillum): Mechanism: Improved sulfur status enhances nitrogen fixation rate by 15-25% Reason: Sulfur is critical cofactor in nitrogenase enzyme Benefit: Legume crops achieve 20-30% higher nitrogen fixation Phosphate-Solubilizers (Bacillus, Pseudomonas): Mechanism: Lowered pH enhances phosphate-solubilization efficacy Synergy: Combined inoculation achieves 1.5-2.0× greater phosphorus availability than single organism Mycorrhizal Fungi (Rhizophagus, Funneliformis): Mechanism: Improved nutrient availability supports hyphal growth and nutrient transfer Benefit: Enhanced nutrient acquisition through fungal-plant interface 5. Crop Productivity and Yield Impact: Field Performance Data: Cereals (wheat, maize, rice): 15-25% yield increase Legumes (chickpea, lentil, bean): 20-30% yield increase Oilseeds (soybean, canola): 25-35% yield increase Vegetables (tomato, pepper, onion): 20-40% yield increase Spices (turmeric, ginger): 30-45% yield increase in alkaline regions Cost-Benefit Analysis: Product cost: $15-25/kg Application rate: 2-5 kg/acre Total cost: $40-100/acre Revenue increase: $100-400/acre (at typical commodity prices) ROI: 200-400% return on investment 6. Long-Term Soil Health Benefits: Sustainable Fertility: Chemical independence: Reduces synthetic fertilizer requirement by 25-40% Soil biology: Stimulates diverse microbial populations supporting nutrient cycling Soil structure: Improved organic matter supports better aggregation and water-holding capacity Environmental safety: No chemical residues; suitable for organic farming Quantified Sustainability Metrics: Nitrogen fertilizer reduction: 20-30% decrease in synthetic N requirement Phosphorus efficiency: 30-40% improvement in P utilization from applied fertilizers Sulfur cycling: Continuous conversion of applied elemental sulfur reducing annual application needs Soil organic matter: 15-25% increase over 2-3 years through enhanced microbial activity 7. Crop-Specific Fertility Improvements: Crop Sulfur Response Micronutrient Response Overall Yield Increase Wheat Very high (deficient soils) High (alkaline soils) 15-25% Chickpea High (S-responsive crop) Moderate 20-30% Soybean Moderate High (Zn, Fe-responsive) 25-35% Tomato Moderate High (quality driver) 20-40% Groundnut High (S-responsive) Very high 30-40% Conclusion: Thiobacillus thiooxidans significantly improves soil fertility through direct nutrient mobilization, sustainable pH management, and enhancement of complementary beneficial microorganisms, delivering 20-40% productivity increases with simultaneous reductions in chemical fertilizer dependency. Are Thiobacillus bacteria used in wastewater treatment? Wastewater Treatment Applications: Yes, Thiobacillus species (including T. thiooxidans and T. thioparus) are utilized in multiple wastewater treatment applications. 1. Hydrogen Sulfide (H₂S) Removal and Odor Control: Problem Context: H₂S is produced in anaerobic sewage treatment, landfills, and agro-industrial waste Causes foul odors affecting communities near treatment facilities Corrosive to concrete and metal infrastructure Health hazard at high concentrations Thiobacillus Solution (Particularly T. thioparus): Mechanism: Oxidizes H₂S to elemental sulfur and sulfate Reaction: 2H₂S + O₂ → 2S⁰ + 2H₂O (intermediate) Complete oxidation: 2H₂S + 3O₂ → 2H₂SO₄ Efficiency: 80-95% H₂S removal in biofilm reactors Advantages: Biological (non-chemical) approach reduces cost Suitable for small treatment plants with limited budgets Generates no toxic byproducts Sulfur recovery possible (sellable byproduct) Treatment Systems: Biofilm reactors: Thiobacillus grows on carrier media (plastic, ceramic) Biotrickling filters: Wastewater trickles over biofilm-coated packing material Biofiltration towers: Aerated treatment with sulfur collection 2. Heavy Metal Sequestration and Precipitation: Mechanisms (Both T. thiooxidans and T. ferrooxidans): pH-Based Precipitation: Acid production: Thiobacillus oxidation lowers pH initially, then through buffering and co-precipitation produces neutral conditions Metal hydroxide formation: Optimal pH (5.5-7.0) precipitates heavy metal hydroxides Removal efficiency: Zinc: 70-85% removal Copper: 60-75% removal Cadmium: 50-70% removal Biosorption: Cell wall binding: Thiobacillus cells accumulate metals on cell surfaces Intracellular accumulation: Metal sequestration within bacterial cells Capacity: 10-100 mg metal per gram dry biomass 3. Industrial Wastewater Treatment: Mining Wastewater: Acid mine drainage (AMD): High-concentration H₂SO₄, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺ Treatment