Leading manufacturer & exporter of Mykrobak Fog, providing eco-friendly environmental solutions for effective air & surface disinfection. < Environmental Solutions Mykrobak Fog Mykrobak FOG uses active microbes to rapidly break down fats, oils, and greases in grease traps and wastewater systems. Includes Bacillus strains and surfactants for effective biodegradation. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Fat, Oil & Grease Degradation Degrades fat, oil, and grease from wastewater. Complex Molecular Breakdown Breaks down complex chain molecular structures of oil into simpler forms. Foam Reduction Reduces foaming in biological tanks, ensuring stable operation. Reduces Organic Matter Accumulation Reduces accumulation of organic matter on tank surfaces. Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info FAQ Composition Performance properties PH 6.5 – 7.5 Temperature 5 to 55°C Reactivation Rate 99% After addition to water Concentration Highly Concentrated Shelf Life 2 years Physical properties Appearance Off White Colour Physical State Powdered Form Odour Odourless Moisture Content 6-7% Mesh Size 0.6 mm Packaging 1 kg Aluminum zip lock Dosage & Application Dosage Schedule Depend upon the FOG content, contaminants and volume of waste water. Area of Application Activated sludge Process Sequencing batch reactor Moving bed bio reactor Extended Aeration system Oil & grease Trap Application Matrix Mix MYKROBAK 1 kg powder in 20 Liter water (Prefer normal temperature) Stir well and remain in bucket for 30 minutes (for bacteria activation) Directly Dose at inlet of tank Additional Info Bacterial consortium belongs to the following: Hydrocarbon-reducing bacteria Hydrolytic bacteria Hyperthermophilic and thermophilic bacteria Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria Photosynthetic bacteria & fluorescent bacteria Fermentative bacteria Acetogenic bacteria Odour control bacteria Enzymes belong to the co-enzymes of the following groups: Oxidoreductases Transferases Lyases Advantages of Mykrobak products: Promote the formation of potential and sustainable biomass Reduce contaminants, toxicity, pollutants, and bad odors Initiate biodegradation quickly Effective in reducing COD/BOD in ETP/STP/WTP Help in the fastest commissioning of biological treatment processes in ETP/STP, etc. Boost MLSS production rapidly Reduce ammoniacal nitrogen Improve digester system recovery Increase the efficiency of biogas production Improve tertiary treatment Reduce large quantities of organic compounds Improve the aquatic environment Clarify ponds and lakes water Safe and natural Economically feasible FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Mykrobak Aerobic Mykrobak Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment Mykrobak Biotoilet Mykrobak Composting Mykrobak Dairy Mykrobak Drop Mykrobak N&P Booster Mykrobak Nutrients Remover More Products Resources Read all

< Animal Health Grass Mask Grass Mask is a natural feed additive formulated for improving the feed intake of cattle and enabling compounders to mask the odor of unconventional feed ingredients that have high nutritional value. Product Enquiry Benefits Masks Odors of Unconventional Ingredients Allows the use of alternative feed materials by effectively concealing undesirable smells, improving feed acceptance. Boosts Feed Intake and Appetite Encourages better feed consumption through improved palatability, supporting consistent growth and health. Supports Flexible Feed Formulation Enables compounders to diversify feed compositions without compromising intake, maintaining nutritional balance. Reduces Feed Cost and Enhances Nutrient Efficiency Improves the overall cost-effectiveness of feed by increasing the net nutrient value delivered to cattle. Component Amount per kg Bacillus Subtilis 2 × 10⁹ CFU Lactobacillus Acidophilus 1 × 10⁹ CFU Lactobacillus Casei 1 × 10⁹ CFU Bifidobacterium 1 × 10⁹ CFU Aspergillus Oryzae 1 × 10⁹ CFU Yeast Culture 10 Billion CFU Sodium 100 mcg Potassium 50 mcg Magnesium 50 mcg Vitamin A 50,000 IU Vitamin D3 30,000 IU Alpha Amylase 60,000 units Beta Glucanase 30,000 units Xylanase 60,000 Lysine 100 mcg Choline 150 mcg Methionine 150 mcg Composition Distinction FAQ Additional Info FAQ Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Content coming soon! Additional Info Content coming soon! Related Products Stress Pro Camel Care Pro Cattle Care Max Cattle Care Pro Feed Pro Lactomine Pro Lactomix Mineral Max Pastocare Calf Pro More Products Resources Read all

Penicillium Citrinum, a beneficial fungus, solubilizes soil manganese, recommended for deficient soils. It also accelerates soil organic matter decomposition, increasing manganese availability. < Microbial Species Penicillium citrinum Penicillium Citrinum, a beneficial fungus, solubilizes soil manganese, recommended for deficient soils. It also accelerates soil organic matter decomposition, increasing manganese availability. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhances photosynthetic efficiency and promotes faster, uniform seed germination Aids in manganese solubilization, improving plant performance during growth. Stimulates robust root development Enhances nutrient and water uptake, thereby increasing plant resilience, particularly in dry conditions. Optimizes nutrient availability and physiological processes Improves overall plant health and vigor through enhanced nutrient absorption and growth processes. Contributes to improved crop quality, increased biomass, and better yield outcomes in agriculture Enhances agricultural productivity and harvest quality through optimized plant growth and development. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Content coming soon! Mode of Action Content coming soon! Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Seed Coating/Seed Treatment : Prepare a mixture of 10 - 15 grams of Corynebacterium Spp. in a sufficient amount of water to create a slurry. Coat 1 kg of seeds with this mixture, dry them in shade, and they will be ready to use in the field. Seedling Treatment : Prepare a mixture of 100 grams of Corynebacterium Spp. in a sufficient amount of water. Dip the roots of the seedlings into the solution for 30 minutes before planting. Soil Treatment : Mix 2.5 - 5 kg per hectare of Corynebacterium Spp. with organic manure or organic fertilizers. Incorporate this mixture into the soil at the time of planting or sowing. Irrigation : Mix 2.5 - 5 kg per hectare of Corynebacterium Spp. in a sufficient amount of water. Apply this mixture through drenching or drip irrigation to penetrate the root zones. FAQ How do you treat Penicillium species fungus? Treatment involves a combination of sanitation and antifungal agents. In agricultural soils, crop residue removal, proper drainage, and soil solarization help suppress Penicillium populations. In postharvest settings, fungicidal dips (e.g., thiabendazole or natamycin) and controlled-atmosphere storage reduce fungal growth. For indoor mold remediation, remove affected materials, maintain humidity below 60%, and apply EPA-registered mold cleaners or fungicides following label instructions. Is Penicillium harmful to humans? Most Penicillium species are benign or beneficial, but a few (e.g., P. marneffei ) can cause opportunistic infections in immunocompromised individuals. Allergic reactions and respiratory symptoms may occur from inhaled spores. Proper ventilation and mold control minimize health risks. What species is Penicillium? Penicillium is a large genus in the phylum Ascomycota, comprising over 350 species. Notable species include P. chrysogenum (penicillin producer), P. roqueforti (cheese ripening), P. citrinum (manganese solubilizer), and P. expansum (fruit rot pathogen). Is Penicillium mold black mold? Penicillium species are not the same as Stachybotrys chartarum, the notorious “black mold.” While some Penicillium colonies appear blue-green or grayish, they are distinct genera with different toxin profiles and health impacts. What are the uses of Penicillium species? Antibiotic production ( P. chrysogenum → penicillin) Food processing (cheese ripening by P. roqueforti and P. camemberti ) Biocontrol of soil pathogens ( P. citrinum and other antagonists) Industrial enzyme production (e.g., pectinases, cellulases) Bioremediation and nutrient cycling in soils What are the common Penicillium species? Common species include: P. chrysogenum (antibiotic producer) P. roqueforti (blue cheese) P. camemberti (Camembert and Brie) P. expansum (postharvest fruit rot) P. citrinum (mineral solubilization) P. italicum (citrus fruit rot) How to identify Penicillium species? Identification relies on: Colony morphology (texture, color, growth rate on agar) Microscopic features (conidiophore branching patterns, spore size/shape) Molecular methods (DNA sequencing of ITS and β-tubulin genes) Biochemical tests (enzyme activity profiles) What are the health effects of Penicillium species? Most species are harmless in healthy individuals. Potential health effects include: Allergic reactions: sneezing, coughing, watery eyes Respiratory irritation from spore inhalation Opportunistic infections in immunocompromised people ( rare , e.g., P. marneffei ) Mycotoxin exposure from species producing citrinin or patulin in contaminated food Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! 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< Crop Kits Root Knot Nematodes Root knot nematodes cause galls on roots, affecting nutrient uptake and stunting growth. Soil management and resistant varieties are vital. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Composition Dosage & Application Additional Info Dosage & Application Additional Info Related Products Aminomax SP Annomax BioProtek Biocupe Neem Plus Seed Protek Silicomax Dates Pro More Products Resources Read all

