Iron solubilizing bacteria employ several mechanisms to convert insoluble iron into soluble forms:

• Production of Organic Acids: ISB produce organic acids such as citric acid, gluconic acid, and siderophores. These acids lower the pH in the immediate vicinity of the bacteria, facilitating the dissolution of insoluble iron compounds (e.g., iron oxides) and releasing soluble iron ions (Fe^2+ and Fe^3+) into the soil solution.

• Reduction Processes: Some ISB can mediate reduction processes that convert insoluble ferric iron (Fe^3+) into more soluble ferrous iron (Fe^2+), which is more easily absorbed by plants.

• Chelation: ISB can produce siderophores, which are organic molecules that chelate iron ions, making them more soluble and available for plant uptake.

By enhancing iron availability in the soil, iron solubilizing bacteria contribute to improved plant nutrition, health, and productivity, supporting sustainable agricultural practices.