strategy: Controlled oxidation to precipitate metals; pH adjustment Effectiveness: 40-60% metal removal; water quality improvement for reuse Agricultural Wastewater: Nutrient-rich runoff: Contains nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur compounds Thiobacillus role: Oxidizes reduced S compounds; supports overall treatment Benefit: Enables nutrient recovery; water reuse in irrigation Agro-Industrial Wastewater (Potato processing, meat processing, etc.): Problem: High H₂S, organic sulfur compounds, heavy metals Solution: Thiobacillus-based biotreatment Outcome: Odor control; partial heavy metal removal; biodegradable organic matter reduction 4. Sewage Sludge Treatment and Land Application Safety: Application Context: Sewage sludge is nutrient-rich (N, P, S) and valuable for agriculture, but often contains heavy metals and pathogens requiring remediation before safe land application. Thiobacillus Treatment: Metal extraction: Bioleaching sewage sludge removes hazardous metals (Zn, Cu, Cr) Extraction rates (T. ferrooxidans): Zinc: 42% of total content Copper: 39% of total content Chromium: 10% of total content Duration: 30-40 days for substantial extraction Outcome: Sludge becomes safe for agricultural application; metals recovered Combined Treatment (Thiobacillus + Biochar): Synergy: Biochar absorbs residual metals; Thiobacillus oxidizes S compounds Results: 60.82% reduction in crop heavy metal contamination Application: Enables sludge-based fertilizer production for organic farming 5. Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater: Sulfur Recovery (T. thiooxidans, T. thioparus): Process: H₂S oxidation produces elemental sulfur Recovery: Sulfur precipitates from solution; collected and sold as byproduct Market value: Elemental sulfur worth $50-150/tonne (depending on purity and quantity) Additional benefit: Treatment cost partially offset by sulfur sales Phosphorus Recovery: Indirect role: Controlled pH enables phosphorus precipitation Synergy: Combined with other microbes (Bacillus spp.) for enhanced recovery Outcome: Recovered phosphate suitable for fertilizer production 6. Treatment System Design and Operation: Biofilm Reactor Parameters: Optimal pH: 5.0-7.0 (alkaline systems) for T. thiooxidans; pH 2.0-4.0 for T. ferrooxidans Temperature: 25-35°C optimal; mesophilic strains used for sewage Aeration: Dissolved oxygen >0.5 mg/L critical; forced aeration or air-diffusion systems Retention time: 2-24 hours depending on pollutant concentration Inoculation: CFU density 10⁶-10⁸ per mL of influent Operational Costs: Capital: $100,000-500,000 for large facility (varies by scale) Operating: $0.50-2.00/m³ treated wastewater Maintenance: Low chemical input; periodic biofilm renewal Advantage: 50-70% cost reduction vs. chemical treatment methods 7. Regulatory Compliance and Environmental Benefits: Treatment Efficacy Meeting Standards: H₂S odor: Reduction from 200+ ppm to <1 ppm (far below odor threshold) Heavy metals: Removal sufficient to meet agricultural reuse standards Organic pollutants: Reduced through concurrent heterotrophic biological treatment Pathogen inactivation: Combined with UV or thermal treatment for complete disinfection Environmental Sustainability: No chemical residues: Biological process generates no persistent synthetic compounds Reduced energy: Lower than thermal treatment or chemical precipitation Byproduct value: Sulfur recovery adds economic benefit Suitable for developing regions: Low-tech, low-cost approach viable with minimal infrastructure Challenges: Process rate: Slower than chemical treatment (hours vs. minutes) Scale limitation: Better suited for medium-sized treatment plants Optimization requirement: Requires process control (pH, aeration, temperature) for consistent performance Conclusion: Thiobacillus bacteria, particularly T. thioparus and T. ferrooxidans, are valuable for wastewater treatment, especially for H₂S removal, heavy metal remediation, and odor control. Their use enables sustainable, low-cost treatment with byproduct recovery potential, making them particularly suitable for sewage, mining, and agro-industrial wastewater applications. Sustainability Advantage Related Products Acidithiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus novellus Thiobacillus thiooxidans More Products Resources Read all