Bradyrhizobium elkanii a bacterium that forms symbiotic relationships with legume roots, significantly improving nitrogen availability in the soil, which is essential for leguminous crop production. < Microbial Species Bradyrhizobium elkanii Bradyrhizobium elkanii a bacterium that forms symbiotic relationships with legume roots, significantly improving nitrogen availability in the soil, which is essential for leguminous crop production. Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Nitrogen Fixation Bradyrhizobium elkanii forms symbiotic relationships with leguminous plants, fixing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, which enhances soil fertility and plant growth. Enhanced Nutrient Availability It enhances the availability of essential nutrients such as phosphorus and iron to the host plant, contributing to improved plant health and yield. Stress Tolerance Bradyrhizobium elkanii produces stress-protective compounds like exopolysaccharides, aiding plants in coping with environmental stresses such as drought and salinity. Biocontrol Agent It competes with pathogenic microorganisms in the rhizosphere, helping to suppress plant diseases and promote healthier plant growth. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Scientific References and Molecular Mechanisms of Symbiosis (2025 Update) Overview of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Symbiotic Signaling The establishment of B. elkanii-legume symbiosis is a sophisticated molecular dialogue involving plant-derived signals (flavonoids), bacterial Nod factors (NFs), Type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors, and host-encoded resistance proteins. This intricate regulatory network determines host specificity, nodule organogenesis, and nitrogen fixation efficiency. 1. Molecular Signaling Initiation Flavonoid-Mediated Activation Host-to-Bacterium Signal:Legume roots experiencing nitrogen starvation exude flavonoid compounds (e.g., genistein, daidzein, luteolin) into the rhizosphere. These flavonoids penetrate the B. elkanii cell membrane and bind to the NodD regulatory protein, a member of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. Key Research Findings: Flavonoid concentrations as low as 10⁻⁸ M activate nod gene expression in B. elkanii Different legume species exude distinct flavonoid profiles, contributing to host specificity Transcription of the nodYABCSUIJnolMNOnodZ operon is directly dependent upon NodD-flavonoid complexes TtsI (transcriptional activator of T3SS) is also responsive to flavonoids and coordinates both Nod factor and T3SS expression Regulatory Architecture The B. elkanii regulatory circuit involves: NodD: LysR-type regulator controlling nod gene expression NodW: Regulatory protein modulating flavonoid recognition TtsI: Transcriptional regulator of T3SS genes, activated by plant flavonoids Coordination of these regulators ensures spatiotemporal expression of symbiotic genes 2. Nod Factor Biosynthesis and Host Recognition Structure and Function Nod Factors (NFs):Nod factors are lipochitooligosaccharides (LCOs) comprising a backbone of 3–5 N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) units with a long-chain fatty acyl group (C16–C18) attached to the non-reducing terminus. Nod Gene Clusters in B. elkanii: nodA: Encodes N-acetyl transferase; transfers the acyl chain to the GlcNAc backbone nodB: N-acetyl lyase; removes N-acetyl group from the non-reducing terminus nodC: Chitin synthase; synthesizes the GlcNAc backbone nodS, nodU, nodI, nodJ: Involved in modification and transport of Nod factors nodZ: Encodes a glucosidase involved in Nod factor modification for B. elkanii-specific legume recognition Nod Factor Modification B. elkanii produces modified Nod factors unique to this species: Acetyl substitution patterns differ between strains Host-specific decorations on the oligosaccharide backbone determine compatibility with legume receptors (NFRs: Nod Factor Receptors) Molecular recognition is highly specific; B. elkanii NF structure triggers nodulation in soybean (Glycine max), but not in hosts compatible with other rhizobia Structural Variations and Host Specificity B. elkanii genomes harbor extensive nodulation gene repertoires: Multiple nod gene variants on symbiotic islands allow synthesis of a spectrum of Nod factor structures Comparative genomic analysis reveals gene duplications and deletions affecting Nod factor decoration These variations contribute to the competitive nodulation phenotype of B. elkanii and its ability to nodulate multiple legume hosts at variable efficiency 3. Type III Secretion System (T3SS) and Effector Proteins T3SS Architecture The T3SS is a molecular syringe-like apparatus embedded in the bacterial cell envelope that delivers effector proteins (Nops: nodulation outer proteins) directly into host plant cells. T3SS Components in B. elkanii: RhcJ: Outer membrane channel protein RhcV: Inner membrane channel protein RhcQ: ATPase providing energy for protein secretion RhcC, RhcD, RhcE, RhcF: Basal body proteins FlhA, FliK, FliP: Apparatus assembly proteins Transcriptional Control: T3SS gene expression is controlled by TtsI (transcriptional activator) TtsI is activated by plant flavonoids, creating a coordinated response with Nod factor synthesis The T3SS is activated only in the presence of compatible plant roots, preventing wasteful energy expenditure in the soil T3SS Effector Proteins and Functions NopL: Key Determinant for Nodule Organogenesis Function: NopL is among the most critical T3SS effectors, particularly for B. elkanii USDA61 symbiosis with certain legume species (e.g., Vigna mungo). NopL-deleted mutants form infection threads on Vigna mungo roots but fail to establish nodules, indicating its essential role in nodule primordia formation NopL is exclusively conserved among Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium genera, suggesting ancient evolutionary origin Phylogenetic analysis indicates NopL diverged from the canonical T3SS lineage, suggesting specialized symbiotic function Mechanism: NopL enters host cell nuclei and likely interacts with plant transcription factors Suppresses host immune responses that would otherwise block infection Triggers expression of early nodulation genes required for meristem initiation Bel2-5: NF-Independent Nodulation Effector Dual Functions: In some legumes (e.g., soybean nfr1 mutants), Bel2-5 can trigger nodulation independently of Nod factors In soybean carrying the Rj4 allele (dominant resistance gene), Bel2-5 acts as a virulence factor, triggering immune responses that prevent infection Structural Features: Contains ubiquitin-like protease (ULP) domain Two EAR (ethylene-responsive element-binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression) motifs for transcriptional regulation Nuclear localization signal (NLS) enabling entry into plant cell nuclei Internal repeat sequences with unknown function Shares structural similarity with XopD from the plant pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria Domain-Function Correlation: The C-terminal ULP domain and upstream regions are critical for Bel2-5-dependent nodulation phenotypes Mutations in EAR motifs abolish nodulation ability Deletion of NLS impairs nuclear targeting and symbiotic function InnB: Strain-Specific Symbiotic Modulator Host-Specific Effects: InnB promotes nodulation on Vigna mungo cultivars InnB restricts nodulation on Vigna radiata cv. KPS1 This differential phenotype reflects distinct recognition mechanisms in different legume species Expression and Localization: innB expression is flavonoid-dependent and TtsI-regulated InnB protein is secreted via T3SS and translocated into host cells Adenylate cyclase assays confirm T3SS-dependent translocation into nodule cells NopM: Ubiquitin Ligase Triggering Senescence Function: NopM triggers early senescence-like responses in incompatible hosts (e.g., Lotus species). Possesses E3 ubiquitin ligase domain and leucine-rich-repeat domain Acts similarly to PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) in pathogenic bacteria Mediates ubiquitination of host target proteins, leading to degradation and immune responses Results in browning of nodules and disrupted symbiosis Phylogenetic Conservation: NopM homologs are found in both pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria, highlighting the evolutionary relatedness of virulence and symbiotic mechanisms NopF: Infection Thread Inhibitor Role in Host Specificity: NopF triggers inhibition of infection thread formation in Lotus japonicus Gifu Represents a post-recognition checkpoint for host-pathogen compatibility Allows alternative legume accessions (L. burttii, L. japonicum MG-20) to proceed with symbiosis, despite presence of NopF NopP2: Fine-Tuning Symbiotic Efficiency Function: NopP2 fine-tunes symbiotic effectiveness with Vigna radiata. Located within the symbiotic island near the nif cluster Differential effects depending on host genotype and strain background Contributes to variable nodulation phenotypes among B. elkanii strains 4. Host Specificity and Rj Gene-Mediated Resistance The Rj Gene System in Soybean Soybean (Glycine max) possesses a dominant host resistance system controlled by Rj (Rejection) genes that restrict nodulation by specific Bradyrhizobium strains. Rj4 Gene: Encodes a thaumatin-like protein (TLP), a member of the pathogenesis-related (PR-5) protein family Structurally similar to plant anti-fungal proteins Restricts nodulation by many B. elkanii strains, particularly Type B strains (e.g., USDA61) Soybean cultivars carrying Rj4 are incompatible with B. elkanii but compatible with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA110 Rj2 Gene: Encodes a TIR-NBS-LRR protein (Toll-interleukin receptor/nucleotide-binding site/leucine-rich repeat) Represents a receptor-like immune protein structurally similar to plant R proteins for pathogen resistance Critical amino acid I490 (isoleucine) in Rj2 determines incompatibility with Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA122 Restricts specific rhizobial strains but allows infection by compatible strains Rj3 Gene: Restricts B. elkanii Type B strains (e.g., BLY3-8, BLY6-1, USDA33) despite allowing nodulation by B. japonicum USDA110 T3SS and its effectors are critical for Rj3-mediated incompatibility Mutations in T3SS components (TtsI, RhcJ) overcome Rj3 restriction, confirming T3SS involvement Gene-for-Gene Model of Symbiotic Specificity The B. elkanii-soybean system exemplifies a gene-for-gene interaction: Bacterial avirulence gene (avr): T3SS effector genes (e.g., nopL, bel2-5, nopM) function as avirulence determinants Plant resistance gene (R): Soybean Rj genes encode receptors recognizing effector-triggered immune responses Incompatibility occurs when bacterial effector matches soybean R gene recognition specificity Compatibility requires bacterial effectors that evade or suppress Rj-mediated immunity 5. Infection and Nodule Development Infection Thread Formation Stages: Pre-infection: Nod factors bind to NFR1/NFR5 receptors on legume root epidermis, activating early symbiotic signaling Infection initiation: B. elkanii invades through root hair curling (Nod factor-dependent) or via crack entry (T3SS-dependent in certain genotypes) Intercellular infection: Bacteria travel through infection threads (wall-bound tubular structures) into the cortex Release and bacteroid formation: Bacteria are released into cortical cells and enclosed within plant-derived peribacteroid membranes Role of T3SS in Infection Nod factor-independent nodulation: B. elkanii T3SS effectors (particularly Bel2-5) can trigger nodulation of soybean nfr1 mutants lacking functional Nod factor receptors Infection thread progression: T3SS suppresses plant defense responses (ROS production, ethylene synthesis) that normally block infection thread elongation Bacterial release: T3SS effectors facilitate bacterial transition from infection threads into cortical cells for bacteroid development Nodule Organogenesis and Development Transcriptional Reprogramming: B. elkanii T3SS effectors and Nod factors activate soybean early nodulation genes: ENOD40, ENOD93, NIN (Nodule Inception), NSP1, NSP2 These plant genes activate meristem-like programs in cortical cells, initiating nodule primordia Coordinated T3E activity (NopL, Bel2-5, NopP2) is essential for primordia formation Nodule Maturation: Infected cells undergo endoreduplication (multiple rounds of DNA replication without cell division) Cortical cells expand to accommodate dividing bacterial cells Peribacteroid membranes establish nutrient exchange compartments Gibberellin Role: B. elkanii synthesizes gibberellin precursor (GA₉) via cytochrome P450 monooxygenase Host soybean expresses GA 3-oxidases (GA3ox) within nodules, converting GA₉ to bioactive GA₄ GA₄ regulates nodule size, influences meristem bifurcation, and modulates senescence Higher GA levels correlate with increased nodule size and bacterial progeny, providing selective advantage to GA-producing strains 6. Nitrogen Fixation Biochemistry Nitrogenase Enzyme Complex Components: Component I (MoFe protein): Contains molybdenum and iron clusters Component II (Fe protein): Contains iron-sulfur cluster; transfers electrons to Component I Electron donors: Bacteroid respiration provides reducing power; organic acids (malate, α-ketoglutarate) drive electron transport Catalytic Reaction:[ \text{N}_2 + 8 e^- + 16 \text{ATP} \to 2 \text{NH}_3 + \text{H}_2 + 16 \text{ADP} + 16 P_i ] Key Features: Requires strictly anaerobic conditions (oxygen sensitivity) Demands substantial ATP input (~16 molecules ATP per N₂ molecule fixed) B. elkanii bacteroids express oxygen-scavenging mechanisms including leghemoglobin synthesis Oxygen Management in Nodules Oxygen Gradient: Outer nodule layers maintain aerobic respiration for ATP generation Interior nodule zones remain anaerobic for nitrogenase activity B. elkanii respiration consumes oxygen in bacterial layers, maintaining hypoxia in nitrogenase-active compartments Oxygen-Protective Mechanisms: Leghemoglobin (plant-encoded, bacteroid-synthesized iron-containing protein) buffers oxygen at nanomolar levels, preventing nitrogenase inactivation Bacteroid differentiation produces enlarged, polyploid cells with reduced permeability to oxygen Expressed late nodulation proteins (Nols) contribute to oxygen protection Metabolic Integration Carbon-Nitrogen Balance: Host plants provide carbohydrates (photosynthetically-derived organic acids) to bacteroids B. elkanii oxidizes organic acids via citric acid cycle and electron transport chains, generating ATP and reducing equivalents for nitrogenase Efficient strains (e.g., B. elkanii USDA76) show higher enzyme levels for Nod factor synthesis and metabolic integration Ammonia Utilization: Ammonia fixed by nitrogenase is rapidly assimilated via glutamine synthetase (GS) in bacteroids However, much ammonia is excreted to host cells, where plants incorporate it into amino acids (glutamine, aspartate) Plant cells return nitrogen to bacteroids as amino acids and organic compounds, establishing exchange equilibrium 7. Regulatory Networks and Gene Expression NifA-RpoN Regulatory Circuit NifA: Sigma-54-dependent transcriptional activator controlling expression of nitrogen fixation (nif) and related genes Activates nifHDK genes encoding nitrogenase structural proteins Responsive to oxygen levels; activated under microoxic conditions characteristic of nodule interiors Coordinates temporal expression of nif genes with nodule development progression RpoN: Sigma-54 RNA polymerase recognizing NifA-bound promoters Directs transcription from nif promoters bearing NifA-binding sites Links nitrogen fixation gene expression to nodule maturation stage GlnR Regulatory Protein Function: Controls nitrogen assimilation genes and cross-talks with symbiotic signaling Represses genes for nitrogen scavenging (e.g., ABC transporters) when ammonia is abundant Releases repression when ammonia becomes limiting, activating alternative nitrogen acquisition pathways Prevents metabolic conflict during high nitrogen fixation rates AdeR (Adenine Deaminase Regulator) Role: Modulates purine metabolism and symbiotic efficiency Controls genes involved in nucleotide synthesis Adjusted expression enables rapid bacterial replication in nodules while supporting biosynthesis of symbiotic proteins 8. Comparative Genomics: Symbiotic Island Architecture Symbiotic Island Composition B. elkanii genomes contain low GC-content regions (symbiotic islands) harboring symbiosis-essential genes: Island A (Main symbiotic island): ~690 kb Contains nod cluster: nodABC, nodD, nodZ, regulatory sequences Contains nif cluster: nifHDK, nifENX, fixABCX Contains fix genes (flavoproteins, cytochromes) for electron transport Island B (Small region): ~4–44 kb Variable across strains; minimal genes Island C: ~200–518 kb Contains additional metabolic and regulatory genes Variable gene content among B. elkanii strains Lateral Gene Transfer and Evolutionary Plasticity Pangenome Analysis: Bradyrhizobium pangenome: 84,078 gene families across species Core genome: 824 genes (essential cell processes) Accessory genome: 42,409 genes (including symbiotic, metabolic, stress response functions) B. elkanii genomes are moderately stable compared to highly plastic genomes of some Sinorhizobium species Genetic Variations: SNPs and indels in symbiotic islands correlate with symbiotic phenotype differences Polymorphisms in nif, fix, and nodulation regulatory genes drive intraspecific variation Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) facilitate horizontal transfer of symbiotic genes between Bradyrhizobium strains 9. Stress Response and Environmental Adaptation Osmotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms: Production of exopolysaccharides (EPS) and trehalose Upregulation of osmolyte synthesis under salt stress Maintenance of cell membrane integrity under water deficit Acid-Soil Adaptation pH Tolerance: Many B. elkanii strains tolerate pH 4.5–6.5, though optimal nodulation occurs at pH 6.0–7.5 Expression of acid-tolerance proteins enables survival in acidic soils Selection pressure in Brazilian Cerrado soils (naturally acidic) has generated acid-adapted B. elkanii strains Mode of Action Step-by-Step Nodulation Process Phase 1: Recognition and Signaling (Hours 0–12) Host root exudation of flavonoids B. elkanii perception and chemotaxis toward root Activation of nod gene transcription via NodD-flavonoid interaction Synthesis and secretion of Nod factors Nod factor recognition by plant NFR1/NFR5 receptors Initiation of early nodulation gene expression in plant Phase 2: Infection (Days 1–3) Root hair curling and bacterial microcolony formation Infection thread invasion through root epidermis T3SS-mediated suppression of plant defense responses Intercellular infection thread progression toward cortex Bacterial translocation into cortical cells Phase 3: Nodule Organogenesis (Days 3–7) Induction of cortical cell mitosis (meristem activation) Differentiation of nodule tissues (vascular bundle, infection zone) Bacterial release from infection threads Formation of peribacteroid membranes Nodule structure maturation Phase 4: Bacteroid Differentiation and Nitrogen Fixation (Days 7–21) B. elkanii endoreduplication and morphological differentiation Expression of nitrogenase (nif) and iron-sulfur cluster synthesis genes Establishment of microaerobic environment Initiation of nitrogen fixation Nitrogen transfer to host plant Phase 5: Sustained Symbiosis (Weeks 3–Harvest) Peak nitrogen fixation rates Continuous nitrogen supply to plant Bacterial maintenance and reproduction within nodules Age-dependent nodule senescence in late pod-fill stages Additional Info Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Crop Recommendations and Compatibility Compatible Legumes for B. elkanii Primary Hosts: Soybean (Glycine max) – highest efficiency and most extensively studied Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) – excellent nodulation; SEMIA 6144 strain widely used Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) – strain-dependent compatibility (USDA61 is incompatible