Penicillium Citrinum, a beneficial fungus, solubilizes soil manganese, recommended for deficient soils. It also accelerates soil organic matter decomposition, increasing manganese availability. < Microbial Species Penicillium citrinum Penicillium Citrinum, a beneficial fungus, solubilizes soil manganese, recommended for deficient soils. It also accelerates soil organic matter decomposition, increasing manganese availability. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Buy this species Download Brochure Benefits Enhances photosynthetic efficiency and promotes faster, uniform seed germination Aids in manganese solubilization, improving plant performance during growth. Stimulates robust root development Enhances nutrient and water uptake, thereby increasing plant resilience, particularly in dry conditions. Optimizes nutrient availability and physiological processes Improves overall plant health and vigor through enhanced nutrient absorption and growth processes. Contributes to improved crop quality, increased biomass, and better yield outcomes in agriculture Enhances agricultural productivity and harvest quality through optimized plant growth and development. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment : Prepare a mixture of 10 - 15 grams of Corynebacterium Spp. in a sufficient amount of water to create a slurry. Coat 1 kg of seeds with this mixture, dry them in shade, and they will be ready to use in the field. Seedling Treatment : Prepare a mixture of 100 grams of Corynebacterium Spp. in a sufficient amount of water. Dip the roots of the seedlings into the solution for 30 minutes before planting. Soil Treatment : Mix 2.5 - 5 kg per hectare of Corynebacterium Spp. with organic manure or organic fertilizers. Incorporate this mixture into the soil at the time of planting or sowing. Irrigation : Mix 2.5 - 5 kg per hectare of Corynebacterium Spp. in a sufficient amount of water. Apply this mixture through drenching or drip irrigation to penetrate the root zones. FAQ How do you treat Penicillium species fungus? Treatment involves a combination of sanitation and antifungal agents. In agricultural soils, crop residue removal, proper drainage, and soil solarization help suppress Penicillium populations. In postharvest settings, fungicidal dips (e.g., thiabendazole or natamycin) and controlled-atmosphere storage reduce fungal growth. For indoor mold remediation, remove affected materials, maintain humidity below 60%, and apply EPA-registered mold cleaners or fungicides following label instructions. Is Penicillium harmful to humans? Most Penicillium species are benign or beneficial, but a few (e.g., P. marneffei ) can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Allergic reactions and respiratory symptoms may occur from inhaled spores. Proper ventilation and mold control minimize health risks. What species is Penicillium? Penicillium is a large genus in the phylum Ascomycota, comprising over 350 species. Notable species include P. chrysogenum (penicillin producer), P. roqueforti (cheese ripening), P. citrinum (manganese solubilizer), and P. expansum (fruit rot pathogen). Is Penicillium mold black mold? Penicillium species are not the same as Stachybotrys chartarum, the notorious “black mold.” While some Penicillium colonies appear blue-green or grayish, they are distinct genera with different toxin profiles and health impacts. What are the uses of Penicillium species? Antibiotic production ( P. chrysogenum → penicillin) Food processing (cheese ripening by P. roqueforti and P. camemberti ) Biocontrol of soil pathogens ( P. citrinum and other antagonists) Industrial enzyme production (e.g., pectinases, cellulases) Bioremediation and nutrient cycling in soils What are the common Penicillium species? Common species include: P. chrysogenum (antibiotic producer) P. roqueforti (blue cheese) P. camemberti (Camembert and Brie) P. expansum (postharvest fruit rot) P. citrinum (mineral solubilization) P. italicum (citrus fruit rot) How to identify Penicillium species? Identification relies on: Colony morphology (texture, color, growth rate on agar) Microscopic features (conidiophore branching patterns, spore size/shape) Molecular methods (DNA sequencing of ITS and β-tubulin genes) Biochemical tests (enzyme activity profiles) What are the health effects of Penicillium species? Most species are harmless in healthy individuals. Potential health effects include: Allergic reactions: sneezing, coughing, watery eyes Respiratory irritation from spore inhalation Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people ( rare , e.g., P. marneffei ) Mycotoxin exposure from species producing citrinin or patulin in contaminated food Sustainability Advantage Related Products Corynebacterium spp. More Products Resources Read all