with some cultivars) Black-Eyed Pea (Vigna unguiculata) – variable efficiency depending on strain Secondary Hosts (with strain-specific compatibility): Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) Yard-long Bean (Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis) Black Gram (Vigna mungo) – USDA61 strain shows exceptional specificity Broad Host Range (Associated Legumes): Various Vigna species Certain Vicia species Select native legume species Non-Host Associations (Growth Promotion Without Nodulation) B. elkanii can colonize grass roots and promote growth through: Production of plant growth hormones (IAA, gibberellins) Enhanced root development and mineral uptake Demonstrated effects on: white oats, black oats, ryegrass Associated References: Similar to Paenibacillus azotofixans, which also promotes non-legume growth through PGPR mechanisms, B. elkanii exhibits plant growth-promoting properties beyond nodulation. Compatibility with Agricultural Inputs Input Type Compatibility Notes Bio-Pesticides Compatible Use with caution; avoid simultaneous application with broad-spectrum fungicides Bio-Fertilizers Compatible Synergistic effects with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) observed Plant Growth Hormones Compatible Enhanced effects when combined with IAA or gibberellin-producing organisms Chemical Fertilizers Incompatible Avoid high rates of urea; inhibit nodule formation and nitrogen fixation Fungicides (Broad-Spectrum) Incompatible Fungicides reduce bacterial viability; use selective agents or pre-inoculation strategies Herbicides Compatible (Selective) Most herbicides compatible; avoid herbicides with antimicrobial activity Insecticides Compatible (Most) Compatibility varies by class; pyrethroids and neonicotinoids generally safe Shelf Life and Storage Shelf Life: Stable for up to 1 year from manufacturing date under proper conditions Storage Temperature: Cool, dry conditions; maintain 4–15°C for extended viability Light Protection: Store away from direct sunlight (UV light reduces viability) Humidity: Keep in sealed containers to prevent moisture loss Monitoring: Check for discoloration, odor, or contamination before use; discard if compromised Dosage and Application Methods Seed Coating/Seed Treatment Protocol: Prepare slurry: Mix 10 g of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with 10 g crude sugar in sufficient water Coat 1 kg of seeds evenly with slurry mixture Dry coated seeds in shade before sowing (allow 2–3 hours) Sow treated seeds immediately or store in cool, dry conditions for up to 60–90 days (viability maintained with proper storage) Advantages: Simple, cost-effective, ensures bacterium-seed contact, minimal equipment Seedling Treatment (Nursery Application) Protocol: Mix 100 g of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with sufficient water Dip seedling roots into inoculant slurry for 5–10 minutes Transplant seedlings into field immediately Applications: Nursery-raised legumes (peanut, some vegetables); labor-intensive but ensures high infection rates Soil Application (Broadcasting) Protocol: Mix 3–5 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium elkanii with organic manure or vermicompost Distribute mixture uniformly across field during land preparation Incorporate into soil by plowing or harrowing 2–3 weeks before sowing Alternatively, apply close to seeding for rapid root colonization Advantages: Builds soil population; benefits residual inoculum for crop rotations Rate: 3–5 kg/acre optimal for establishment of ~10⁷–10⁸ CFU/g soil Irrigation/Fertigation Application Protocol: Mix 3 kg per acre of Bradyrhizobium elkanii in water (1:10 ratio) Pass through 100-mesh filter to remove particles Apply via drip lines or sprinkler irrigation system Best applied in evening to reduce UV exposure Advantages: Reaches established root systems; applicable post-emergence; supports nodule maintenance Timing: Early vegetative stages (V2–V4) for maximum nodule formation FAQ General Biology and Function What makes Bradyrhizobium elkanii different from free-living nitrogen fixers like Paenibacillus azotofixans? Bradyrhizobium elkanii is a symbiotic nitrogen fixer that forms intimate associations with legume roots and establishes specialized nitrogen-fixing nodules. In contrast, Paenibacillus azotofixans is a free-living nitrogen fixer that operates independently in soil without forming nodules. B. elkanii achieves higher nitrogen fixation rates (100–300 kg N/ha/season) through symbiotic cooperation with host plants, whereas P. azotofixans supplies more modest benefits (20–50 kg N/ha depending on conditions). B. elkanii cannot infect non-legume hosts, while P. azotofixans benefits a broad range of crop species through general PGPR mechanisms. For legume cultivation, B. elkanii is the preferred choice due to superior nitrogen fixation efficiency. How does Bradyrhizobium elkanii survive in different soil conditions? B. elkanii survives through multiple strategies. As a non-spore-forming bacterium, it depends on competitive fitness and metabolic flexibility rather than dormancy. B. elkanii tolerates: Acidic soils (pH 4.5–6.5): Acid-adapted strains (e.g., from Brazilian Cerrado) have evolved acid-tolerance proteins Drought: Produces exopolysaccharides (EPS) and osmolytes for osmotic balance Salinity: Synthesizes antioxidant molecules and ionic homeostasis proteins Temperature fluctuations: Expresses heat-shock proteins and cold-adaptation proteins Nutrient starvation: Metabolic versatility supports survival on minimal carbon and nitrogen sources Survival in soils is enhanced by host plant association, which supplies carbohydrates and maintains favorable microenvironments within root nodules. Can Bradyrhizobium species work synergistically with other soil bacteria? Yes, synergistic effects are well-documented: Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB): Co-inoculation with PSB (e.g., Bacillus megaterium) enhances phosphorus availability, improving B. elkanii nodule formation and nitrogen fixation Azospirillum species: Co-inoculation of B. elkanii with Azospirillum brasilense produces superior soybean growth through complementary IAA production; IAA stimulates root growth, improving rhizobial infection Bacillus subtilis: Co-inoculation in saline-alkali soils increased soybean yield by 18% compared to B. elkanii alone Biofilm formation: In consortia, rhizobia establish biofilms on root surfaces, enhancing competition with native rhizobia and pathogenic microbes What is the optimal soybean genotype for B. elkanii nodulation? Optimal genotypes depend on strain compatibility with soybean Rj genes: Best compatibility: Non-Rj genotypes and Rj4-gene carriers (with compatible B. elkanii strains, but not USDA61) Poor compatibility: Rj3-genotype cultivars generally incompatible with B. elkanii Type B strains Strain-specific: B. elkanii strains vary in effectiveness with different cultivars USDA76, SEMIA 587, SEMIA 5019: Good nodulation on most soybean genotypes USDA61: Excellent on soybean but incompatible with Rj4 genotypes Elite strains (e.g., ESA 123): Superior performance in drylands Recommendation: For maximum nitrogen fixation, select cultivars without restrictive Rj genes and pair with adapted strain Agricultural Applications and Management Which crops benefit most from Bradyrhizobium elkanii application? All legume crops benefit, but effectiveness varies: Highest benefit: Soybean, peanut, mung bean (90–300 kg N/ha fixation) Good benefit: Black-eyed pea, groundnut, yard-long bean (100–200 kg N/ha) Situational benefit: Native legumes, forage legumes (highly variable) No benefit: Non-legume crops (though limited growth promotion observed with some grasses) Factors maximizing benefit: Presence of native rhizobial population <10⁴ CFU/g soil Absence of antagonistic soil microbes Compatible soybean genotype (for soybean) Adequate soil pH (5.5–7.5) Highest ROI crops: Soybean in virgin soils; peanut in semi-arid regions with drought-adapted strains How quickly can farmers expect to see results from Bradyrhizobium elkanii inoculation? Timeline: 1–2 weeks post-inoculation: Infection thread formation; root colonization progresses 2–4 weeks: Visible nodule appearance; initiation of nitrogen fixation 4–8 weeks: Peak nodulation and nitrogen fixation rates established 8–16 weeks (R1–R5 stages in soybean): Cumulative nitrogen benefit becomes apparent in plant biomass Harvest: Final yield difference becomes quantifiable Field observations: Early-inoculated plants show accelerated growth compared to uninoculated controls Root development superior within 3–4 weeks Leaf color and vigor improvements evident by 6–8 weeks Yield increase: 5–60% depending on initial soil population and environmental conditions Maximum benefit: Observed at crop maturity; early-season nodulation establishes sustained nitrogen supply for pod fill and grain development Is Bradyrhizobium elkanii compatible with other agricultural inputs? Compatibility Summary: ✓ Bio-pesticides: Compatible (exclude broad-spectrum fungicides) ✓ Bio-fertilizers & PSB: Highly compatible; synergistic effects ✓ Plant hormones (IAA, GA): Compatible; enhanced effects ✓ Herbicides: Most compatible; avoid antimicrobial formulations ✗ Chemical fertilizers: High nitrogen rates inhibit nodulation ✗ Broad-spectrum fungicides: Lethal to B. elkanii; use selective or post-inoculation application ✗ Chemical nematicides: Many reduce viability Recommendation: Apply B. elkanii as early as possible (seed or pre-plant soil); avoid fungicides during first 4–6 weeks post-inoculation. Nitrogen fertilizers should be minimal (<50 kg N/ha) to avoid suppression of nitrogen fixation. Environmental Impact and Sustainability Does Bradyrhizobium elkanii have any environmental risks? Safety Profile: Naturally occurring soil bacterium; non-pathogenic to plants and animals No environmental accumulation; subject to normal soil microbial turnover Approved for organic farming systems (non-GMO) Reduces synthetic fertilizer use, thereby lowering greenhouse gas emissions Environmental Benefits: Replaces ~100–300 kg N/ha of synthetic fertilizer per crop season Synthetic fertilizer production accounts for ~2% of global energy use; B. elkanii reduces this footprint Decreases soil contamination risk from excess nitrate leaching Improves soil carbon sequestration through enhanced root exudation and organic matter Potential concerns (minimal): If non-competitive strains displace native rhizobia (rare; native populations typically recover) Nodule senescence releases carbon; however, net soil carbon often increases due to residual legume biomass Overall: B. elkanii inoculation is environmentally sound and beneficial to soil ecosystems How does Bradyrhizobium elkanii contribute to sustainable farming? Sustainability Contributions: Nitrogen cycle restoration: Reduces dependence on Haber-Bosch synthetic nitrogen Soil health: Improves biological activity, organic matter, and aggregate stability Crop rotation benefits: Legume crops (with B. elkanii) replenish nitrogen for subsequent cereal crops; reduces fertilizer for following season by 30–50% Carbon footprint reduction: Avoids emissions from fertilizer production (~0.5 kg CO₂ per kg N eliminated) Resilience to climate variability: Nitrogen fixation continues under drought (strain-dependent) better than relying on soil nitrogen pools Economic sustainability: Inoculant cost (~$2–5 per hectare) << synthetic nitrogen fertilizer cost (~$15–40 per hectare) Broader implications: Integration of B. elkanii inoculation into farming systems supports UN Sustainable Development Goal 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) and Goal 13 (Climate Action) Can Bradyrhizobium elkanii help with climate change mitigation? Direct contributions: Reduced N₂O emissions: Elite strains carrying N₂O reductase (nos genes) reduce soil N₂O emissions by ~70% compared to standard strains Fertilizer reduction: Each kilogram of synthetic nitrogen avoided saves ~5 kg CO₂ equivalent from production and transport Soil carbon sequestration: Enhanced root exudation and legume residue decomposition increases soil carbon stocks Example calculation: Soybean field (50 ha) with B. elkanii inoculation Replaces 100 kg N/ha with biological fixation Avoids: 5,000 kg CO₂ equivalent (from fertilizer production), 100 kg N₂O equivalent (20 kg CO₂ equivalent), 250 kg CO₂ (from transport/application) Total mitigation: ~5,370 kg CO₂ equivalent per season Product Selection and Application Strategies How should Bradyrhizobium elkanii products be stored? Storage Conditions: Temperature: 4–15°C (cool, dry storage) Light: Darkness (UV light reduces viability by ~50% per week) Humidity: Sealed containers; humidity <70% Duration: Up to 1 year from manufacturing date Storage best practices: Keep in original sealed containers Store in dedicated cool storage (not with agrochemicals or fertilizers) Avoid direct sunlight, heat exposure Do not refrigerate below 4°C (cold stress reduces viability) Check for discoloration, foul odor, or contamination before use Discard products exceeding shelf life or showing signs of degradation Pre-application checks: Verify CFU concentration (should be ≥10⁸ CFU/g) Confirm expiration date Check for clumping or separation (sign of degradation) What is the optimal application timing for Bradyrhizobium elkanii? Timing Strategy: Best: Seed treatment 3–14 days before sowing (allows infection thread formation before water stress from germination) Good: At-planting seed treatment (simultaneous with sowing) Acceptable: Soil application 2–3 weeks before sowing (establishes soil population) Last resort: Early V2–V4 application (later than ideal but still effective) Seasonal considerations: Spring planting: Warmer soils favor infection; apply when soil temperature ≥15°C Monsoon crops: Ensure good soil drainage; waterlogged soils reduce nodulation Dry seasons: Apply post-irrigation or pre-monsoon for optimal soil moisture Sequential plantings: If crop residue is retained (no-till), residual soil population often supports second-year crops; re-inoculation beneficial only if populations fall below 10⁴ CFU/g soil Can organic farmers use Bradyrhizobium elkanii? Organic Certification Status: Yes, fully approved for certified organic production Bradyrhizobium elkanii is a naturally occurring, non-GMO soil bacterium Meets IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements) standards Complies with organic certification requirements (USDA National Organic Program, EU Organic Regulation, others) Organic system benefits: Eliminates synthetic nitrogen fertilizer requirement Supports crop rotation strategies Improves soil biological diversity Aligns with organic philosophy of biological nutrient cycling Recommendations for organic farmers: Use seed treatments rather than synthetic fungicide combinations Apply biological inoculants early (seed or pre-plant) Avoid synthetic fungicides during critical nodulation period (first 4–6 weeks) Incorporate into comprehensive organic management (crop rotation, adequate organic matter, proper pH) Connecting B. elkanii and P. azotofixans While Bradyrhizobium elkanii and Paenibacillus azotofixans represent distinct nitrogen-fixing strategies, both contribute to agricultural sustainability: Characteristic B. elkanii P. azotofixans Nitrogen fixation strategy Symbiotic (nodulation) Free-living soil Host range Legumes (highly specific) Broad host range (all crops) Nitrogen contribution 100–300 kg N/ha/season 20–50 kg N/ha/season Nodule formation Yes; essential No PGPR functions Limited (nodulation-focused) Multiple (IAA, GA, biocontrol) Best use Legume crops Non-legumes and supplementary legume inoculation Interaction Can compete for nodule occupancy Complementary; enhances B. elkanii effectiveness via IAA production Integrated Approach: In diversified farming systems, B. elkanii inoculant for legume crops followed by P. azotofixans for non-legume crops creates a comprehensive biological nitrogen management strategy. Conclusion Bradyrhizobium elkanii represents a cornerstone microorganism for sustainable legume production. Its sophisticated molecular mechanisms for host recognition, infection, and nitrogen fixation, combined with practical agricultural benefits, make it indispensable for modern sustainable agriculture. With proper strain selection, timing, and integration with complementary practices, B. elkanii inoculation can significantly improve crop yields, reduce fertilizer dependency, and enhance soil health across diverse agroecosystems. Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Related Products Acetobacter xylinum Azospirillum brasilense Azospirillum lipoferum Azospirillum spp. Azotobacter vinelandii Beijerinckia indica Bradyrhizobium japonicum Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus More Products Resources Read all

Trichoderma harzianum is a beneficial soil fungus widely used as a biological control agent and plant growth promoter in modern agriculture. It suppresses key soil-borne pathogens and certain nematodes through mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competitive exclusion in the rhizosphere, forming a protective barrier around roots and reducing disease pressure. Beyond disease management, T. harzianum enhances seed germination, root development, and overall plant vigor while activating the plant’s own defense pathways and improving tolerance to abiotic stress. It is a core species for sustainable agriculture and integrated pest management programs. < Microbial Species Trichoderma harzianum Trichoderma harzianum is a beneficial soil fungus widely used as a biological control agent and plant growth promoter in modern agriculture. It suppresses key soil-borne pathogens and certain nematodes through mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competitive exclusion in the rhizosphere, forming a protective barrier around roots and reducing disease pressure. Beyond disease management, T. harzianum enhances seed germination, root development, and overall plant vigor while activating the plant’s own defense pathways and improving tolerance to abiotic stress. It is a core species for sustainable agriculture and integrated pest management programs. Buy this species Strength 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram / 1 x 10⁹ CFU per gram / 1 x 10¹⁰ CFU per gram Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Biocontrol Agent Trichoderma harzianum is a well-established biological control fungus used to help manage soil-borne fungal diseases. It acts through multiple mechanisms, including rapid root-zone colonization, competition with pathogens for nutrients and space, production of antifungal enzymes and secondary metabolites, and direct antagonism against harmful fungi. These combined actions help reduce disease pressure and support more sustainable crop protection strategies. Strong Rhizosphere Adaptability As a highly competitive rhizosphere fungus, T. harzianum can establish itself around plant roots and remain active under a wide range of soil and environmental conditions. Its strong colonization ability supports a more resilient root-zone microbiome and contributes to improved soil biological activity. Plant Growth Promotion Beyond disease suppression, T. harzianum supports plant growth by improving root development, nutrient uptake, and overall plant vigor. Its interaction with the root system can help crops establish stronger root architecture, which improves access to water and nutrients during early and active growth stages. Induced Systemic Resistance T. harzianum can help activate the plant’s natural defense responses. By priming induced systemic resistance, it prepares plants to respond more effectively to pathogen attack, supporting healthier crops and improved resilience against a wide range of biotic stresses. Dosage & Application Additional Info Scientific References Mode of Action Sustainability Advantage FAQ Scientific References Recent Research Studies Biocontrol Efficacy Studies Overexpression in Trichoderma harzianum T4* (2024) Published in Archives of Microbiology Study demonstrated enhanced spore production and antagonistic activity against phytopathogenic fungi Reference: Archives of Microbiology, DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04091-4 Trichoderma harzianum Effects on Cucumber Physiology (2023) Published in Scientific Reports, Nature Showed 50.19% yield increase in cucumber Enhanced physiological and biochemical traits in cucumber seedlings Reference: Nature Scientific Reports, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44296-z Molecular Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promotion (2023) Comprehensive review published in Frontiers in Microbiology Detailed analysis of competitive exclusion, antibiosis, and induced resistance mechanisms Reference: Frontiers in Microbiology, 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1160551 Application and Effectiveness Studies Optimization of Trichoderma harzianum for Nematode Control (2024) Published in Nature Scientific Reports Combined with chitosan, reduced root-knot nematode reproduction factor by 94% Reference: Nature Scientific Reports, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68365-z Trichoderma harzianum in Organic Fertilizer Systems (2023) Published in Biodiversitas Journal 400 kg/ha application suppressed Fusarium wilt in shallots 55.7% production increase compared to NPK fertilizer alone Reference: Biodiversitas 24: 2426-2433 Growth Promotion in Radish Microgreens (2024) Demonstrated 19.75% yield increase and improved quality parameters Enhanced conversion efficiency of seed mass to fresh mass Reference: Agrineco Journal, 2024 Safety and Toxicology Studies EPA Safety Assessment of Trichoderma harzianum Strain T-39 (2000) Comprehensive toxicology study by US Environmental Protection Agency Classified as Toxicity Category III-IV for various exposure routes Non-pathogenic and non-infectious to mammals at tested doses Reference: EPA Registration Document 119200 Laboratory Animal Toxicity Study (2023) Published study examining harmful effects in laboratory animals Identified dose-dependent pathological effects in liver, kidney, and lungs Recommended cautious use despite natural origin Reference: PMC Article PMC10758010 Molecular and Biochemical Studies Recombinant Mutanase from Trichoderma harzianum (2025) Latest research on enzyme properties and biofilm destruction capability Published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology Reference: ASM Journals, DOI: 10.1128/aem.00226-24 Biotechnological Development and Formulations (2023) Comprehensive review of commercial applications and mechanisms Analysis of mycoparasitism, antibiosis, and competition mechanisms Reference: PMC Article PMC10439859 Mode of Action Primary Mechanisms of Biocontrol 1. Mycoparasitism Trichoderma harzianum exhibits direct parasitic activity against plant pathogenic fungi through: Hyphal coiling and penetration : Forms coils around pathogen hyphae and penetrates cell walls Enzyme secretion : Produces chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases, and proteases that degrade pathogen cell walls Physical invasion : Directly invades pathogen structures, leading to their destruction 2. Antibiosis The fungus produces various secondary metabolites with antimicrobial properties: Peptaibols : Linear peptides with antifungal activity Polyketides : Compounds that inhibit pathogen growth Volatile organic compounds : Gases that suppress pathogen development Antibiotics : Various metabolites that directly inhibit pathogen multiplication 3. Competition for Resources T. harzianum outcompetes pathogens through: Rapid colonization : Fast growth rate (2.0-4.2 times faster than many pathogens like Botrytis cinerea) Nutrient competition : Superior ability to acquire carbon, nitrogen, and mineral nutrients Space occupation : Physical exclusion of pathogens from infection sites Iron sequestration : Production of siderophores that chelate iron, making it unavailable to pathogens 4. Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) T. harzianum triggers plant defense mechanisms: Elicitor production : Releases compounds that activate plant immunity Defense enzyme activation : Increases activities of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and peroxidase (POD) Systemic acquired resistance : Enhances plant-wide defense responses Hormone modulation : Influences plant hormonal balance to improve stress tolerance Plant Growth Promotion Mechanisms Root Development Enhancement Mycorrhizal-like associations : Forms beneficial relationships similar to mycorrhizal fungi Root hair proliferation : Increases surface area for nutrient absorption Lateral root formation : Promotes branching for expanded root system Root barrier formation : Creates protective layer around roots Nutrient Solubilization Phosphorus mobilization : Solubilizes inorganic phosphates making them plant-available Micronutrient availability : Enhances uptake of iron, zinc, and other trace elements Organic matter decomposition : Breaks down complex organic compounds pH optimization : Modifies rhizosphere pH for better nutrient availability Stress Tolerance Improvement Antioxidant enzyme production : Reduces reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage Osmotic adjustment : Helps plants cope with water stress Heavy metal tolerance : Accumulates toxic metals, reducing plant stress Temperature resilience : Enhances tolerance to extreme temperatures Additional Info Target pests: Root knot nematode, Fusarium, Phytophthora Recommended Crops: Cereals, Millets, Pulses, Oilseeds, Fibre Crops, Sugar Crops, Forage Crops, Plantation crops, Vegetables, Fruits, Spices, Flowers, Medicinal crops, Aromatic Crops, Orchards, and Ornamentals. Compatibility: Compatible with Bio Pesticides, Bio Fertilizers, and Plant growth hormones but not with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides. Shelf Life: Stable within 1 year from the date of manufacturing. Packing: We offer tailor-made packaging as per customers' requirements. Dosage & Application Wettable Powder: 2 x 10⁶ CFU per gram Other Uses: Can also be used as nematicides; can be used as bio seed care Seed Dressing: mix 5g Trichoderma Harzianum with 5g crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry and coat seeds and dry in shade and sow / broadcast / dibble in the field. Do not store treated / coated seeds more than 24 hrs. Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 3-5 kg, 1 Ha dose: 7.5 - 12.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 5g Trichoderma Harzianum + 5g crude sugar Foliar application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Soluble Powder: 1 x 10⁸ CFU per gram Foliar Application: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation): 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Soil Application (Soil drench or Drip irrigation) for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg Seed Dressing: 1 Kg seed: 0.5g Trichoderma Harzianum + 5g crude sugar Foliar Application for Long duration crops / Orchards / Perennials: 1 Acre dose: 1 Kg, 1 Ha dose: 2.5 Kg, Apply 2 times in 1 Year. Before onset of monsoon and after monsoon. Seed Dressing Method: Mix Trichoderma Harzianum with crude sugar in sufficient water to make a slurry and coat seeds. Dry in shade and sow / broadcast / dibble in the field. Do not store treated / coated seeds for more than 24 hours. Soil Application Method: Mix Trichoderma Harzianum at recommended doses with compost and apply at early life stages of crop along with other biofertilizers. First application: At land preparation stage / sowing / planting. Second application: Three weeks after first application. Mix Trichoderma Harzianum at recommended doses in sufficient water and drench soil at early leaf stage / 2-4 leaf stage / early crop life cycle. Drip Irrigation: If there are insoluble particles, filter the solution and add to drip tank. For long duration crops / Perennial / Orchard crops: Dissolve Trichoderma Harzianum at recommended doses in sufficient water and apply as a drenching spray near root zone twice a year. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Foliar Application Method: Mix Trichoderma Harzianum at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on soil during the off-season. Apply twice a year for long duration crops. It is recommended to have the first application before the onset of the main monsoon / rainfall / spring season and the second application after the main monsoon / rainfall / autumn / fall season. Note: Do not store Trichoderma Harzianum solution for more than 24 hours after mixing in water. FAQ What is Trichoderma harzianum used for? Trichoderma harzianum is a beneficial fungus used as a biological control agent and plant growth promoter in agriculture. Its primary applications include: Disease control : Manages soil-borne fungal diseases like Fusarium wilt, Rhizoctonia root rot, and Pythium damping-off Nematode management : Controls root-knot nematodes and other plant-parasitic nematodes Plant growth enhancement : Improves root development, nutrient uptake, and overall plant vigor Soil health improvement : Enhances soil microbial diversity and organic matter decomposition Is Trichoderma harzianum harmful to humans? According to EPA studies and scientific research: Generally safe : Classified as low toxicity (Category III-IV) by the US EPA Non-pathogenic : Not infectious or pathogenic to humans at normal exposure levels Precautions needed : Can cause mild irritation to eyes, skin, and respiratory system Inhalation concerns : May cause pulmonary irritation at high concentrations Recommendation : Use protective equipment (gloves, masks) during handling and application Is Trichoderma a fungus or bacteria? Trichoderma harzianum is definitively a fungus , specifically: Classification : Belongs to the Kingdom Fungi, Phylum Ascomycota Structure : Has typical fungal characteristics including hyphae, spores, and cell walls containing chitin Reproduction : Produces conidia (asexual spores) for propagation Growth pattern : Exhibits typical fungal mycelial growth on organic substrates How long does Trichoderma harzianum remain active in soil? The persistence depends on several factors: Environmental conditions : Survives longer in moist, organic-rich soils Temperature : Optimal activity at 20-30°C, reduced activity in extreme temperatures Formulation : Properly formulated products maintain viability for 6-12 months in soil Competition : May decrease over time due to competition with native microorganisms Reapplication : Generally recommended every 3-6 months for sustained benefits Application and Usage What is the best time to apply Trichoderma harzianum? Timing is crucial for maximum effectiveness: Soil preparation : 10-15 days before planting for optimal colonization Seed treatment : At sowing time for immediate protection Transplanting : During seedling transplantation for root protection Growing season : Early morning or evening to avoid UV degradation Soil moisture : When soil moisture is adequate (not waterlogged or dry) Can Trichoderma harzianum be mixed with chemical fungicides? Compatibility varies by fungicide: Compatible : Thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, metalaxyl-M + mancozeb, pencycuron Incompatible : Carbendazim, thiram + tolclofos-methyl (highly toxic to Trichoderma) Timing separation : If using incompatible chemicals, apply 7-14 days apart Reduced efficacy : Chemical fungicides can significantly reduce Trichoderma populations Recommendation : Use in integrated programs with compatible products only What crops benefit most from Trichoderma harzianum application? Effective across a wide range of crops: High-value crops : Tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, strawberries Field crops : Corn, soybeans, cotton, wheat Tree crops : Citrus, apples, grapes, nuts Ornamentals : Flowers, shrubs, nursery plants Specialty crops : Cannabis, herbs, microgreens Root vegetables : Carrots, potatoes, radishes Dosage and Application Methods What is the recommended dosage for different application methods? Seed Treatment Wettable Powder: 5g per kg of seeds + 5g crude sugar Soluble Powder: 0.5g per kg of seeds + 5g crude sugar Soil Application Wettable Powder: 3-5 kg per acre (7.5-12.5 kg per hectare) Soluble Powder: 1 kg per acre (2.5 kg per hectare) Foliar Application Wettable Powder: 3-5 kg per acre (initial), 1 kg per acre (maintenance) Soluble Powder: 1 kg per acre (2.5 kg per hectare) How should Trichoderma harzianum be stored? Proper storage is essential for maintaining viability: Temperature : Store in cool, dry conditions (below 25°C) Moisture : Protect from humidity and direct moisture contact Light : Keep away from direct sunlight and UV exposure Containers : Use original packaging or airtight containers Shelf life : Typically 12-24 months when stored properly Avoid : Do not store with chemical pesticides or fertilizers Troubleshooting Why might Trichoderma harzianum not show expected results? Several factors can affect performance: Poor application timing : Applied during unfavorable conditions Chemical interference : Recent use of incompatible fungicides Environmental stress : Extreme temperatures, drought, or waterlogging Soil conditions : Very acidic (pH < 4.5) or alkaline (pH > 8.5) soils Storage issues : Product may have lost viability due to improper storage Pathogen resistance : Some pathogen strains may be less susceptible Application method : Incorrect dilution or application technique Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Related Products Ampelomyces quisqualis Bacillus subtilis Bacillus tequilensis Chaetomium cupreum Fusarium proliferatum Lactobacillus plantarum Pediococcus pentosaceus Pseudomonas spp. More Products Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer & exporter of Nano Urea. Enhance crop yields with our advanced, eco-friendly solutions. Discover more today! < Nano Fertilizers Nano Urea Nano urea is a liquid nitrogen fertilizer formulated using nanotechnology. It contains nitrogen particles at the nanoscale level (extremely small particles), which improves nutrient absorption and utilization by plants. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Content coming soon! Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Content coming soon! Why choose this product? Content coming soon! Key Benefits at a Glance Nano urea is considered a promising innovation for sustainable agriculture because it: Improves nutrient efficiency Reduces fertilizer wastage Minimizes environmental pollution Supports precision agriculture Enhances crop productivity As agriculture continues to adopt modern technologies, nano fertilizers are expected to play a significant role in improving nutrient management. Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Proper application of nano urea fertilizer is essential to achieve maximum benefits. Method Nano urea is primarily applied through foliar spraying . In this method, nano urea is diluted with water and sprayed directly on plant leaves using sprayers. The leaves absorb nitrogen through stomata and epidermal cells, allowing rapid nutrient uptake. Foliar application helps avoid nitrogen losses associated with soil fertilization. Dosage The recommended dosage of nano urea varies depending on crop type and fertilizer formulation. A commonly recommended dosage is: 2–4 ml nano urea per liter of water This solution is sprayed uniformly on plant foliage. Farmers should always follow the manufacturer’s recommended dosage to avoid overapplication. Timing Correct timing of nano urea application is important for effective nutrient absorption. Nano urea is typically applied during: Vegetative Growth Stage: This stage requires high nitrogen supply for leaf and stem development. Pre-Flowering Stage: Nitrogen during this stage supports plant growth and improves reproductive development. Spraying should preferably be done during: Early morning Late evening These times help reduce evaporation and improve nutrient absorption. Best Practices for Using Nano Urea To maximize the benefits of nano urea fertilizer, farmers should follow these best practices: Use clean water for preparing the spray solution Shake the solution well before spraying Ensure uniform spray coverage on plant leaves Avoid spraying during strong sunlight or high temperatures Apply during calm weather to prevent drift Follow recommended dosage and application intervals Proper application improves fertilizer efficiency and ensures better crop response. Limitations of Nano Urea Although nano urea offers many advantages, it is important to understand its limitations. Not a Basal Dose Nano urea is not intended to completely replace traditional basal nitrogen fertilizers applied to soil. Basal fertilization is necessary during land preparation to provide nutrients for early crop growth. Nano urea is mainly used as a supplementary nitrogen source during crop growth stages. Farmers should integrate nano urea with balanced fertilization practices. Application Cost Nano fertilizer products may sometimes have a higher purchase cost compared to traditional fertilizers. However, improved nutrient efficiency, reduced fertilizer usage, and increased crop productivity often compensate for this cost. FAQ What is a nano urea? Nano urea is a liquid nitrogen fertilizer developed using nanotechnology. It contains nitrogen particles at nanoscale size, which allows plants to absorb nutrients more efficiently through leaves compared to conventional urea fertilizers. How to apply nano urea to the plants? Nano urea is usually applied as a foliar spray . The fertilizer is diluted with water and sprayed directly on plant leaves, allowing nitrogen to be absorbed quickly through leaf tissues. How often should I apply nano urea? Nano urea is generally applied one to two times during the crop growth cycle , depending on crop type and nitrogen requirements. It is commonly applied during vegetative growth and before flowering. How is liquid nano urea revolutionizing agriculture? Liquid nano urea is transforming agriculture by improving nitrogen use efficiency and reducing fertilizer waste. Its nano-sized particles allow faster nutrient absorption, enabling farmers to use smaller fertilizer quantities while maintaining or increasing crop yields. This helps reduce environmental pollution and promotes sustainable farming practices. Related Products Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron Nano Potassium More Products Resources Read all

Leading manufacturer and exporter of Nano PUFA fertilizers. Enhance plant growth and yield with our advanced nano-technology solutions. Quality assured. < Nano Fertilizers Nano PUFA Nano polyunsaturated fatty acid particles derived from flaxseed oil, encapsulated in a chitosan-based biopolymer, offering bioavailable lipids for metabolic energy and plant growth. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhances Nutritional Profile Increases omega-3 fatty acids, promoting health benefits for consumers. Ensures Better Shelf Life Extends the shelf life of the produce, maintaining freshness. Promotes Healthier Produce Free from antibiotics, pesticides, and harsh chemicals, ensuring safety. Enhances Yield Quantity and Quality Improves both the quantity and quality of agricultural produce. Components Composition (%) w/w Amylase 0.5 Lipase 2.5 Citric Acid 5 Formic Acid 0.5 BHT 0.2 Lysine 2 Linseed Oil 20 Parabens 0.3 Span 80 10.5 Tween-80 10 Aqua 25 Composition Dosage & Application Why choose this product Key Benefits Sustainability Advantage Additional Info FAQ Additional Info Compatibility: Compatible with chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides Shelf life: Best before 24 months when stored at room temperature Packaging: 5 Ltx2/Corrugated Cardboard Box Symptoms of PUFA Deficiency: Reduced growth and vigor Increased susceptibility to pests and diseases Poor reproductive performance Reduced nutrient uptake and utilization Why choose this product? Content coming soon! Key Benefits at a Glance Content coming soon! Sustainability Advantage Content coming soon! Dosage & Application Seed Dressing: Use 10–15ml of Nano PUFA for every 1kg of seed and coat uniformly.Soil Application: Mix 5–10ml with 1L of water for soil drench or drip irrigation.Dosage: 1–2L per acre or 2.5–5L per hectare.Application: Apply once at vegetative phase, early leaf stage, or 2 to 3 leaf stage of the crop. Nano PUFA can be used once as a soil drench, stimulating vegetative growth of the plant and soil microflora.Foliar Application: Mix 3–5ml with 1L of water.Dosage: 600ml–1L per acre or 1.5–2.5L per hectare.Application: Apply from 15 days pre-flowering till harvest stage at 2-week intervals. Mix Nano PUFA at recommended doses in sufficient water and spray on foliage for better quality yield.Seed Dressing: Mix Nano PUFA in sufficient water to make a slurry, coat seeds, dry in shade, and sow/broadcast/dibble in the field. FAQ Content coming soon! Related Products Nano Urea Hydromax Anpeekay NPK Nano Boron Nano Calcium Nano Chitosan Nano Copper Nano Iron More Products Resources Read all

Beauveria Bassiana by Indogulf Bioag supports plant protection with beneficial microbial action for healthier crops. Contact Indogulf Bioag today. < Plant Protect Beauveria bassiana A broad-spectrum biological insecticide formulated as a wettable powder, Beauveria bassiana targets both larvae and adult stages of insect pests using entomopathogenic fungal spores, offering effective and eco-friendly pest control. Product Enquiry Download Brochure Benefits Enhanced Crop Health Reducing pest populations leads to improved plant vitality and higher productivity. Safe for the Environment Eco-friendly formulation safe for pets, infants, and non-target organisms. Organic & Sustainable Ideal for integrated pest management and organic agriculture systems. Broad-Spectrum Pest Control Effectively targets major pests like leaf folders, Helicoverpa spp., Spodoptera spp., loopers, borers, cutworms, and mealy bugs. Content coming soon! Composition Dosage & Application Key Benefits FAQ Additional Info Additional Info Mode of Action Conidial penetration: The microscopic conidial spores of the fungus on coming in contact withthebody of the insect host start germinating and penetrate the cuticle and grow inside the insect bodythereby killing the insect within a few days. Enzyme production: Beauveria bassiana secretes enzymes which attack and dissolve thecuticle, penetrate the skin and grow into the insect body. Beauveria bassiana present in Beauveriabassianaproduces a toxin called beauvericin that weakens the host's immune system. After the insect dies, anantibiotic -oosporein, is produced that enables the fungus to outcompete intestinal bacteria. Beauveria bassiana mycelia also produce an octacyclodepsipeptide toxin called bassianolidethatconsists of of fourmolecules each of Dhydroxyisovaleric acid and L-Nmethylleucine whichhaveinsecticidal properties. Growth: Once inside, Beauveria bassiana replicates and consumes the insects' internal organsandblood-like fluid, the hemolymph. .Beauveria bassiana has the ability to live in the vascular tissueofcertain corn cultivars as an endophyte. Beauveria bassiana infects the insect on contact anddoesnotneed to be consumed by the host to cause infection. A white mold emerges fromthe insects’ deadbody after a few days and produces new spores. Environment factors: The rate at which Beauveria bassiana kills the host is dependent ontemperature and humidity. High humidity is essential for conidial germination and infectionestablishes between 24 and 48 hours. The infected insect may live for three to five days after hyphalpenetration and, after death of host insect pest, the conidiophores bearing conidia are producedoncadaver. Target Pests Rice leaf folder, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura, Loopers, Bunch caterpillars, Leaf-eating caterpillars, Mealy bugs, Coffee Berry Borers, Fruit borer of Brinjal, Tomato, Chilly, and Vegetables, Cotton boll worm, Root grubs, surface-living larvae, and nymphs. Crops Beauveria bassiana is suitable for application on cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds, fibre crops, sugar crops, forage crops, plantation crops, vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers, medicinal crops, aromatic crops, orchards, and ornamentals. Shelf Life & Packaging Storage: Store in a cool, dry place at room temperature Shelf Life: 24 months from the date of manufacture at room temperature Packaging: 1 kg pouch FAQ What is the life cycle of Beauveria bassiana? Spores adhere to insect cuticle, germinate in 24-48 hours under high humidity, penetrate via enzymes, colonize hemolymph with toxins (beauvericin, bassianolide), kill host in 3-14 days, then emerge as white mold producing new spores.indogulfbioag+1 What is Beauveria bassiana used for? Biological control of pests like rice leaf folder, Helicoverpa, Spodoptera, mealybugs, borers in cereals, vegetables, fruits, cotton; foliar spray at 2.5-5 g/L. wikipedia What are the environmental impacts of Beauveria bassiana? Minimal to non-target organisms; reduces chemical pollution, supports biodiversity by sparing predators/pollinators; UV-sensitive spores degrade quickly; rare persistence concerns for secondary metabolites.indogulfbioag+2 What is the history of Beauveria bassiana? Discovered 1835 by Agostino Bassi as cause of muscardine in silkworms; first microbial control proof; commercialized 50+ years ago as safe biopesticide.cals.cornell+2 What are the storage requirements for Beauveria bassiana? Cool, dry (5-25°C), dark place; sealed to avoid moisture/UV; shelf life 18-24 months at room temp; avoid freezing/heat >35°C.indogulfbioag+1 Key Benefits Provides 80-100% mortality against pests like caterpillars, borers, and mealybugs within 3-14 days without harming beneficials. Reduces chemical pesticide use, lowers residues for safer produce, and supports IPM with soil persistence and biodiversity preservation. Integrates with sustainable farming, offering UV-stable formulations active in 15-35°C and >60% humidity. Dosage & Application Foliar spray Mix BEAUVERIA BASSIANA @ 2.5Kg in 750–850L of water and spray the solution at an interval of 15 days to control rice leaf folder. Mix BEAUVERIA BASSIANA @ 5g/L of water and spray for control of Lepidopetrous pests / Caterpillar pests / Mealy Bugs. The spray volume depends upon the crop canopy. Related Products Trichoderma viride Bloom Up Flyban Insecta Repel Larvicare Mealycare Metarhzium Anisopliae Mitimax More Products Resources Read all

IndoGulf BioAg is a manufacturer & exporter of direct-fed microbials for livestock farming. Improve digestion, immunity, growth, and overall health in cattle, pigs & other farm animals with our probiotic feed solutions. Animal Health Direct-fed Microbials for Livestock Farming Direct‑fed microbials for cattle and swine optimize rumen and gut health, leading to improved feed utilization, weight gain, and reduced incidence of gastrointestinal disorders, lowering antibiotic dependence. Contact us Our Products Stress Pro Stress Pro is a fast-acting oral supplement formulated to support animals during periods of physiological stress, dehydration, or illness. Enriched with essential electrolytes, energy sources, vitamins, herbs, and probiotics, it restores energy levels, maintains pH and electrolyte balance, and strengthens immunity. View Product Camel Care Pro Camel Care Pro is a probiotic blend containing specific microbes which aide in the health and immunity of Camels. It will improve fertility and prevent bacterial infections. View Product Cattle Care Max Cattle Care Max is a powerful probiotic blend formulated for cattle. It aids in greater weight gain, faster growth, improved fertility and a increase in milk production. Cattle Care Max will improve the gut-health of the animals by boosting immunity and preventing diseases. View Product Cattle Care Pro Cattle Care Pro is a probiotic blend formulated for cattles that aids in faster weight gain and higher fertility. It contains several beneficial bacteria which will improve the overall gut-health of cattle, ultimately improving it’s immunity and preventing infections. Also contains prebiotics such as vitamin A & D3. View Product Feed Pro Feed Pro (Microbial feed additive for calves) enhances greater feed intake of View Product Grass Mask Grass Mask is a natural feed additive formulated for improving the feed intake of cattle and enabling compounders to mask the odor of unconventional feed ingredients that have high nutritional value. View Product Lactomine Pro Lactomine Pro has specialty blend containing probiotics as well as essential minerals for healthy growth and development of the cattle View Product Lactomix Lactomix is formulated for cattles to improve its fertility and aide in weight gain. It is a probiotic mix containing gut friendly strains which will help in improving the overall immunity of the cattle and prevent bacterial infection. View Product Mineral Max Mineral Max is an animal feed supplement to be used for improving muscular strength in all animals. It prevents milk fever & rickets and will help to Increase milk production. View Product Pastocare Formulated just for sheep and goats, Pasto Care contains molybdenum to prevent copper toxicity and it is made without any added copper. Higher levels of zinc and iron are important for maintaining high growth rates, preventing anemia, and increasing resistance to disease. To prevent goiter and to aid in improvement of reproductive efficiency, Iodine is included at the correct level. View Product Calf Pro A combination of natural ingredients that supports a healthy gut for better View Product 1 1 ... 1 ... 1 Enhance gut health and feed efficiency across your herds. Contact IndoGulf BioAg to bring direct‑fed microbials and sustainable solutions to your livestock operation. Contact us